A B S T R A C T
Urban stormwater lakes in cold regions are ice-covered for substantial parts of the winter. It has long been considered that the ice-covered period is the “dormant season,” during which ecological processes are inactive. However, little is known about this period due to the historical focus on the open-water season. Recent pioneering research on ice-covered natural lakes has suggested that some critical ecological processes play out on the ice. The objective of this study was to investigate the active processes in ice-covered stormwater lakes. Data collected during a two-year field measurement program at a stormwater lake located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada were analyzed. The lake was covered by ice from November to mid-April of the following year. The mean value of chlorophyll-a during the ice-covered period was 22.09% of the mean value for the open-water season, suggesting that primary productivity under ice can be important. Nitrogen and phosphorus were remarkably higher during the ice-covered period, while dissolved organic carbon showed little seasonal variation. Under ice-covered conditions, the total phosphorus was the major nutrient controlling the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus, and a significant positive correlation existed between total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a when the ratio was smaller than 10. The results provide preliminary evidence of the critical nutrient processes in the Stormwater Lake during the ice-covered period.
A B S T R A C T
Urban stormwater lakes in cold regions are ice-covered for substantial parts of the winter. It has long been considered that the ice-covered period is the “dormant season,” during which ecological processes are inactive. However, little is known about this period due to the historical focus on the open-water season. Recent pioneering research on ice-covered natural lakes has suggested that some critical ecological processes play out on the ice. The objective of this study was to investigate the active processes in ice-covered stormwater lakes. Data collected during a two-year field measurement program at a stormwater lake located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada were analyzed. The lake was covered by ice from November to mid-April of the following year. The mean value of chlorophyll-a during the ice-covered period was 22.09% of the mean value for the open-water season, suggesting that primary productivity under ice can be important. Nitrogen and phosphorus were remarkably higher during the ice-covered period, while dissolved organic carbon showed little seasonal variation. Under ice-covered conditions, the total phosphorus was the major nutrient controlling the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus, and a significant positive correlation existed between total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a when the ratio was smaller than 10. The results provide preliminary evidence of the critical nutrient processes in the Stormwater Lake during the ice-covered period.
the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposesIJEAB
Shallow groundwater in Ikere-Ekiti was assessed for potability and irrigation employing chemical and bacterial analyses. Twenty two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrometer for cations and ion chromatographic method for anions determinations (˚C), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) (µS/cm) were measured in the field using pH Testr meter. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using nutrient agar medium to obtain plate count of living bacteria. Results of the analysis revealed that all EC values were less than 1000µS/cm indicating fresh water. The pH with average values of 9.48, 7.82 and 7.44 in migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains respectively exceeded the approved standard (6.5 – 8.5) for drinking water in two samples from migmatite, one sample from granitic terrain and none from the charnockites. Sodium was the dominant cation with average concentrations (mg/L) of 95.65, 38.33 and 6.61 in migmatite, granite and charnockite respectively while K+ ions in the same order of rock units have average concentrations (mg/L) of 60.49, 32.33 and 15.77. The average concentrations (mg/L) of Ca2+ ions in groundwater located on migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains were 36.67, 24.63 and 10.98 respectively while those for Mg2+ were 9.94, 7.48 and 4.57. The order of cation abundance was Na+> K+ > Ca2+> Mg2+. In respect of the major anions, Cl- was dominant with average concentrations (mg/L) in charnockites (187.20) within approved standard of 250mg/L while the average values (mg/L) in migmatite (475.2) and granite (340.62) exceeded the standard value. Following the same sequence of rock units, HCO3- average concentrations (mg/L) were 34.6mg/L, 27.07mg/L and 25.7. Sulphate and nitrate were less dominant ions and the order of anions abundance in the groundwater was Cl- > HCO3-> SO42-> NO3-. Bacteria evaluation revealed that all sampled groundwater tested positive to bacteria with TBC values (CFU/100ml) ranging from 1.76X108 to 1.78X109 in migmatite, 5.3x105 to 8.9x108 in granite and 2.55x107 to 8.2x108 in charnockite. Gibb’s diagram revealed that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals has contributed to solute source in the groundwater of the area. Water type on migmatite was mainly NaCl while granite and charnockite had NaCl and CaCl types revealing lithologic effects. Irrigation water quality assessment employing Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Soluble sodium percent (SSP), Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) and Permeability index (PI) revealed that the groundwater is suitable for irrigation purpose. Groundwater in the study area is low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but infected by bacteria pollutants. Differences in rock types affected the chemistry of the groundwater as reflected in their physico-chemical compositions, water facies and irrigation quality.
Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretri...ijtsrd
The estuarine clam, Meretrix meretrix was exposed to predetermined seasonal sublethal and lethal concentrations of CdCl2, 2½ H2O for 96 hrs. Experiments were conducted during summer, monsoon and winter by keeping control group of clams. Estuarine water parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, rainfall and dissolved oxygen were recorded. In the present study, it is found that, it has significant influence on rate of oxygen consumption and toxicity of cadmium chloride. During summer, clams from LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.1ppm and 1.8 ppm respectively. During monsoon LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm respectively. During winter clams from LC0 and LC50 group were exposed to 1.4 ppm and 2.1 ppm cadmium chloride respectively. During summer, as compared to control group, there were 3.83, 17.04, 16.77 and 10.63 increase in oxygen uptake at the end of 24, 36, 48, and 60 hrs. There were 0.35, 4.97 and 21.75 decrease at the end of 48, 72, 84 and 96 hrs. Moreover, similar trend of oxygen consumption was observed in LC0 and LC50 .group of clams in winter and monsoon season. During monsoon and winter clams from control group showed similar trend of oxygen uptake with less significant fluctuations. Clams from control group and LC0 and LC50 group showed less oxygen consumption during monsoon than summer and winter. Sanjay Kumbhar "Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) after Acute Exposure of Cadmium Chloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30543.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30543/study-of-seasonal-variations-in-oxygen-consumption-of-estuarine-clam-meretrix-meretrix-linnaeus-1758-after-acute-exposure-of-cadmium-chloride/sanjay-kumbhar
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Modeling of Predictive interaction of Water Parameters in Groundwaterijtsrd
The assessment presented in this article is centred on investigating the interaction of turbidity, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids interaction within the water bearing aquifer of Obite to Oboburu communities of Ogba/ Egbema/ Ndoni local government area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Experimental and modeled turbidity, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids investigated are within recommended standard of World Health Organization revealing the reliability of model equation in predicting groundwater parameters distribution upon influence of time, recharge, flow rate. Ottos C. G | Isaac E. O"Modeling of Predictive interaction of Water Parameters in Groundwater" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11292.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/11292/modeling-of-predictive-interaction-of-water-parameters-in-groundwater/ottos-c-g
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
investigative study of seasonal changesIJAEMSJORNAL
Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity’s average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- > Cl- >SO42- > NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season.
