This document studied the effects of deer velvet extract from Formosan sika deer on mouse embryonic development and anti-oxidative enzyme expression. Mouse 4-cell embryos were divided into groups and cultured with different concentrations of deer velvet extract or hydrogen peroxide. Embryonic development stages were observed every 12 hours over 72 hours of incubation. The deer velvet extract promoted embryonic development and maintained blastocyst development rates similar to the control when embryos were challenged with hydrogen peroxide. Gene expression of anti-oxidative enzymes in blastocysts was not significantly different between deer velvet treatment groups. The deer velvet extract thus relieved oxidative stress on embryos and supported blastocyst development in vitro.
Ciprofloxacin resideu and their impact on Biomolecules n eggs of laying hens ...Sayed Koushik Ahamed
I have done this research on eggs for the welfare of mankind now i want to share my article for social awareness. I hope it will helps all researchers for their future further research.
Thank You
Biochemical changes induced by Bioneem (0.03%) formulation in chick embryogen...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In ovo studies on the effect of 1,3,5, ppm Bioneem (0.03%) formulation on Biochemical aspect of chick embryo revealed that there was dose dependent total protein reduction in 96 hrs old embryo (treated at 24 hrs) as compared to the control. Also there was reduction in total protein concentration Liver, Brain and Heart of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with Bioneem at 96 hrs. stage) as compared to that of control. Protein carbonyl concentration of 96 hrs old embryo (treated at 24 hrs with Bioneem) and that of Liver, Brain and Heart of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with bioneem at 96 hrs) increased in dose dependent manner. Most affected organ was Liver and least affected organ was Heart. Blood analysis of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with Bioneem at 96 hrs) showed increased level of Blood urea, LDH, SGOT, SGPT, while Serum alkaline phosphatase and serum cholesterol were decreased in dose dependent manner as compared to the control. Thus Bioneem though ecofriendly pesticide can adversely affect vertebrate non target organisms and therefore should be carefully used in pest management programs.
Kidney Function Test, Weight Gain and Serum Protein Values of Mature Male Tur...IJEAB
Sixteen sexually matured (12 months old) healthy male turkeys were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on kidney function, weight gain and serum protein values. The turkeys were divided into 4 treatment groups, identified as T1 (control) administered with 1.00ml physiological saline (0.00 i.u Diclair®), T2 , administered with 13.50 i.u Diclair®, T3,administered with 27.00i.u Dicliar®T4, administered with 40.50 i.u Dicliar(R), with one turkey per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into 3 doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. Blood was collected one week after Diclair® administration. Four turkeys were randomly selected fro-m each treatment groupand bled to collect blood for blood chemistry analysis. The turkey were weighed every week for five weeks and their weight recorded. The result showed that there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all parameters for kidney function test: chronicle, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate expect creatinine which was similar (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups. The results further showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups in initial body weight. However, there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in final body weight and weight gain. Similarly there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the serum protein values measure: albumin, globulin, serum total protein as well as albumin/globulin ratio. The results of the study showed that Diclair enhanced kidney function and weight gain without any deleterious effects on serum protein values of the male turkeys.
Effects of Ethanol Extract of Garcinia Kola on Biochemical Markers of Liver F...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Ciprofloxacin resideu and their impact on Biomolecules n eggs of laying hens ...Sayed Koushik Ahamed
I have done this research on eggs for the welfare of mankind now i want to share my article for social awareness. I hope it will helps all researchers for their future further research.
Thank You
Biochemical changes induced by Bioneem (0.03%) formulation in chick embryogen...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In ovo studies on the effect of 1,3,5, ppm Bioneem (0.03%) formulation on Biochemical aspect of chick embryo revealed that there was dose dependent total protein reduction in 96 hrs old embryo (treated at 24 hrs) as compared to the control. Also there was reduction in total protein concentration Liver, Brain and Heart of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with Bioneem at 96 hrs. stage) as compared to that of control. Protein carbonyl concentration of 96 hrs old embryo (treated at 24 hrs with Bioneem) and that of Liver, Brain and Heart of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with bioneem at 96 hrs) increased in dose dependent manner. Most affected organ was Liver and least affected organ was Heart. Blood analysis of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with Bioneem at 96 hrs) showed increased level of Blood urea, LDH, SGOT, SGPT, while Serum alkaline phosphatase and serum cholesterol were decreased in dose dependent manner as compared to the control. Thus Bioneem though ecofriendly pesticide can adversely affect vertebrate non target organisms and therefore should be carefully used in pest management programs.
Kidney Function Test, Weight Gain and Serum Protein Values of Mature Male Tur...IJEAB
Sixteen sexually matured (12 months old) healthy male turkeys were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on kidney function, weight gain and serum protein values. The turkeys were divided into 4 treatment groups, identified as T1 (control) administered with 1.00ml physiological saline (0.00 i.u Diclair®), T2 , administered with 13.50 i.u Diclair®, T3,administered with 27.00i.u Dicliar®T4, administered with 40.50 i.u Dicliar(R), with one turkey per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into 3 doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. Blood was collected one week after Diclair® administration. Four turkeys were randomly selected fro-m each treatment groupand bled to collect blood for blood chemistry analysis. The turkey were weighed every week for five weeks and their weight recorded. The result showed that there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all parameters for kidney function test: chronicle, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate expect creatinine which was similar (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups. The results further showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups in initial body weight. However, there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in final body weight and weight gain. Similarly there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the serum protein values measure: albumin, globulin, serum total protein as well as albumin/globulin ratio. The results of the study showed that Diclair enhanced kidney function and weight gain without any deleterious effects on serum protein values of the male turkeys.
Effects of Ethanol Extract of Garcinia Kola on Biochemical Markers of Liver F...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The relationship between progesterone and biochemical constituents of amnioti...Ali Olfati
Ali Olfati1, Gholamali Moghaddam1, Nasroallah Moradi Kor2*, Mitra Bakhtiari3
1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran
2Department of Reproduction Physiologies, Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Enterocin 55 produced by non rabbit-derived strain Enterococcus faecium EF55 ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Ent55 is produced by poultry strain Enterococcus faecium EF55. It is substance which can be allotted to Class II enterocins; thermo-stable, small peptide. Because producer strain has shown beneficial effect in poultry and broiler rabbits as well, we decided to apply Ent55 in broiler rabbit husbandry. Ent55 showed antimicrobial activity in broiler rabbits by reduction of staphylococci, Clostridiae, pseudomonads and coliforms. Its beneficial effect was demonstrated by stimulation of phagocytic activity as well as by reduction of Eimeria spp. oocysts. GPx values were lower; it means, no oxidative stress was evoked. Moreover, it has not negative influence on growth performance and biochemical parameters. Our results indicated that enterocin produced by not-autochtonous strain can also have protective and beneficial effect in broiler rabbits.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Methimazole affected spermatogenesis and enhanced proliferation of testicular...Jing Zang
The present work studied the effect of the antithyroid drug, methemazole (MMI) in testis of rat. Moreover, the effect of MMI on testicular macrophages was studied. The MMI-treated rats received diet food and 0.1% methimazole drinking water for 30 days. The results showed that MMI caused reduction in body weight of the animals. Histological examination of the testis revealed significant decrease in diameter of seminiferous tubules and inhibition of spermatogenesis. A significant increase in the number of macrophages was recorded in the testicular interstitium. The highest number of macrophages was found in close proximity to Leydig cells followed by peritubular location. The lowest number was observed in perivascular location. Macrophages are necessary to remove cellular remnant like apoptotic material or cell debris in inflammable tissue. So the increase in macrophage number recorded in this work suggests that either apoptotic or inflammable processes rise in rat testicular interstitium after exposure to methimazole.