Artifi cial wetlands are useful for wastewater treatment; however, relatively little is known of the effects of sewage on artifi cial wetland microbial community structure. Therefore, we assessed the effect of municipal sewage on microbial community diversity in surface water throughout an artifi cial wetland (Xiantao artifi cial wetland) treating municipal sewage. We analyzed the relationship between physicochemical parameters of surface water (i.e., Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and
NH4+-N) with microbial community structure (Illumina MiSeq sequencing followed by abundance indices). The results showed that the total microbial community in surface water was signifi cantly correlated with COD, TN, TP, and NH4
+-N (r = 0.764, 0.897, 0.883, 0.839, P < 0.05). In addition, the most abundant taxa were significantly correlated with COD (r = 0.803, P < 0.05). The relative abundance of rare operational taxonomic units in the more purifi ed water farther downstream was higher than in the polluted area, suggesting that rare groups were more sensitive to physicochemical parameters than abundant groups, and that the abundance of some bacteria could indirectly indicate the degree of aquatic pollution. Our results indicate that the responses of microorganisms in artificial wetlands to environmental conditions should be considered to ensure efficient treatment.
Study on Physico-Chemical Parameters of Harsi Reservoir Dabra, Gwalior Distri...ijsrd.com
this study was aimed to estimate physico-chemical characteristic of Harsi reservoir. Harsi reservoir located in Dabra, Gwalior district, Madhya Pradesh is constructed on parwati River. Monthly study in Physico-chemical parameters such as water temperature, depth, transparency, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, total alkalinity, total hardness, chlorides, sulphates, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicates, ammonia, BOD, COD, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium were analyzed from January 2011 to December 2011. The results indicated that Physico-chemical parameters of the water were used for drinking, domestic use, irrigation and pisciculture.
Influence of Sulfate, Phosphate, Ammonia and Dissolved Oxygen on Biochemical ...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was done to ascertain the level biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Marlimund Lake situated in Ooty how it is related with the other parameters such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, sulfate, iron, and free ammonia. Four sampling sites were selected and studied over the period of 13 months from February 2016 to February 2017. The results were computed by best model fits applied for calculation using Curve Expert Version 4.2. The water temperature ranged from 8.1°C to 18.7°C, dissolved oxygen 3.468–6.976 mg/l, phosphate 0.1–1.92 mg/l, sulfate 1–18 mg/l, free ammonia 0.12–6.01 mg/l, and BOD 2.178–5.040 mg/l. BOD was found to be significantly related to dissolved oxygen (r = 0.5690291) by 4th degree polynomial fit, phosphate (r = 0.7095253) by rational function fit and free ammonia (r = 0.7395016) by MMF model fit, respectively. Sulfate was found to be nonsignificant (r = 0.2565396) by geometric fit model, and water temperature (r =0.4595060) shows a sinusoidal fit.
Seasonal Variations and Diversity of Marine Diatoms of Jegathapattinam and Ka...IJSRD
The present study entitled on Seasonal variations and diversity of plantonic marine diatoms of Jegathapattinam (Lat. 09º 95 N: Long. 79º 18 E) and Kattumavadi (Lat. 10º 13 N; Long.79º 22 E) South East Coast of India was carried out for a period of one year (from June 2011 to May2012).The study focuses attention on the survey, systematics of marine diatom diversity and the influence of physico-chemical factors on their seasonal distribution. A total of 52 species belonging to 38 genera of marine diatoms were recorded from both stations. The most common genera were Actinocyclus, Amphora, Bacteriastrum, Biddulphia, Chaetoceros, Coscinodiscus, Cyclotella, Diploneis, Gyrosigma, Licmophora, Melosira, Navicula, Nitzschia, Pleurosigma and Tropidoneis were present in the two stations. Higher values of diatom population density were found during summer at both stations. The seasonal distribution and abundance are discussed in relation to physico- chemical parameters.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A presentation of emerging contaminants in biosolids, and how these contaminants might affect the use of biosolids recovered from sewage for use in agriculture
the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposesIJEAB
Shallow groundwater in Ikere-Ekiti was assessed for potability and irrigation employing chemical and bacterial analyses. Twenty two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrometer for cations and ion chromatographic method for anions determinations (˚C), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) (µS/cm) were measured in the field using pH Testr meter. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using nutrient agar medium to obtain plate count of living bacteria. Results of the analysis revealed that all EC values were less than 1000µS/cm indicating fresh water. The pH with average values of 9.48, 7.82 and 7.44 in migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains respectively exceeded the approved standard (6.5 – 8.5) for drinking water in two samples from migmatite, one sample from granitic terrain and none from the charnockites. Sodium was the dominant cation with average concentrations (mg/L) of 95.65, 38.33 and 6.61 in migmatite, granite and charnockite respectively while K+ ions in the same order of rock units have average concentrations (mg/L) of 60.49, 32.33 and 15.77. The average concentrations (mg/L) of Ca2+ ions in groundwater located on migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains were 36.67, 24.63 and 10.98 respectively while those for Mg2+ were 9.94, 7.48 and 4.57. The order of cation abundance was Na+> K+ > Ca2+> Mg2+. In respect of the major anions, Cl- was dominant with average concentrations (mg/L) in charnockites (187.20) within approved standard of 250mg/L while the average values (mg/L) in migmatite (475.2) and granite (340.62) exceeded the standard value. Following the same sequence of rock units, HCO3- average concentrations (mg/L) were 34.6mg/L, 27.07mg/L and 25.7. Sulphate and nitrate were less dominant ions and the order of anions abundance in the groundwater was Cl- > HCO3-> SO42-> NO3-. Bacteria evaluation revealed that all sampled groundwater tested positive to bacteria with TBC values (CFU/100ml) ranging from 1.76X108 to 1.78X109 in migmatite, 5.3x105 to 8.9x108 in granite and 2.55x107 to 8.2x108 in charnockite. Gibb’s diagram revealed that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals has contributed to solute source in the groundwater of the area. Water type on migmatite was mainly NaCl while granite and charnockite had NaCl and CaCl types revealing lithologic effects. Irrigation water quality assessment employing Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Soluble sodium percent (SSP), Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) and Permeability index (PI) revealed that the groundwater is suitable for irrigation purpose. Groundwater in the study area is low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but infected by bacteria pollutants. Differences in rock types affected the chemistry of the groundwater as reflected in their physico-chemical compositions, water facies and irrigation quality.
Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretri...ijtsrd
The estuarine clam, Meretrix meretrix was exposed to predetermined seasonal sublethal and lethal concentrations of CdCl2, 2½ H2O for 96 hrs. Experiments were conducted during summer, monsoon and winter by keeping control group of clams. Estuarine water parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, rainfall and dissolved oxygen were recorded. In the present study, it is found that, it has significant influence on rate of oxygen consumption and toxicity of cadmium chloride. During summer, clams from LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.1ppm and 1.8 ppm respectively. During monsoon LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm respectively. During winter clams from LC0 and LC50 group were exposed to 1.4 ppm and 2.1 ppm cadmium chloride respectively. During summer, as compared to control group, there were 3.83, 17.04, 16.77 and 10.63 increase in oxygen uptake at the end of 24, 36, 48, and 60 hrs. There were 0.35, 4.97 and 21.75 decrease at the end of 48, 72, 84 and 96 hrs. Moreover, similar trend of oxygen consumption was observed in LC0 and LC50 .group of clams in winter and monsoon season. During monsoon and winter clams from control group showed similar trend of oxygen uptake with less significant fluctuations. Clams from control group and LC0 and LC50 group showed less oxygen consumption during monsoon than summer and winter. Sanjay Kumbhar "Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) after Acute Exposure of Cadmium Chloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30543.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30543/study-of-seasonal-variations-in-oxygen-consumption-of-estuarine-clam-meretrix-meretrix-linnaeus-1758-after-acute-exposure-of-cadmium-chloride/sanjay-kumbhar
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Modeling of Predictive interaction of Water Parameters in Groundwaterijtsrd
The assessment presented in this article is centred on investigating the interaction of turbidity, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids interaction within the water bearing aquifer of Obite to Oboburu communities of Ogba/ Egbema/ Ndoni local government area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Experimental and modeled turbidity, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids investigated are within recommended standard of World Health Organization revealing the reliability of model equation in predicting groundwater parameters distribution upon influence of time, recharge, flow rate. Ottos C. G | Isaac E. O"Modeling of Predictive interaction of Water Parameters in Groundwater" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11292.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/11292/modeling-of-predictive-interaction-of-water-parameters-in-groundwater/ottos-c-g
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
investigative study of seasonal changesIJAEMSJORNAL
Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity’s average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- > Cl- >SO42- > NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season.
Artifi cial wetlands are useful for wastewater treatment; however, relatively little is known of the effects of sewage on artifi cial wetland microbial community structure. Therefore, we assessed the effect of municipal sewage on microbial community diversity in surface water throughout an artifi cial wetland (Xiantao artifi cial wetland) treating municipal sewage. We analyzed the relationship between physicochemical parameters of surface water (i.e., Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and
NH4+-N) with microbial community structure (Illumina MiSeq sequencing followed by abundance indices). The results showed that the total microbial community in surface water was signifi cantly correlated with COD, TN, TP, and NH4
+-N (r = 0.764, 0.897, 0.883, 0.839, P < 0.05). In addition, the most abundant taxa were significantly correlated with COD (r = 0.803, P < 0.05). The relative abundance of rare operational taxonomic units in the more purifi ed water farther downstream was higher than in the polluted area, suggesting that rare groups were more sensitive to physicochemical parameters than abundant groups, and that the abundance of some bacteria could indirectly indicate the degree of aquatic pollution. Our results indicate that the responses of microorganisms in artificial wetlands to environmental conditions should be considered to ensure efficient treatment.
Study on Physico-Chemical Parameters of Harsi Reservoir Dabra, Gwalior Distri...ijsrd.com
this study was aimed to estimate physico-chemical characteristic of Harsi reservoir. Harsi reservoir located in Dabra, Gwalior district, Madhya Pradesh is constructed on parwati River. Monthly study in Physico-chemical parameters such as water temperature, depth, transparency, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, total alkalinity, total hardness, chlorides, sulphates, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicates, ammonia, BOD, COD, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium were analyzed from January 2011 to December 2011. The results indicated that Physico-chemical parameters of the water were used for drinking, domestic use, irrigation and pisciculture.
Influence of Sulfate, Phosphate, Ammonia and Dissolved Oxygen on Biochemical ...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was done to ascertain the level biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Marlimund Lake situated in Ooty how it is related with the other parameters such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, sulfate, iron, and free ammonia. Four sampling sites were selected and studied over the period of 13 months from February 2016 to February 2017. The results were computed by best model fits applied for calculation using Curve Expert Version 4.2. The water temperature ranged from 8.1°C to 18.7°C, dissolved oxygen 3.468–6.976 mg/l, phosphate 0.1–1.92 mg/l, sulfate 1–18 mg/l, free ammonia 0.12–6.01 mg/l, and BOD 2.178–5.040 mg/l. BOD was found to be significantly related to dissolved oxygen (r = 0.5690291) by 4th degree polynomial fit, phosphate (r = 0.7095253) by rational function fit and free ammonia (r = 0.7395016) by MMF model fit, respectively. Sulfate was found to be nonsignificant (r = 0.2565396) by geometric fit model, and water temperature (r =0.4595060) shows a sinusoidal fit.