Carcass, Organ Weights and Histo-morphology of Internal Organs of Sows Fed Fe...Premier Publishers
Fresh cassava peels were subjected to submerged fermentation, sundried for 3-5 days and also subjected to proximate analysis. Fermentation reduced cyanide and improved crude protein. A group of 27 weaner gilts (Largewhite x Duroc), aged 8-9 weeks and weighed 10.61±0.27kg were fed fermented cassava-peels-based-diets. They were allotted to three treatments comprising T1 (control), T2 (fermented CPM) and T3 (fermented CPM + enzyme) in a completely randomized design and fed for 22 weeks. Data on carcass and some visceral organs weights were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Histo-morphology on the organs was conducted. The dressing percentages were 66.53, 60.25 and 64.11% for T1, T2 and T3 respectively whereas the head, heart, lungs and kidney were the weightiest for T1, the stomach/intestine for T2 and the liver and spleen for T3 while the histo-morphology of T1 sows were all normal except for mild architectural deviation in the duodenum and ileum. Histo-morphological changes were observed in the ileum and duodenum of T2 and T3. It is therefore recommended that fermented peels be supplemented with enzyme for improvement in dressing percentage and watch-out for pathological lesions in the visceral organs.
Effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on Semen Characteristics, Body Conformatio...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Sixteen sexually matured (12 months old) healthy male turkeys were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair ®) on semen characteristics, body conformation and hormonal profile. The turkeys were divided into 4 treatment groups of 4 turkeys per group, identified as T1 (control), and ministered with 1.00ml physiological saline, T2, administered with 13.50i.u Diclair®, T3, administered with 27.00 i.u Diclair® and T4, administered with 40.50i.u Diclair®, with one turkey per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. Semen was collected one week after Diclair® administration, twice a week for 4 weeks by the abdominal massage and manipulation of the cloaca method. Four cocks were randomly selected from each treatment group and bled one week after Diclair® injections to collect blood for hormonal profile evaluation. 30 days after Diclair® injection, parameters for body confirmation were measured. The results showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the parameters for semen characteristics except semen pH and semen volume which were similar (P > 0.05) among the treatment groups. The results further showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the parameters for body confirmation: wing length, neck length, shank length, body length, beak length, thigh length, keel length, chest circumference and tail length. Similarly, the results showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the treatment groups in follicle stimulating hormones (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels. The results of this study suggest that Diclair® improved semen quality, body confirmation and was not detrimental to the hormonal profile of the turkeys.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.12
ABSTRACT- Objective: In this experiment adult male albino rats were treated with 50% ethanolic extract of Tephrosia
purpurea fruits at the dose levels of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 60 days, to evaluate antifertility effects in
search of a reversible male contraceptive agent from medicinal plants.
Materials and Methods: Body and organs weight of all treated animals was recorded, blood and serum were analyzed for
hematological indices and clinical biochemistry. To observe effects on reproductive system of animal’s protein, fructose,
sialic acid, ascorbic acid, and glycogen contents were estimated in their testes and sex accessory organs. The treated male
rats were mated with proestrous females and sperm motility, sperm density was determined and FSH, LH and testosterone
hormones were measured to evaluate the effects on fertility. For histopathological observation testes were fixed in Bouin's
fluid, sections were cut at 6 μ and stained with Harris's Haematoxylin and eosin.
Results: Analysis of blood and serum revealed no significant effect after 60 days of the extract treatment. Body weight of
the extract treated rat had no significant alteration, whereas the weight of reproductive organs was decreased significantly
as compared to animals of control group. Protein, sialic acid, fructose contents and level of LH and testosterone hormones
was decreased significantly after treatment in extract treated rats as compared to control.
Conclusions: The fertility, sperm density and motility were declined significantly in rats treated with the ethanolic extract
of Tephrosia purpurea fruits. It is concluded that it might be due to androgen inhibition effects.
Key-words- Antifertility, Tephrosia purpurea, Rat, Testosterone
Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Mature Harco Cocks Treated...IJEAB
Twenty sexually matured (24 weeks old) healthy Harco cocks were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on haematology and serum biochemistry. The cocks were divided into 4 treatment groups of 5 cocks per group identified as T1 (control) administered with 1ml physiological saline, T2, administered with 6.75i.u Diclair® and T4, administered with 20.25i.u Diclair®, with one cock per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were dividedinto three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. One week after Diclair® treatments, five birds from each group were bled from the wing veins for haematology and serum biochemistry. Results of this study showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. Basophils were not detected among the treatment groups. The results further showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. However, the values were within the normal ranges, indicating that Diclair® had no deleterious effect on these parameters.
Biochemical and pharmacological study of biologically active preparation of p...inventionjournals
Our aim was to perform some biochemical and pharmacological studies of bioactive bovine placental preparation via digestion of cow placenta using enzyme contained in swine stomach. Amino acid compositions and contents in biologically active preparation of placenta, obtained by digestion of cow placenta with enzyme contained in swine stomach were measured by HPLC technique and it was found that contents of such amino acids as glycine, proline and lysine were highest and 9 essential amino acids, including valine, histidine, methionine, lysine, threonine, arginine, phenylalanine, leucine and isoleucine were measured. In pharmacological study, acute toxicity (LD50) of the preparation and effect of the preparation on immune response to sheep erythrocyte were investigated in white mice, weighing 18 to 20 g each. The study revealed acute toxicity (LD50) of the preparation was 60 ml per kg. Spleen index of the first and second experimental group animals treated by the preparation during both provoked and unprovoked immune responses increased by 1.2 to 3.09 times as compared to that of negative control animals, while splenocyte count elevated by 1.2 to 2.2 times than negative control animals. Higher contents of essential amino acids of the biologically active preparation of cattle placenta shows its biologically higher nutritive value, as well as pharmacological study reveals the preparation has minimal toxicity and higher effect to stimulate immune responses.
Citotoxic effects of oxytetracycline's residues contained in pet foodSergio Canello
This study shows evidence of the citotoxicity of oxytetracycline's residues contained in the bones of animals intensively farmed. Some pet (and human) food producers also use bone's powder in their preparations, potentially harming pet's and human's health.