Seasonal Variations and Diversity of Marine Diatoms of Jegathapattinam and Ka...IJSRD
The present study entitled on Seasonal variations and diversity of plantonic marine diatoms of Jegathapattinam (Lat. 09º 95 N: Long. 79º 18 E) and Kattumavadi (Lat. 10º 13 N; Long.79º 22 E) South East Coast of India was carried out for a period of one year (from June 2011 to May2012).The study focuses attention on the survey, systematics of marine diatom diversity and the influence of physico-chemical factors on their seasonal distribution. A total of 52 species belonging to 38 genera of marine diatoms were recorded from both stations. The most common genera were Actinocyclus, Amphora, Bacteriastrum, Biddulphia, Chaetoceros, Coscinodiscus, Cyclotella, Diploneis, Gyrosigma, Licmophora, Melosira, Navicula, Nitzschia, Pleurosigma and Tropidoneis were present in the two stations. Higher values of diatom population density were found during summer at both stations. The seasonal distribution and abundance are discussed in relation to physico- chemical parameters.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A presentation of emerging contaminants in biosolids, and how these contaminants might affect the use of biosolids recovered from sewage for use in agriculture
List of graduate schemes with early deadlines to look out for. Includes sector, type of role/scheme, deadline and minimum requirement info, as well as links
Acupuncture and Manual Therapy: Parallels in Research and Clinical Practice -...Mark Sexton
In clinical practice Acupuncture, Manual Therapies and Exercise Therapy are seamlessly integrated into treatment and rehabilitation. Globally, unconnected research into how each of these treatments may work is converging in the area of Cellular Mechanotransduction. This lecture explains this process, and the reviews research in the area of fibroblast mechanotransduction in the healing or maladaptation of connective tissue. The relevance of this research to clinical practice, education and research is considered. Research showing maladaption of connective tissue in chronic low back pain is explained. A published hypothesis integrating central nervous system and peripheral tissue plasticity is discussed in relation to the emergence, and to the integrated management of, chronicity.
Rainy seasonal analysis of Physico-chemical parameters of Mukungwa River at N...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Water availability and quality are important factors that determine not only where people can live, but also the quality of life. The Mukungwa river is affected by rainy season especially at Ngaru point before discharge in Nyabarongo river, where its physico-chemical properties are seasonally changed. This may cause serious problems on all forms of life in the river. Objective of this work was to assess the impacts of rainy season on physico-chemical properties of Mukugwa River before discharging into Nyabarongo River at Ngaru. The parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids (TSS), phosphates, nitrates, and ammonium were monitored in three rainy seasons: April, 2012; October, 2012 and May, 2017 respectively. In this research, pH, temperature, electric conductivity were analyzed in situ using multifunction pH-meter and others parameters, were analyzed in laboratory using electrometric, volumetric, turbidity tube and colorimetric methods. The measured values for each parameter in three seasons were analyzed using MS Excel, and then compared to their international standards for surface water delivered by World Health Organization (WHO). The findings showed high variation of TSS (134mg/l, 178mg/l, and 582mg/l), turbidity (322NTU, 317NTU and 1560NTU) and ammonium (0.498mg/L, 0.536mg/L and 0.78mg/L) in three rainy seasons assessed. The quality of Mukungwa River needs prevention measures in order to control its pollution by erosion.
Spatial Analysis of Soil and Water Quality in Tsunami AffectedAreas of Nagapa...IJERA Editor
In India, the natural disasters, especially the Tsunami in 2004 having exposed our unpreparedness, variability, diverse scientific, engineering, financial and also social processes. Vedaranyamtalukof Nagapattinam coastal region of Tamilnadu, India,was severely affected by Tsunami-2004. Due to its unique geological nature and climate conditions, the quality of soil and water resources was subjected to natural and synthetic changes. The recent efforts of prawn culture and saltpan in these areas also affect the natural resources. This study has revealed the present scenario of soil and water resources by analyzing their chemical parameters in the Tsunami affected areas after ten years of Tsunami-2004. For this study, soil samples (less than 30cm depth from land surface) and groundwater samples (from existing hand/bore pumps) were collected in the study area. It was observed from the analysis that the pH of soil was improved well and EC was lowered significantly except few places. Regarding the available N, P, K of soil, N was low, P and Kwere low to medium range. Further thepH,DO, Turbidity, Hardness,Cl and Mgof groundwater were within the permissible limit;EC and TDS were slight to moderate range for irrigation and drinking.The SAR is within the maximum allowable limit which inferred that groundwater can be used for irrigation without any risk.Thisspatial-temporal variability of soil and water parameters were mapped in GIS environment (Surfer ver. 9) and compared with pretsunami-2004 as well as ground truth scenario. Keeping these results, the soil is suitable for agriculture production. The natural flash flood has helped to reduce contamination of soil and water due to Tsunami-2004. However,due to alkaline in nature the quality of groundwater is not fit for drinking in some places but suitable for irrigation. Among the affected villages, Vedaranyam village has worst quality. This study also recommends suitable management strategies for sustainable development.
About the Interaction between water and Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn, Ba Mineralize...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: One of the most important environmental concerns at mining sites is acid mine drainage (DAM), which is formed by the exposure sulfide minerals to air and water. The consequent production of sulfuric acid reduces the quality of water bodies and may allow the solubilization of potentially toxic metals such as Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn and Al. There is a range of laboratory procedures, classified as static and kinetic. Which have been used to understand the acidification and neutralization potencies of a rock through water/rock interaction process. These procedures seek to describe, quantify and predict the compositional changes of the solid and liquid phases in natural systems. The choice of techniques, methods, procedures and protocols requires the understanding of the problem to be solved or mitigated and is related to the specific geochemical and geological characteristics of the site to be analyzed. The elaboration of experimental procedures involves sampling strategies, selection of methodologies, (Accuracy, precision, sensitivity, speed, cost) and thus equipment and other necessary materials. This work presents the main static and kinetic procedures, highlighting its principles, advantages and limitations for selection and application in carbonate rocks rich in sulphide minerals. PH, Acid-Base Accounting and Net Acid Generation (NAG) are the static methods chosen. While the kinetic procedures chosen for the study of the natural enrichment of toxic metals in sulfate carbonate rocks is leaching columns, the Soxhlet system and reaction reactors. To provide more consistent drainage forecasts and hence better plans for the management of The results of different methods should be analyzed together.