The relationship between progesterone and biochemical constituents of amnioti...Ali Olfati
Ali Olfati1, Gholamali Moghaddam1, Nasroallah Moradi Kor2*, Mitra Bakhtiari3
1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran
2Department of Reproduction Physiologies, Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Enterocin 55 produced by non rabbit-derived strain Enterococcus faecium EF55 ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Ent55 is produced by poultry strain Enterococcus faecium EF55. It is substance which can be allotted to Class II enterocins; thermo-stable, small peptide. Because producer strain has shown beneficial effect in poultry and broiler rabbits as well, we decided to apply Ent55 in broiler rabbit husbandry. Ent55 showed antimicrobial activity in broiler rabbits by reduction of staphylococci, Clostridiae, pseudomonads and coliforms. Its beneficial effect was demonstrated by stimulation of phagocytic activity as well as by reduction of Eimeria spp. oocysts. GPx values were lower; it means, no oxidative stress was evoked. Moreover, it has not negative influence on growth performance and biochemical parameters. Our results indicated that enterocin produced by not-autochtonous strain can also have protective and beneficial effect in broiler rabbits.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Methimazole affected spermatogenesis and enhanced proliferation of testicular...Jing Zang
The present work studied the effect of the antithyroid drug, methemazole (MMI) in testis of rat. Moreover, the effect of MMI on testicular macrophages was studied. The MMI-treated rats received diet food and 0.1% methimazole drinking water for 30 days. The results showed that MMI caused reduction in body weight of the animals. Histological examination of the testis revealed significant decrease in diameter of seminiferous tubules and inhibition of spermatogenesis. A significant increase in the number of macrophages was recorded in the testicular interstitium. The highest number of macrophages was found in close proximity to Leydig cells followed by peritubular location. The lowest number was observed in perivascular location. Macrophages are necessary to remove cellular remnant like apoptotic material or cell debris in inflammable tissue. So the increase in macrophage number recorded in this work suggests that either apoptotic or inflammable processes rise in rat testicular interstitium after exposure to methimazole.
Carcass, Organ Weights and Histo-morphology of Internal Organs of Sows Fed Fe...Premier Publishers
Fresh cassava peels were subjected to submerged fermentation, sundried for 3-5 days and also subjected to proximate analysis. Fermentation reduced cyanide and improved crude protein. A group of 27 weaner gilts (Largewhite x Duroc), aged 8-9 weeks and weighed 10.61±0.27kg were fed fermented cassava-peels-based-diets. They were allotted to three treatments comprising T1 (control), T2 (fermented CPM) and T3 (fermented CPM + enzyme) in a completely randomized design and fed for 22 weeks. Data on carcass and some visceral organs weights were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Histo-morphology on the organs was conducted. The dressing percentages were 66.53, 60.25 and 64.11% for T1, T2 and T3 respectively whereas the head, heart, lungs and kidney were the weightiest for T1, the stomach/intestine for T2 and the liver and spleen for T3 while the histo-morphology of T1 sows were all normal except for mild architectural deviation in the duodenum and ileum. Histo-morphological changes were observed in the ileum and duodenum of T2 and T3. It is therefore recommended that fermented peels be supplemented with enzyme for improvement in dressing percentage and watch-out for pathological lesions in the visceral organs.
Effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on Semen Characteristics, Body Conformatio...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Sixteen sexually matured (12 months old) healthy male turkeys were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair ®) on semen characteristics, body conformation and hormonal profile. The turkeys were divided into 4 treatment groups of 4 turkeys per group, identified as T1 (control), and ministered with 1.00ml physiological saline, T2, administered with 13.50i.u Diclair®, T3, administered with 27.00 i.u Diclair® and T4, administered with 40.50i.u Diclair®, with one turkey per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. Semen was collected one week after Diclair® administration, twice a week for 4 weeks by the abdominal massage and manipulation of the cloaca method. Four cocks were randomly selected from each treatment group and bled one week after Diclair® injections to collect blood for hormonal profile evaluation. 30 days after Diclair® injection, parameters for body confirmation were measured. The results showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the parameters for semen characteristics except semen pH and semen volume which were similar (P > 0.05) among the treatment groups. The results further showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the parameters for body confirmation: wing length, neck length, shank length, body length, beak length, thigh length, keel length, chest circumference and tail length. Similarly, the results showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the treatment groups in follicle stimulating hormones (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels. The results of this study suggest that Diclair® improved semen quality, body confirmation and was not detrimental to the hormonal profile of the turkeys.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.12
ABSTRACT- Objective: In this experiment adult male albino rats were treated with 50% ethanolic extract of Tephrosia
purpurea fruits at the dose levels of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 60 days, to evaluate antifertility effects in
search of a reversible male contraceptive agent from medicinal plants.
Materials and Methods: Body and organs weight of all treated animals was recorded, blood and serum were analyzed for
hematological indices and clinical biochemistry. To observe effects on reproductive system of animal’s protein, fructose,
sialic acid, ascorbic acid, and glycogen contents were estimated in their testes and sex accessory organs. The treated male
rats were mated with proestrous females and sperm motility, sperm density was determined and FSH, LH and testosterone
hormones were measured to evaluate the effects on fertility. For histopathological observation testes were fixed in Bouin's
fluid, sections were cut at 6 μ and stained with Harris's Haematoxylin and eosin.
Results: Analysis of blood and serum revealed no significant effect after 60 days of the extract treatment. Body weight of
the extract treated rat had no significant alteration, whereas the weight of reproductive organs was decreased significantly
as compared to animals of control group. Protein, sialic acid, fructose contents and level of LH and testosterone hormones
was decreased significantly after treatment in extract treated rats as compared to control.
Conclusions: The fertility, sperm density and motility were declined significantly in rats treated with the ethanolic extract
of Tephrosia purpurea fruits. It is concluded that it might be due to androgen inhibition effects.
Key-words- Antifertility, Tephrosia purpurea, Rat, Testosterone
Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Mature Harco Cocks Treated...IJEAB
Twenty sexually matured (24 weeks old) healthy Harco cocks were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on haematology and serum biochemistry. The cocks were divided into 4 treatment groups of 5 cocks per group identified as T1 (control) administered with 1ml physiological saline, T2, administered with 6.75i.u Diclair® and T4, administered with 20.25i.u Diclair®, with one cock per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were dividedinto three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. One week after Diclair® treatments, five birds from each group were bled from the wing veins for haematology and serum biochemistry. Results of this study showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. Basophils were not detected among the treatment groups. The results further showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. However, the values were within the normal ranges, indicating that Diclair® had no deleterious effect on these parameters.
Biochemical and pharmacological study of biologically active preparation of p...inventionjournals
Our aim was to perform some biochemical and pharmacological studies of bioactive bovine placental preparation via digestion of cow placenta using enzyme contained in swine stomach. Amino acid compositions and contents in biologically active preparation of placenta, obtained by digestion of cow placenta with enzyme contained in swine stomach were measured by HPLC technique and it was found that contents of such amino acids as glycine, proline and lysine were highest and 9 essential amino acids, including valine, histidine, methionine, lysine, threonine, arginine, phenylalanine, leucine and isoleucine were measured. In pharmacological study, acute toxicity (LD50) of the preparation and effect of the preparation on immune response to sheep erythrocyte were investigated in white mice, weighing 18 to 20 g each. The study revealed acute toxicity (LD50) of the preparation was 60 ml per kg. Spleen index of the first and second experimental group animals treated by the preparation during both provoked and unprovoked immune responses increased by 1.2 to 3.09 times as compared to that of negative control animals, while splenocyte count elevated by 1.2 to 2.2 times than negative control animals. Higher contents of essential amino acids of the biologically active preparation of cattle placenta shows its biologically higher nutritive value, as well as pharmacological study reveals the preparation has minimal toxicity and higher effect to stimulate immune responses.
Citotoxic effects of oxytetracycline's residues contained in pet foodSergio Canello
This study shows evidence of the citotoxicity of oxytetracycline's residues contained in the bones of animals intensively farmed. Some pet (and human) food producers also use bone's powder in their preparations, potentially harming pet's and human's health.
The New York Chapter of the National Society of Hispanic MBAs Pre-Conference event at Fordham University on September 19, 2009.
This event designed to help attendees prepare for the 2009 National Conference & Career Expo, by reviewing interviewing skills, polishing personal marketing messages and providing constructive criticism on resume drafting techniques, featured workshops, mock interviews and panel discussions.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
Antitumor and immunostimulating effects of Anoectochilus formosanus HayataCây thuốc Việt
The water extract of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata showed a potent tumor inhibitory activity in BALB/c mice
after subcutaneous transplantation of CT-26 murine colon cancer cells. The tumor-inhibition ratios of mice preadministered with A. formosanus for 2 days before tumor transplantation, and treated further for 12 consecutive days,
were 55.4% and 58.9% at the oral dose of 50 and 10 mg/mouse per day, respectively. Even for the tumor-bearing mice,
after oral administration of the water extract of A. formosanus for 12 consecutive days, the tumor inhibition ratios were
still 23.8% and 40.5% at doses of 50 and 10 mg/mouse, respectively. Because the low-concentration water extract of A.
formosanus does not show direct cytotoxicity in CT-26 tumor cells, we observed further that oral administration of the
water extract of A. formosanus may activate murine immune responses, such as stimulating the proliferation of
lymphoid tissues and activating the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages against Staphylococcus aureus. This study
suggests that the antitumor activity of A. formosanus may be associated with its potent immunostimulating effect. It is
worth further analyzing the immunomodulating component purified from A. formosanus, and evaluating its potential
value for the treatment of human cancers.
Antitumor and immunostimulating effects of Anoectochilus formosanus HayataCây thuốc Việt
The water extract of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata showed a potent tumor inhibitory activity in BALB/c mice
after subcutaneous transplantation of CT-26 murine colon cancer cells. The tumor-inhibition ratios of mice preadministered with A. formosanus for 2 days before tumor transplantation, and treated further for 12 consecutive days,
were 55.4% and 58.9% at the oral dose of 50 and 10 mg/mouse per day, respectively. Even for the tumor-bearing mice,after oral administration of the water extract of A. formosanus for 12 consecutive days, the tumor inhibition ratios were still 23.8% and 40.5% at doses of 50 and 10 mg/mouse, respectively. Because the low-concentration water extract of A.
formosanus does not show direct cytotoxicity in CT-26 tumor cells, we observed further that oral administration of the
water extract of A. formosanus may activate murine immune responses, such as stimulating the proliferation of lymphoid tissues and activating the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages against Staphylococcus aureus. This study
suggests that the antitumor activity of A. formosanus may be associated with its potent immunostimulating effect. It is
worth further analyzing the immunomodulating component purified from A. formosanus, and evaluating its potential value for the treatment of human cancers.
Effects of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Aqueous Extract of Delonix Regia on Bl...iosrjce
The effects of Delonix regia extract (d200mg, d300mg, and d400mg), metformin (m8.3mg, m12.5mg
and m16.5mg), pioglitazone (p0.5mg, p0.7mg and p0.9mg) and combined formulation of metformin and extract
(m6.25d150mg) on glycated hemoglobin status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino wistar rats. Diabetic
status of these rats was assessed by estimating fasting blood glucose levels. A total of 150 albino rats were used
for the investigation and were grouped into twelve groups of twelve rats each as follows; Group I: normal
control rats (NCR). Group II: Diabetic control rats (DCR). Group III: Diabetic rats treated with d200mg.
Group IV: Diabetic rats treated with d300mg. Group V: Diabetic rats treated with d400mg. Group VI: Diabetic
rats treated with m8.3mg. Group VII: Diabetic rats treated with m12.5mg. Group VIII: Diabetic rats treated
with m16.5mg. Group IX: Diabetic rats treated with p0.5mg. Group X: Diabetic rats treated with p0.75mg.
Group XI: Diabetic rats treated with p1.0mg. Group XII: Diabetic rats treated with m125d300mg each for male
and female respectively, for a total of 56 days. After every two weeks interval of treatment for eight weeks three
rats from each group were sacrificed and blood sample were collected and analyzed for various parameters.
The result obtained showed an elevated level of glycated hemoglobin in diabetic-induced wistar albino rats
compared with normal control rats. However, there was reversal of the effects when treated with the
drug/extract. Also there was reduction in the blood glucose level of the diabetic rats treated with metformin
(from 6.37±0.69 to 5.20±0.62mmol/l), pioglitazone (from 7.30±0.21mmol/l to 4.70±0.46), aqueous extract of
Delonixregia (from 8.20±0.81mmol/l to 6.10±0.60) and combined formulation of metformin and extract (from
7.81±0.34 to 4.80±0.17), at p<0.05 confidence level when compared with diabetic control rats in the various
weeks of treatment respectively
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. Effects of deer velvet extract from Formosan sika deer on the
embryonic development and anti-oxidative enzymes mRNA expression
in mouse embryos
Shih-Lin Cheng a
, Yi-Lin Lai b
, Ming-Che Lee b
, Perng-Chih Shen b
,
Shyh-Shyan Liu c
, Bing-Tsan Liu b,n
Q1
a
Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
b
Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
c
Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 22 October 2013
Received in revised form
19 March 2014
Accepted 4 April 2014
Keywords:
Formosan sika deer velvet
Reactive oxygen species
Mouse embryo
Antioxidation
Anti-oxidative enzymes
a b s t r a c t
Ethnopharmacrological relevance: The deer velvet or its extracts has been widelyQ2 used in clinic. It has
been used in promoting reproductive performances and treating of oxidation and aging process. The aim
of this study is to investigate the effects of velvet extract from Formosan sika deer (Formosan sika deer;
Cervus nippon taiouanus, FSD) velvet on mouse embryonic development and anti-oxidant ability in vitro.
Materials and methods: Mouse 4-cells embryos were divided into 16 groups for 72 h in vitro incubation.
The embryonic development stages and morphology were evaluated every 12 h in experimental period.
The quantitative real time PCR was used to measure the CuZn-SOD, GPx and CAT mRNA expression of the
blastocysts.
Results: The 4-cells embryos of hydrogen peroxide (HP) groups did not continue developing after oxidant
stress challenged. The blastocyst developmental rate (90.0–90.4%, P>0.05) and normal morphological
rate (84.4–85.1%, P>0.05) of the 1% and 2% DV extract groups were similar to those in the control group
(90.7% and 88.8%, respectively). The embryos challenged by HP (5, 10 and 25 μM) and subsequently
incubated in mHTF medium with 1% and 2% of deer velvet (DV) extracts were able to continue
development; the blastocyst developmental rate of these groups were similar to that in the control
group. The relative mRNA expression of the focused anti-oxidative enzymes in the mouse embryos did
not significantly differ among the designed DV treatment groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The FSD velvet extract in adequate concentration could promote anti-oxidative enzymes
mRNA expression followed the challenge of hydrogen peroxide, relieve the mouse embryo under
oxidative stress, and maintain the blastocyst developmental ability in vitro.