Influence of hydrological connectivity of riverine wetlandso.docxjaggernaoma
Influence of hydrological connectivity of riverine wetlands
on nitrogen removal via denitrification
E. Racchetti • Marco Bartoli • E. Soana •
D. Longhi • R. R. Christian • M. Pinardi •
P. Viaroli
Received: 30 April 2009 / Accepted: 25 May 2010 / Published online: 17 June 2010
� Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010
Abstract Wetland ecosystems in agricultural areas
often become progressively more isolated from main
water bodies. Stagnation favors the accumulation of
organic matter as the supply of electron acceptors
with water renewal is limited. In this context it is
expected that nitrogen recycling prevails over nitro-
gen dissipation. To test this hypothesis, denitrifica-
tion rates, fluxes of dissolved oxygen (SOD),
inorganic carbon (DIC) and nitrogen and sediment
features were measured in winter and summer 2007
on 22 shallow riverine wetlands in the Po River Plain
(Northern Italy). Fluxes were determined from incu-
bations of intact cores by measurement of concen-
tration changes or isotope pairing in the case of
denitrification. Sampled sites were eutrophic to
hypertrophic; 10 were connected and 12 were
isolated from the adjacent rivers, resulting in large
differences in nitrate concentrations in the water
column (from \5 to 1,133 lM). Benthic metabolism
and denitrification rates were investigated by two
overarching factors: season and hydrological
connectivity. SOD and DIC fluxes resulted in respi-
ratory quotients greater than one at most sampling
sites. Sediment respiration was coupled to both
ammonium efflux, which increased from winter
to summer, and nitrate consumption, with higher
rates in river-connected wetlands. Denitrification
rates measured in river-connected wetlands (35–
1,888 lmol N m-2 h-1) were up to two orders of
magnitude higher than rates measured in isolated
wetlands (2–231 lmol N m-2 h-1), suggesting a
strong regulation of the process by nitrate availabil-
ity. These rates were also significantly higher in
summer (9–1,888 lmol N m-2 h-1) than in winter
(2–365 lmol N m-2 h-1). Denitrification supported
by water column nitrate (DW) accounted for 60–
100% of total denitrification (Dtot); denitrification
coupled to nitrification (DN) was probably controlled
by limited oxygen availability within sediments.
Denitrification efficiency, calculated as the ratio
between N removal via denitrification and N regen-
eration, and the relative role of denitrification for
organic matter oxidation, were high in connected
wetlands but not in isolated sites. This study confirms
the importance of restoring hydraulic connectivity of
riverine wetlands for the maintenance of important
biogeochemical functions such as nitrogen removal
via denitrification.
Keywords Denitrification � Benthic respiration �
N-regeneration � Hydrological connectivity �
Riverine wetlands
E. Racchetti � M. Bartoli (&) � E. Soana �
D. Longhi � M. Pinardi � P. Viaroli
Department of Environmental Sciences, Univers.
Hydrochemical Characteristics and Shallow Groundwater Quality in Kirkuk Urban...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The assessment of hydrochemical characteristics and shallow groundwater quality was carried out in Kirkuk urban area, Iraq. Twenty two water samples were collected systematically at 20 locations for each of high and low water seasons in April and September (2014) and analysed for physical and chemical parameters. Hydrochmical data suggest that contamination of ground water is caused by infiltration of surface water polluted by domestic seepage pits and leakage from local agricultural area. Depending on hydrochemical facies, the type of water that predominates in the urban area is Ca-Mg-SO4 type during both wet and dry seasons. The study found that Kirkuk shallow groundwater is unsuitable for drinking water and industries purposes but some of water samples are suitable for construction and irrigation purposes.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Similar to Water quality assessment and application of the hydrochemistry (20)
Water quality assessment and application of the hydrochemistry
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.9, 2012
Water Quality Assessment and Application of the Hydrochemistry
Specific Ion Ratios1 at Lake Nyamagoma
2
Charles B. ATHUMAN * & Hudson H. NKOTAGU
1
Department of Geography, Stella Maris Mtwara University College
(A Constituent College of St. Augustine University of Tanzania), P.O. Box 674 Mtwara, Tanzania
2
Department of Geology, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35052, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
*e-mail for corresponding author: buteta@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract
Attempts have been made to investigate the water quality aspects at 8 sampling sites in Lake Nyamagoma by
applying the hydrochemistry specific ion ratios during both wet and dry seasons. Standard methods and experimental
procedures were acquired to analyze the filtered water samples in the laboratory using the Inductively Coupled
Plasma (ICP) machine for chemical determination. Data from the study depict significant variations in the water
quality parameters across the two seasons amongst the sampling sites. This phenomenon hampers the water quality
in the lake. Various processes are inferred as driving forces including dissolution, precipitation, decomposition,
nitrification, denitrification, fixation, evaporation-crystallization, cation exchange, adsorption, photosynthesis and
dilution effect. The geology of the area also seems to favor the observed trends. It is recommended that a long term
water quality assessment be acquired to sustainably address the environmental management aspects of the Lake
Nyamagoma within the Malagarasi Wetland Ecosystem.
Keywords: Water quality, hydrochemistry, specific ion ratio, processes, man-made activities, Lake Nyamagoma.
1. Introduction
Water is one of the most essential natural resources for sustaining life and it is likely to become critically scarce in
the coming decades, due to continuous increase in its demand and rapid increase in population along with the
climatic pressures. It is important to understand and predict their effects; particularly in lakes and reservoirs, where
all processes in the catchment and climate variability are integrated. Water totally dominates the chemical
composition of all organisms (Wetzel 2001). It is an essential physiological requirement of humans for survival and
for provision of food and basic living needs when maintained in its appropriate quality. According to Wetzel (2001)
and Dojlido and Best (1993) water quality is a diverse topic that includes the physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of water in relation to all other hydrological properties.