& 2014 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
1. Introduction
There are many types of free radicals in a living system. Such
free radicals could be produced during metabolism processing
in vivo, although most molecules in vivo are non-radical. Reactive
oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, HP) and
free radicals (such as superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals)
could be involved in cell damaging. Oxidative damage could occur
in all aerobes including plant, animals and aerobic bacteria while
being exposed to ROS concentrations higher than normal and
low antioxidant defenses system (Halliwell, 2006). In addition, the
research showed a direct relationship between high HP concen-
tration and elevated fragmentation grade or apoptosis in mouse
embryos (Yang et al., 1998). High HP level could induce zona
pellucida dissolution, cytoplasmic shrink, loss of ooplasm micro-
tubule dynamics (OMD) and cortical granule functions in mouse
embryo (Goud et al., 2008; Trimarchi et al., 2000). Furthermore,
HP could induce the increase in abnormal embryo occurring rate,
resulting in embryo necrosis, embryo implantation failure, and
endometriosis (Guérin et al., 2001). Several antioxidant enzymes
could protect oocyte and embryos against peroxidative damage by
superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione perox-
idase (GPx) in vivo (Cebral et al., 2007). The correlation had been
observed among mRNA, protein and enzyme activity levels (Forsberg
et al., 1996), which indicated that the antioxidant enzymes were
regulated primarily at the pre-translational level. There are many
kinds of method for evaluation of internal antioxidant enzymes gene
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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.006
0378-8741/& 2014 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
n
Correspondence to: No.1, Shuehfu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
Tel.: þ886 87703202x6199; fax: þ886 87740148.
E-mail address: flea957@gmail.com (B.-T. Liu).
Please cite this article as: Cheng, S.-L., et al., Effects of deer velvet extract from Formosan sika deer on the embryonic development and
anti-oxidative enzymes mRNA expression in mouse embryos. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
jep.2014.04.006i
Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
2. expression such as real time RT-PCR, western blotting, immunohis-
tochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization in cell or tissue. And
yet, among them only real time RT-PCR is an efficient and precise
quantitative method for estimating the transcript levels of genes
expression in mouse oocytes or embryos (Jeong et al., 2005).
Deer velvet (DV) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine
(TCM) or health foods for over 2000 years (Zhou et al., 2009), and
it has been recorded in traditional Chinese medicine classic
written by Li Shi-Zhen about 500 years ago (Tseng et al., 2012).
TCM herbalists believe that DV is able to nourish the kidney Yin-
tonify, invigorate the spleen, strengthen bones and muscles, and
promote blood circulation etc. (Zhou et al., 2009). Various carbo-
hydrates, amino acids, lipids, sterols and minerals can be obtained
from DV, especially in the upper section (Bubenik et al., 2005; Li et
al., 2007; Sunwoo et al., 1995). Many reports have indicated that
DV or its extract contains many functional ingredients including
epidermal growth factor, insulin like growth factor, glycosamino-
glycan, and some water insoluble compounds such as phospholi-
pids and long-chain fatty acids (Hou et al., 2012; Ji et al., 2009).
There have been a number of reports on DV or its extract bio-
medical functions and activities toward the immune system (Zha
et al., 2013), bone metabolism (Tseng et al., 2012), anti-
inflammatory (Dai et al., 2011), reproductive performance (Kim
et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2010) and anti-oxidation (Wang et al., 2004)
effects on experimental animals. Most of animal model studies
indicated that DV could promote reproductive functions, such as
promoted cockscomb growth (Li et al., 1989), increased serum
testosterone concentrations and spermatogenesis (Bae, 1975), and
sex glands growth (Bae, 1976). In addition, DV has been used
experimentally in preventing and treating of oxidation (Wang et
al., 2004), and aging process (Liu et al., 2010) in mice in vivo. The
aim of this study is to investigate the effects of velvet extract from
Formosan sika deer (FSD) velvet on mouse embryonic develop-
ment and evaluate the antioxidant ability by antioxidant enzyme
mRNA expression in vitro.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Maintaining and management of experimental animals
Six weeks old female ICR; Bltw CD-1 strain mice purchased
from BioLASCO, Taiwan Co., Ltd. were accustomed their new
environment for at least 1 week before the experiment. They were
maintained in an automatic light/dark cycle controlled room (300–
400 lx, 12 L/12 D). Temperature and relative humidity were kept in
2272 1C and 5575% respectively. The animal care and manage-
ment were performed in accordance with the guidebook for the
care and use of laboratory animals (Yu, 2005).
2.2. Preparations of deer velvet extract
The FSD velvet samples were harvested 75 days in growing
period in National Pingtung University of Science and Technology,
Taiwan. The fresh velvet samples were divided into tip, upper,
middle and basal sections (Kim et al., 1999). The upper section
(100 g) was sliced and grinded into 2–3 mm pieces by Osterizer 12
speed blender (Oster, Model: 6641), and mixed with 500 mL of
cold 20% alcohol (v:v, Merck, 1.00983.2500), and stirred with a
magnetic stir bar for 16–18 h at 4 1C. After a stirring process, the
DV extract solution was centrifuged (5000g) for 20 min at 4 1C, and
the insoluble components were discarded. For removing the
residual alcohol from the DV extract an air exhausting system
was used for 24 h at roomQ3 temperature. Finally, the prepared DV
extract stock solutions were sterilized by passing through 0.22 μm
filters (Millipore Corp, Carrigtwohill, Ireland), and Q4stored at
À20 1C (Chen, 2001; Horng, 2003). The extract recovery ratio
was 72%.
2.3. Superovulation and embryo collection
Each mouse was intraperitioneally (IP) injected with 10 IU of
chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG, Sigma G4877). 10 IU of human
chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG, Sigma C1063) was given 48 h
followed IP injection to induce superovulation (Nagy et al.,
2003). Immediately after receiving hCG, the female mice were
placed into cages containing intact male mice for breeding and
checked for vaginal plugs at the following day, and then trans-
ferred to new cages where they were group-caged (4–5 mice per
cage) for 50–54 h until embryos collection. Mice were sacrificed by
a cervical dislocation method at 50–54 h after hCG injection. 4-
cells embryos were flushed out with mHTF medium from oviduc-
tal ampullae. The cumulus–corona cells of 4-cells embryo were
removed by a narrow-bore pilled glass Pasteur pipette in mHTF
medium and subsequently placed into mHTF medium drops
covered with mineral oil in 35 mm diameter plastic culture dish
(150255; Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark), and then equilibrated at 37 1C
in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air for further
experiment.
2.4. Evaluation of embryo development and morphology
Evaluation of the embryo stages was observed by a light
microscope (Leica MZ75) every 12 h. They were classified accord-
ing to descriptions defined Q5by Nagy et al. (2003). The following
stages were performed: 8-cells embryo: intact zona pellcide (ZP)
with 8 blastomere and no cytoplasmic vesicles; morula: com-
pacted blastomere with an intact ZP; blastocyst stage: including
early blastocysts (with initial blastocele), expanded, hatching and
hatched blastocysts.
The fragmented and/or lysed embryos that did not continue
developing were recorded as arrested embryos. The arrested
embryos were classified into the following types. Type І: the
blastomeres of embryo displayed fully lyse, necrotic and/or frag-
ment. Type ІІ: the blastomeres of embryo showed partially lyse or
fragment. Type ІІІ: the embryo displayed few lyse or fragment
blastomeres and/or cytoplasmic vesicles. Type IV: blastocyst smal-
ler than control, with no intact blastomeres, two or more
blastoceles and/or vesicles in blastomeres were considered as
morphologic abnormal embryo.
2.5. Experimental design
The 4-cells embryos were randomly divided into different
treatment groups and incubated in the incubator for 72 h at
37 1C with a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. After embryo
stages observation, only blastocysts were placed into RNAlater
solution (Applied Biosystems, AM7020) and stored in À80 1C until
for antioxidant gene expression assay.
2.5.1. Effects of FSD velvet extract and HP challenge on embryonic
development and anti-oxidative enzyme mRNA expression
In control group A: embryos were cultured in the mHTF
medium; DV extract groups: embryos were cultured in the mHTF
medium containing 1% (B group, DV 1), 2% (C group, DV 2) and 4%
(D group, DV 4) DV extract. HP challenge groups: embryos were
cultured in 5 μM (E group, HP 5), 10 μM (F group, HP 10) and
25 μM (G group, HP 25) HP contained mHTF medium for 1 h.
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S.-L. Cheng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎2
Please cite this article as: Cheng, S.-L., et al., Effects of deer velvet extract from Formosan sika deer on the embryonic development and
anti-oxidative enzymes mRNA expression in mouse embryos. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
jep.2014.04.006i
3. Following the 1 h HP challenge, embryos were washed in mHTF
medium to removed HP, and then cultured in mHTF medium for
72 h.
2.5.2. Effects of FSD velvet extract combined with HP on embryonic
development and anti-oxidative enzymes mRNA expression
Embryos were cultured in mHTF medium containing HP (5, 10
and 25 μM) for 1 h oxidative challenge and then cultured in mHTF
medium supplemented with 1%, 2% and 4% of DV extract. The
following groups were performed: 5 μM HP and 1% DV extract (H
group, HP5þDV1), 10 μM HP and 1% DV extract (I group,
HP10þDV1), 25 μM HP and 1% DV extract (J group, HP25þDV1),
5 μM HP and 2% DV extract (K group, HP5þDV2), 10 μM HP and 2%
DV extract (L group, HP10þDV2), 25 μM HP and 2% DV extract (M
group, HP25þDV2), 5 μM HP and 4% DV extract (N group,
HP5þDV4), 10 μM HP and 4% DV extract (O group, HP10þDV4),
and 25 μM HP and 4% DV extract (P group, HP25þDV4).
2.6. Analysis of anti-oxidative enzymes mRNA expression
2.6.1. RNA isolation and reverse transcription
Total RNA was isolated from mice blastocysts by an RNA
extraction kit (absolutely RNAs
total RNA microprep kit; Strata-
gene, 400753). RNA concentrations were measured by a spectro-
photometer. Only high concentrated RNA was sampled for first-
strand cDNA reverse transcription. RNA reverse transcription was
performed using a reverse transcription kit (AccessQuick™
RT-PCR
System; Promega, A-1700) according to the manufacturer's
instructions. First-strand cDNA was stored at À80 1C for quanti-
tative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis.
2.6.2. Analysis of quantitative real time PCR
Specific primers of the copper, zinc superoxide dismutase
(CuZn-SOD), GPx, CAT and β-actin for the qRT-PCR used in this
study are shown in Table 1. For each RT-PCR reaction, 2 μl of cDNA
was mixed with 12.5 μl SYBR Premix Ex Taq (2X)(TaKaRa, RR0412),
1 μl of primer and ddH2O to final reaction volume of 25 μl in total
per well. The qRT-PCR was conducted with the following program:
95 1C for 5 s, 64 1C for 20 s, and 72 1C for 10 s followed by 40
cycles. All samples were analyzed twice and the geometric means
of the Ct values were further used for mRNA expression profiling.
The geometric mean of two housekeeping genes β-actin was used
for normalizing the target gene. The delta Ct (ΔCt) values were
calculated as the difference between target gene and geometric
mean of the reference genes: (ΔCt¼Cttarget ÀCthousekeeping gene) as
described by Pfaffl (2001).
3. StatisticalQ8 analysis
The data were expressed as mean7S.E. The significant differ-
ences were first analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
from the statistical package for the social science (SPSS 10.0).
Duncan's multiple range test was used to detect differences
between the treatment means, and Po0.05 was considered
statistically significant.
4. Results
4.1. Effects of FSD velvet extract and hydrogen peroxide on
developmental ability and anti-oxidative enzymes mRNA expression
of the ICR mouse embryos
The blastocyst development rate in groups B (1% DV) and C (2%
DV) was close to that of the control group A (90.0–90.7%), while
only 73.675.05% of the mouse embryos in the group D (4% DV)
(P>0.05, Table 2). The embryos in groups E (5 μM HP), F (10 μM
HP) and G (25 μM HP) following 1 h HP challenged; the mouse
embryos were arrested. The embryos in groups E and F after
oxidative stress led to the partial lysed of mouse blastomeres,
whereas resulted in complete lysed Q6in group G (Table 4). The
morphologically normal embryo ratio in groups B and C was
similar to that in group A (84.4–88.8%). The morphologically
normal embryo ratio in group D was not significant lower than
that in control group (65.9 vs. 88.8%, P>0.05). Only a few of
embryos in group D displayed type ІI arrested (1.1%) and abnormal
blastocyst (6.6%) during the culture period, whereas 26.4% of
embryos exhibited type ІІI abnormalities which were cultured in
mHTF medium supplemented with 4% DV (Table 4).
Using SYBR Green I as a real time quantification system to
estimate the relative antioxidant enzymes mRNA expressions of
the Cu, Zn-SOD, GPx and CAT in mouse embryos, the mRNA
expression in the control group was set as a baseline value of
1.00 and compared with the intensity of expression in the
experimental groups. In groups E, F and G, embryos cultured in
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126
127
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129
130
131
132
Table 1
The primer sequences of anti-oxidative enzymes used in real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
Gene Primer Product size (bp) Reference
CuZn-SOD Sence 50
-AAggCCgTgTgCgTgCTgAA-30
246 Mouatassim et al., 1999
Antisence 50
-CAggTCTCCAACATgCCTCT-30
GPx Sence 50
-CCTCAAgTACgTCCgACCTg-30
197 Mouatassim et al., 1999
Antisence 50
-CAATgTCgTTgCggCACACC-30
CAT Sence 50
-gCAgATACCTgTgAACTgTC-30
229 Mouatassim et al., 1999
Antisence 50
-gTAgAATgTCCgCACCTgAG-30
β-actin Sence 50
-TgCgTgACATCAAAgAgAAg-30
197 Steuerwald et al., 2000
Antisence 50
-gATgCCACAggATTCCATA-30
CuZn-SOD: CuZn superoxide dismutase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; CAT: catalase; β-actin: internal control.
Table 2
Effects of hydrogen peroxide and FSD velvet extract on the in vitro developmental
ability of the mouse embryos.
Treatment
groups1
N2
No. (%) of embryos developed to
8-cells Compacted
morula
Blastocyst
A, Control 107 104 (97.271.06)a
100 (93.571.71)a
97 (90.772.23)a
B, DV1 94 90 (95.772.36)a
90 (95.772.36)a
85 (90.473.02)a
C, DV2 90 88 (97.872.50)a
88 (97.872.50)a
81 (90.073.98)a
D, DV4 91 84 (92.372.64)a
82 (90.173.16)a
67 (73.675.05)a
E, HP5 50 4 ( 8.076.39)b
0 ( 0.070.00)b
0 ( 0.070.00)b
F, HP10 53 0 ( 0.070.00)b
0 ( 0.070.00)b
0 ( 0.070.00)b
G, HP25 91 0 ( 0.070.00)b
0 ( 0.070.00)b
0 ( 0.070.00)b
a, b
Means7S.E. with different superscripts in the same column are significantly
different (Po0.05).