Natural water contains solutes derived from the environment, both natural and fabricated (Drever 1982). Fluvial
transport of the solutes into lakes has impacts on water quality. According to Cohen (2003), this is due to the fact that
the transport of solutes depends on topography, climate and land use activities within the lake’s riparian catchment
and the hydrological as well as the ecological processes in the lake. The water quality parameters that can be affected
include temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, phosphates, silicates, chlorides,
sulfate and iron along with calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Most of these parameters may pose some
health risks if they are above the standards (Williams & Langley 2001). In any evaluation of water resources, the
quality of water is of almost equal importance to the quantity available (Bell 1998). In other words, the abiotic
characteristics of the water are of major importance in determining whether it is or not suitable for domestic or
agricultural use due to pollution consequences (Dojlido & Best 1993). The pollution may in turn lead to poor water
quality and thus increased waterworks operational costs and eventually pose health risks.
The growing influence of anthropogenic activities in the catchment area of the Malagarasi-Muyovosi Wetland
Ecosystem within the Lake Tanganyika basin is quite alarming and hence, learning to explicate them is inevitable
(Cohen et al. 2005; Nkotagu 2005). The present study therefore trucked down water quality assessment using the
hydrochemistry specific ion ratios technique to address the seasonal abiotic threats at Lake Nyamagoma within the
Malagarasi Wetland Ecosystem.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
The study was limited primarily to Lake Nyamagoma within the Malagarasi wetland ecosystem. A total number of
eight (8) sites were chosen consequent to their accessibility (Figure 1).
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Vol.2, No.9, 2012
2.2 Geology and Geomorphology of the Study Area
The topographic variations in Tanzania are strongly controlled by geology. The study area falls in a depression
formed through faulting at the mesoproterozoic sandstones of about 1,200 million years old with lithology covering
shales, quartzites, dolomitic limestones, gneisses and basalts along with quarternary sediments (Nkotagu & Athuman
2008; Pina et al. 2004).
2.3 Water sampling, Analysis and Interpretation
Sampling was conducted during the dry season and wet season as per Crosby and Patel (1995). Water samples were
collected depth wise using a 2-Litre water sampler, filtered using 0.45µm size filter membrane, kept into half-litre
plastic bottles and then stored at 4°C for chemical determination. Standard methods and experimental procedures
were acquired in the laboratory to analyze the water samples as follows; unfiltered water samples were tested for
alkalinity using a titrimetric method with 0.1 N HCl and results expressed as HCO3- (mg l-1) as explained by APHA
et al. (1998). Nutrients including SiO2, NO3-, PO43- and Fe2+ were determined from the filtered water samples using a
HACH Spectrophotometer DR/2010 model according to HACH (2002). The cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) were
measured from filtered water samples using the Inductively-Coupled Plasma (ICP) machine following APHA et al.
(1998) and WHO (1993). The obtained data were analyzed using Sigma Plot 8.0 and Microsoft Excel packages and
interpretation followed Bluman (2007), Gupta (2006), Kothari (2004), Davis (1986) and Drever (1982).
3. Results and Discussion
In the present study, sodium was considered as a numerator in calculating the specific ion ratios and as an ideal
standard for comparison consequent to being found in higher concentrations in African waters (Nkotagu & Athuman
2008; Bajjali 1996; Appelo & Postma 1994; Kilham 1990; Kilham 1971). Various water quality parameters were
analyzed by the specific ion ratios technique and found the results as discussed hereunder.
3.1 Sodium / Potassium Ratio
Potassium ions show the correlation values less than 50% in both seasons (Figures 2a & 2b). This implies that,
aquatic macrophytes and animals might be redirecting the natural geochemical cycle of potassium by the
consumption and releasing from decaying plants. Similarly, Eugster (1970) and Winton and McCabe (1970), add that
this could be the exchange on clay minerals together with the precipitation of potassium feldspar.
3.2 Sodium / Calcium Ratio
The calcium ions show the significant values r = 52% and r = 53% in dry and wet seasons respectively. This
2 2
observation may be attributed to precipitation from calcium rich mineral and cation exchange in the bottom waters.
3.3 Sodium / Magnesium Ratio
Magnesium ions do not show significant values in both seasons (Figures 3a & 3b). This may probably be due to
magnesium’s solubility characteristics than their calcium counterparts. As a result, significant amounts of
magnesium rarely precipitate as MgCO3 and Mg(OH)2 (Horne & Goldman 1994). Magnesium carbonates and
magnesium hydroxide precipitate significantly only at very high pH values (> 10) under most natural conditions
(Eugster 1970; Winton & McCabe 1970).
3.4 Sodium / Sulphate Ratio
Sulphate ions at various sampling sites show poor correlation of r = 13% and r = 4% in dry and wet seasons
2 2
respectively (Figures 4a & 4b). This indicates the influence of anaerobic condition and microbial activities involved
in the sulphur cycle at the lake. Under the anaerobic conditions, sulphate is reduced to H2S (Wetzel 2001; Horne &
Goldman 1994). Bacteria catalyze sulphate reduction by organic matter as per the overall reaction reported in
equation (1) by Wetzel (2001):
2CH2O + SO42- 2HCO3- + H2S (1)
Where; CH2O represents organic matter. The H2S produced later forms major part, which react with Fe-oxides in the
sediment to form iron sulphide minerals.
3.5 Sodium / Chloride Ratio
The chloride ions at the sampling sites show a significant value r = 71% in the dry season. This may be due to
2
evaporation-crystallization process (Winton & McCabe 1970). However, in the wet season, the chloride ions showed
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Vol.2, No.9, 2012
poor correlation value of r = 43% . According to Wetzel (2001) and Eugster (1970), this observation could
2
probably be due to dilution effects triggered by surface runoff as the result of poor agricultural practices and bush
fires along with overstocking within the entire Malagarasi Wetland Ecosystem. Kilham (1990) points that, these
dense surface runoffs contain less dissolved salts leading to dilution process.
3.6 Sodium / Alkalinity (CO32- + HCO3-) Ratio
CO32- + HCO3- ions from Lake Nyamagoma waters (Figures 5a & 5b) show significant correlation values of
r 2 = 59% and r 2 = 62% in dry and wet season respectively. The observed phenomenon is consequent to CO2
added in the water by the macrophytes during the respiration process. High dissolution of calcium magnesium rich
rocks may also reflect the relatively higher concentrations of calcium and magnesium in waters along with CO32- +
HCO3- (Winton & McCabe 1970).
3.7 Sodium / Phosphate Ratio
The phosphate ions show poor correlation value ( r = 46% ) in the dry season (Figure 6a), indicating the
2
utilization by macrophytes and adsorption process to inorganic colloids and particulate matter. In the wet season, the
phosphate ions show a significant correlation value ( r = 63% ) (Figure 6b). PO43- is readily adsorbed on silt
2
particles (Golterman 1973) thus; the latter observation may probably be due to sediment trap by adsorption process
on to ferric hydroxide, Fe(OH)2 particles as inorganic phosphate (Lehman & Bronstrator 1994; Kilham, 1990;
Mortimer 1971). This is a consequence of increased mixing process. Higher values were observed at Chagu in both
seasons. According to Nkotagu & Athuman (2008), (2007) and (2004) this is attributed to inputs from the
agricultural and overgrazing activities.
3.8 Sodium / Silica Ratio
The silica ions from Lake Nyamagoma waters show poor correlation value ( r = 22% ) during the dry season
2
(Figure 7a) indicating the adsorption of silica to the dead cells and utilization of silica by diatoms (Nkotagu &
Athuman 2008, 2007, 2004; Wetzel 2001; Wetzel & Likens 1990; Werner 1977; Wetzel & Hough 1973). However, a
significant value ( r = 64% ) is shown during the wet season (Figure 7b). This may essentially be consequence of
2
dissolution of silicate minerals due to the low pH and low temperature, which seems to control silica chemistry at the
lake. The study by Nkotagu & Athuman (2008) found the same trend of water quality parameters with high values
measured during the wet season. The inferred observation may be further supported by the geology of the study area
(Bell 1998; Davis 1986).
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
This study addressed the water quality assessment using the hydrochemistry specific ion ratios technique to explain
the seasonal abiotic threats at Lake Nyamagoma. The data in the study reveal that the levels of water quality
parameters vary significantly along the seasons amongst the sampling sites. Various processes are responsible as
driving forces including dissolution, precipitation, decomposition, nitrification, denitrification, fixation, evaporation,
cation exchange, adsorption, photosynthesis and dilution effect. However, most of the elevated levels of water
quality parameters were recorded during the wet season compared to the dry season and vary across the sampling
sites attributing to inputs via inflows from the catchment disturbances by man-made activities. A long term water
quality assessment is recommended to sustainably address the environmental management aspects of the Lake
Nyamagoma within the Malagarasi Wetland Ecosystem.
5. Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC), The Royal Geographical Society (UK) and the
US National Geographical Society (NGS). The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Natural Resources and
Tourism for the permission to work in the game reserve areas. We acknowledge the support from the Kigoma region
administration and Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI). The analysis work was conducted at the
Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI) in Kigoma and Southern and Eastern Mineral Centre (SEAMIC) in
Dar Es Salaam laboratories.
References
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Vol.2, No.9, 2012
APHA, AWWA & WEF (1998), “Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater”, 20th ed.,
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Appelo, C.A.J. & Postma, D. (1994), “Geochemistry: Groundwater and pollution”, 2nd ed., A.A. Balkema,
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Bajjali, W. (1996), “Study of Hydrochemistry and Contamination of Groundwater in Jordan”, Dhuheil, Halabat and
Sumra Publishers.
Bell, F. G. (1998), “Environmental Geology: Principles and Practice”, Blackwell Science Press, Britain.
Bluman, A.G. (2007), “Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach”, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Cohen, A. S., Palacios-Fest, M. R., Msaky, E. S., Alin, S. R., McKee, B., O’Reilly, C.M., Dettman, D. L., Nkotagu,
H. H. & Lezzar, K. E. (2005), “Paleolimnological investigations of anthropogenic environmental change in
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Lake Tanganyika and impacts on the Lake Tanganyika ecosystem”, Journal of Paleolimnology, 34: 125-145.
Cohen, A. S. (2003), “Paleolimnology: The History and Evolution of Lake Systems”, Oxford University Press, New
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Davis, J. C. (1986), “Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology”, 2nd ed., John Willey and Sons Publishers, New York.
Dojlido, J. & Best, G. A. (1993), “Chemistry of Water and Water Pollution”, Ellis Harwood Publishers, UK.
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Eugster, N. (1970), “Chemistry and Origin of Brines of Lake Magadi, Kenya”, Journal of Socio and
American Speculation, 3(1):95-108.
Gupta, S. P. (2006), “Statistical Methods”, 34th ed., Sultan Chand and Sons, New Delhi.
HACH Company (2002), “Water Analysis Handbook”, 4th ed., Loveland Press, Colorado, USA.
Horne, A. J. & Goldman, C. R. (1994), “Limnology”, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Press, USA.
Kilham, P. (1971), “Biogeochemistry of African Lakes and Rivers”, A dissertation for the degree of PhD of Duke
University.
Kilham, P. (1990), “Mechanism Controlling the Chemical Composition of Lakes and Rivers: Data from Africa”,
Journal of Limnology and Oceanography, 35(2):150-162.
Kothari, C. R. (2004), “Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques”, New Age International (P) Ltd, India.
Lehman, J. T. & Bronstrator, D. K. (1994), “Nutrient Dynamics and Turnover Rate of Phosphate and Sulfate in
Lake Victoria, East Africa”, Journal of Limnology and Oceanography, 25(3):76-88.
Mortimer, C. H. (1971), “Chemical Exchanges Between Sediments and Water in the Great Lakes-speculations on
Probable Regulatory Mechanism”, Journal of Limnology and Oceanography, 16(1):134-146.