1
The unit for DV and HP is percentage and μM, respectively.
2
Numbers of examined 4-cells stage embryos.
S.-L. Cheng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 3
Please cite this article as: Cheng, S.-L., et al., Effects of deer velvet extract from Formosan sika deer on the embryonic development and
anti-oxidative enzymes mRNA expression in mouse embryos. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
jep.2014.04.006i
4. HP challenge presented arrested blastomeres, which prevented
them from developing into blastocysts, and could not apply for
relative anti-oxidative enzymes mRNA expressions analysis. The
embryos in C and D groups which cultured in DV exhibited higher
focused relative anti-oxidative enzymes mRNA expressions than
those in control group (Table 6).
4.2. Effect of deer velvet extract combined with hydrogen peroxide
on developmental ability and anti-oxidative enzyme mRNA
expression of the ICR mouse embryos in vitro
Following 1 h culture in HP, the mouse embryos were trans-
ferred to mHTF medium containing DV extract for continuous
development to the blastocyst stage. The blastocyst development
rates of the embryos cultured with 1% or 2% DV extract were close
to those of the control group. However, the rate of blastocyst
development in mouse embryos subjected to the combination of
more highly concentrated HP and DV extract was lower than that
of the other groups (Table 3). Especially, the rates of blastocyst
development in M, O and P groups were significantly lower than
those of the control group (76.9%, 76.9%, and 65.8%, respectively,
vs. 90.7%; Po0.05). The mouse embryos in H to P groups did not
present Type I abnormal embryos; data is not shown in Table 5.
The rate of normal development to blastocyst was the lowest
(43.0%) among the group which was cultured with 25 μM HP and
4% DE (group P).
The mRNA expression of SOD in the D, N, O and P groups (1.69,
1.73, 1.71, and 1.53 times that of the control group, respectively)
was significantly higher than that in J group (0.55, Po0.05)
(Table 6). The differences in the mRNA expressions of GPx and
CAT among the mouse embryos did not reach statistical signifi-
cance, ranging between 0.59 and 4.48 times that of the control
group (P>0.05).
5. Discussions
Several exogenous factors or culture conditions can alter the
metabolism of mammalian embryos in vitro, resulting in an
increase in ROS production and subsequent oxidative attacks
(Wasserman and Fahl, 1997), which may adversely affect embryo-
nic development (Cebral et al., 2007; Maître et al., 1993). In this
study, mouse 4-cells embryos were unable to continue develop-
ment after being challenged with HP for 1 h (5, 10 and 25 μM of
HP). These results were similar to those previously described by
Cebral et al. (2007); however, the previous reported that the
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129
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131
132
Table 3
Effects of the hydrogen peroxide combined with FSD velvet extract on the in vitro developmental ability of the mouse embryos.
Treatment groups1
N2
No. (%) of embryos developed to
8-cells Compacted morula Blastocyst
A, control 107 104 (97.271.06)a
100 (93.571.71)a
97 (90.772.23)a
H, HP5þDV1 76 74 (97.471.75)a
74 (97.471.75)a
72 (94.772.31)ab
I, HP10þDV1 78 74 (94.972.13)a
74 (94.972.13)a
70 (81.773.15)abc
J, HP25þDV1 80 78 (97.571.77)a
78 (97.571.77)a
72 (90.074.07)abc
K, HP5þDV2 78 77 (98.770.83)a
76 (97.472.71)a
73 (93.674.71)abc
L, HP10þDV2 78 74 (94.972.89)a
74 (94.972.89)a
70 (89.773.25)abc
M, HP25þDV2 78 73 (93.672.36)a
71 (91.072.57)a
60 (76.975.96)c
N, HP5þDV4 78 71 (91.074.67)a
71 (91.074.67)a
62 (79.575.52)abc
O, HP10þDV4 78 71 (91.076.29)a
70 (89.776.26)a
60 (76.976.49)bc
P, HP25þDV4 79 65 (82.376.04)a
62 (78.577.05)a
52 (65.877.13)c
a, b, c
Means7S.E. with different superscripts in the same column are significantly different (Po0.05).
1
The unit for DV and HP is percentage and μM, respectively.
2
Numbers of examined 4-cells stage embryos.
Table 4
Effects of the FSD velvet extract and hydrogen peroxide on the abnormality of the
mouse embryos in vitro.
Treatment groups1
N2
Normal (%) No. (%) of arrested/abnormal embryos
Type I Type II Type III Type IV
A, control 107 95 (88.8)a
0a
0a
11 (10.3)a
1 (0.9)a
B, DV1 94 80 (85.1)ab
0a
0a
9 (9.6)a
5 (5.3)a
C, DV2 90 76 (84.4)ab
0a
0a
9 (10.0)a
5 (5.6)a
D, DV4 91 60 (65.9)ab
0a
1 (1.1)a
24 (26.4)a
6 (6.6)a
E, HP5 50 0 (0.0)d
0a
50 (100)b
– –
F, HP10 53 0 (0.0)d
0a
53 (100)b
– –
G, HP25 91 0 (0.0)d
91
(100)b
– – –
a, b
Values with different superscripts in the same column are significantly different
(Po0.05). Type I: full lysed, necrotic or fragmented embryos; Type II: partially
lysed/ fragmented blastomeres and/or cytoplasmic vesicles; Type III: embryos with
some lysed/ fragmented blastomeres and embryo arrest at 4-cells to CM stage
period; Type IV: abnormal cavitation have two or more blastoeles in inner cell mass
at blastocyst.
1
The unit for DV and HP is percentage and μM, respectively.
2
Numbers of examined 4-cells stage embryos.
Table 5
Effects of the hydrogen peroxide combined with FSD velvet extract on the
abnormality of the mouse embryos in vitro.
Treatment groups1
N2
Normal (%) No. (%) of arrested/abnormal embryos
Type II Type III Type IV
A, control 107 95 (88.8)a
0a
11 (10.3)a
1 (0.9)a
H, HP5þDV1 76 71 (93.4)a
0a
4 (5.3)ab
1 (1.3)a
I, HP10þDV1 78 67 (85.9)ab
0a
8 (10.3)ab
3 (3.8)a
J, HP25þDV1 80 66 (82.5)ab
0a
8 (10.0)ab
6 (7.5)ab
K, HP5þDV2 78 70 (89.7)ab
0a
5 (6.4)ab
3 (3.8)a
L, HP10þDV2 78 63 (80.8)ab
0a
8 (10.3)ab
7 (9.0)ab
M, HP25þDV2 78 55 (70.5)bc
0a
18 (23.1)b
5 (6.4)ab
N, HP5þDV4 78 59 (75.6)ab
0a
16 (20.5)ab
3 (3.8)a
O, HP10þDV4 78 54 (69.2)abc
0a
18 (23.1)b
6 (7.7)a
P, HP 25þDV 4 79 34 (43.0)c
8 (10.1)a
27 (34.2) b
10 (12.7)b
a, b, c
Values with different superscripts in the same column are significantly
different (Po0.05). Type I: full lysed, necrotic or fragmented embryos; Type II:
partially lysed/ fragmented blastomeres and/or cytoplasmic vesicles; Type III:
embryos with some lysed/ fragmented blastomeres and embryo arrest at 4-cells
to CM stag period; Type IV: abnormal cavitation have two or more blastoceles in
inner cell mass at blastocyst.
1
The unit for DV and HP is percentage and μM, respectively.
2
Numbers of examined 4-cell stage embryos.
S.-L. Cheng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎4
Please cite this article as: Cheng, S.-L., et al., Effects of deer velvet extract from Formosan sika deer on the embryonic development and
anti-oxidative enzymes mRNA expression in mouse embryos. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
jep.2014.04.006i
5. embryotoxicity occurred only when HP in culture medium
exceeded 60 μM, which inhibited embryonic growth in vitro
(Zhang et al., 2005). Following the addition of FSD velvet extract
into the culture medium, we discovered an increase in blastocyst
development rates (65.8–94.7%) during incubation followed HP
challenged (Table 3) compared to the HP alone groups (Table 2),
demonstrating that some constituents in FSD velvet extract were
capable of neutralizing or mitigating the influence of oxidative
stress on the developmental competence of mouse embryos
in vitro.
However, an increase in HP concentration was accompanied by
concurrent increase in the percentage of abnormal embryos. In
this study, we used ethanol as the extraction solvent, due to its
miscibility with water-soluble and fat-soluble substances, such as
proteins, fatty acids, vitamins and steroids (Gropper et al., 2009).
Fat-soluble vitamins A (retinol palmitate) and E (α-tocopherol)
have been shown to maintain the grade 1–2 quality embryos of
bovine embryos produced in vitro and promote higher growth
rates in early, expanded, and hatched blastocysts (Olson and
Seidel, 1995; Shaw et al., 1995). Furthermore, the addition of 1%
alcohol to the culture solution, or oral administration to animals
with alcohol was shown to negatively affect embryonic develop-
ment and increase the incidence of abnormal embryos (Cebral et
al., 2001; Wiebold and Becker, 1987). The stock solution of FSD
velvet extract presented a residual alcohol concentration of 8%,
and the alcohol concentrations in the culture medium of the DV
extract treated group D was 0.32%, which may account for the
reduction in embryonic growth.
The intracellular expression of anti-oxidative enzymes is
genetically regulated, which is further modulated by the intensity
of oxidative stress. It is possible that the metabolites of O2 within
cells act as signals triggering the expression of anti-oxidative
enzymes (Barnett and Bavister, 1996; Maître et al., 1993). The
defense mechanisms of cells or tissue are activated by oxidative
stress, in which Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD are the first catalysts
involved in the conversion of O2
into HP (Hanukoglu, 2006), which
attacks target cells (Fujii et al., 2005). The inability of cells to resist
this attack leads to aging and various diseases in tissue and organs
(Agarwal et al., 2005). However, as an unstable oxide (Hanukoglu,
2006), HP requires GPx and CAT detoxification, for which the
expression of the three aforementioned anti-oxidative enzymes or
their genes is a crucial indicator of oxide removal (Chun et al.,
1994; Guérin et al., 2001). In this study, the mouse embryos
cultured in mHTF medium supplemented with DV extract did
not significantly improve SOD mRNA expression. However, we
found the mouse embryos in most of groups, which cultured in
mHTF medium supplemented with DV extract exhibited higher
ratio of mRNA expression of GPx and CAT (1.25–2.12 times
compare to SOD) than that of SOD in group A (Table 6). Peltola
et al. (1996) indicated that GPx and CAT are able to reduce HP into
H2O, O2 and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). In this case, FSD velvet
extract could be able to fortify the defense mechanisms of mouse
embryos against oxidative stress as well as enhance their devel-
opmental competence.
Supplying senescence-accelerated mouse (SAMP8) with feed
containing 2% FSD velvet for four to six weeks was shown to
significantly reduce the H2O2 levels in the plasma of male mice
and the liver of female mice, even though the expression of
antioxidant enzyme genes in the liver was Q7not substantially
enhanced (Huang, 2008). Ji et al. (2009) indicated that the DV
extract contains several unidentified substances, such as peptides,
which are capable of removing oxides. Liu et al. (2010) showed
that DV extract could reduce serum malondialdehyde (MDA)
concentration, increase the serum SOD, GPx and CAT concentra-
tions, and enhance the antioxidant ability of ALX-induced diabetic
mice. Recent reports demonstrated that DV or its extract contained
active components, in which GSH, polypeptides and monoamine
oxidases had an inhibitory effect on oxidation (Hao et al., 2012;
Tian et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2010). These cases suggest that DV
extract might possess with antioxidant capacity, whether admi-
nistered orally or provided directly to cells can participate in redox
and mitigate oxidative stress.
6. Conclusions
This study demonstrates that adequate concentration of the
deer velvet extract from Formosan sika deer is capable of enhan-
cing the mRNA expression of anti-oxidative enzymes in mouse
embryos, mitigating oxidative stress in mouse embryos, and
enhancing the developmental competence of blastocysts.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Prof. Ming-Huei Liao, Dept. of
Veterinary Medicine, NPUST, Taiwan, R.O.C. for kindly providing
facilities and technical supports for anti-oxidative enzyme mRNA
expression analysis.
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Table 6
Effects of FSD velvet extract with or without hydrogen peroxide on the relative
mRNA expression of the anti-oxidative enzymes of the mouse blastocysts in vitro.
Treatment
groups1
Relative mRNA expression
SOD GPx#
CAT#
GPx/
SOD#
CAT/
SOD#
GPxþCAT/
SOD#
A, control 1.00ab
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00
B, DV1 0.93ab
1.77 1.19 1.83 1.25 3.08
C, DV2 1.24ab
2.51 2.30 2.03 2.12 4.15
D, DV4 1.69a
1.49 3.18 0.81 2.05 2.86
H, HP5þDV1 0.94ab
1.29 2.82 1.40 2.89 4.29
I, HP10þDV1 1.30ab
1.86 4.21 1.36 3.65 5.01
J, HP25þDV1 0.55b
0.59 1.17 0.72 1.44 2.48
K, HP5þDV2 1.15ab
1.54 3.19 1.24 2.82 4.05
L, HP10þDV2 1.29ab
1.64 3.04 1.18 2.37 3.55
M, HP25þDV2 1.40ab
2.98 3.88 1.44 3.83 5.27
N, HP5þDV4 1.73a
1.35 3.37 0.81 1.80 2.61
O, HP10þDV4 1.71a
2.04 4.48 1.19 2.77 3.96
P, HP25þDV4 1.53a
1.61 1.78 1.09 1.12 2.21
a, b
Values with different superscripts in the same column are significantly different
(Po0.05). SOD: superoxide dismutase. GPx: glutathione peroxidase. CAT: catalase.
1
The unit for DV and HP is percentage and μM, respectively.
#
Values within the same column are not significantly different (P0.05).
S.-L. Cheng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 5
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jep.2014.04.006i
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S.-L. Cheng et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎6
Please cite this article as: Cheng, S.-L., et al., Effects of deer velvet extract from Formosan sika deer on the embryonic development and
anti-oxidative enzymes mRNA expression in mouse embryos. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
jep.2014.04.006i