Nkotagu, H. H. & Athuman, C. B. (2008), “The Limnogeology of the Lakes Sagara and Nyamagoma”,
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2(1):12-21.
Nkotagu, H. H. & Athuman, C. B. (2007), “The Limnology of the Lake Tanganyika Sub Catchment”,
Tanzania Journal of Science, 33:19-26.
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VIII. Hydrological evaluation of two contrasting watersheds of the Lake Tanganyika catchment”,
Journal of Paleolimnology, 34:107-123.
Nkotagu, H. H. & Athuman, C. B. (2004), “The Limnogeology of the Malagarasi Wetlands” chapter, In
Nkotagu, H. H. & Ndaro, S. G. M. (eds), The Malagarasi Wetland Ecosystem: An Integrated
Study, Dar es Salaam University Press, pp 1-36.
Pina, P., Muhongo, S., Le Goff, E., Mcharo, B. A., Deschamps, Y., Milesi, J. P., Vinanger, P. & Ralay, F. (2004),
“Geology and Mineral Map of Tanzania (Scale 1: 2,000,000)”, BRGM-UDSM-GST.
Werner, D. (ed.) (1977), “Biology of Diatoms”, University of California Press, Berkeley.
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Wetzel, G. R. & Hough, R. A. (1973), “Productivity and Role of Aquatic Macrophytes in Lakes: on Assessment”,
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Wetzel, R. G. (2001), “Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems”, 3rd ed., Academic Press, USA.
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Philadelphia.
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Author Biographies
Charles Buteta Athuman is an Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Geography at Stella Maris Mtwara
University College (A Constituent College of St. Augustine University of Tanzania) in Tanzania. He holds a Masters
Degree in Integrated Environmental Management from the University of Dar Es Salaam. His area of specialization is
tropical aquatic ecosystems. He has researched, published papers and chapters in books and presented scientific
research findings in both national and international conferences, workshops and symposia. His research and teaching
interests include limnology, limnogeology and impacts of climate change on natural resources.
Hudson Hamisi Nkotagu is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geology at the University of Dar Es Salaam in
Tanzania. He holds a PhD in Hydrogeology from Technical University of Berlin in Germany. He has vast experience
in the field of tropical aquatic ecosystems. He has researched, published numerous papers and books and presented
research findings in the national and international conferences, workshops and symposia. His research and teaching
interests include hydrology, hydrogeology, limnology and limnogeology.
Figure 1. A location map showing the sampling sites
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Vol.2, No.9, 2012
2.00
y = 5.41x + 0.24
1.50 2
R = 0.42
Na+ (m.e/l)
1.00
K
0.50 Linear (K)
0.00
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
K+ (m.e/l)
Figure 2a. Variation of Na+ and K+ during the dry season
0.30
y = -0.03x + 0.15
0.24 R2 = 0.04
0.18
)
l
/
e
.
m 0.12
(
+
a K
N0.06
Linear (K)
0.00
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
K + (m.e/l)
Figure 2b. Variation of Na+ and K+ during the wet season
2.00
y = 0.49x + 0.68
1.50 R2 = 0.36
Na (m.e/l)
1.00
+
0.50 Mg
Linear (Mg)
0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
M g 2+ (m.e/l)
Figure 3a. Variation of Na+ and Mg2+ during the dry season
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Vol.2, No.9, 2012
2.00
y = 0.69x - 0.03
R2 = 0.39
1.50
)
l
/
e 1.00
.
m
(
+
a0.50
N
Mg
0.00
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
Mg 2+(m.e/l)
Figure 3b. Variation of Na+ and Mg2+ during the wet season
2.00
1.50
Na+ (m.e/l)
1.00
SO 4
0.50 y = -2.82x + 1.53
2 Line ar (SO 4 )
R = 0.13
0.00
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
SO 4 2- (m.e /l)
Figure 4a. Variation of Na+ with SO42- during the dry season
103
8. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.9, 2012
0.30
0.25
)
l
/
e
.
m
( 0.20
+
a y = -0.02x + 0.20
N SO4
R2 = 0.04 Linear (SO4)
0.15
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
SO4 2-(m.e/l)
Figure 4b. Variation of Na+ and SO42- during the wet season
1.70
y = -0.42x + 2.89
1.50 R2 = 0.59
1.30
)
l
/
e 1.10
.
CO3 + HCO3
m 0.90
( Linear (CO3 +
+
a 0.70
N 0.50 HCO3)
3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
CO32- + HCO3 - (m.e/l)
Figure 5a. Variation of Na+ and HCO3- during the dry season
1.80
y = -0.44x + 1.79
1.60 R2 = 0.62
) 1.40
l
/
e
. CO3 + HCO3
m
( 1.20
+
a Linear (CO3 +
N HCO3)
1.00
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
CO32- + HCO3 - (m.e/l)
Figure 5b. Variation of Na+ and HCO3- during the wet season
104
9. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.9, 2012
0.008
y = 0.02x + 0.47
0.006 R2 = 0.46
)
l
/
e
. 0.004
m
(
+
a 0.002
N PO4
0.000 Linear (PO4)
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
PO43- (m.e/l)
Figure 6a. Variation of Na+ and PO43-during the dry season
2.00
1.50
Na (m.e/l)
1.00
+
y = 146.02x + 0.58 PO 4
0.50
2
R = 0.63 Linear (PO 4)
0.00
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
3-
PO 4 (m.e/l)
Figure 6b. Variation of Na+ and PO43- during the wet season
2.00
1.50
Na (m.e/l)
1.00
+
y = -0.58x + 1.89 S iO 2
0.50 2
R = 0.64 L inear (SiO 2 )
0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50
SiO 2 (m .e/l)
Figure 7a. Variation of Na+ and SiO2 during the dry season
105
10. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.9, 2012
2.00
1.50
Na (m.e/l)
1.00
y = -2.90x + 2.33 SiO 2
+
0.50 2
R = 0.22 Linear (SiO 2 )
0.00
0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500
SiO 2 (m.e/l)
Figure 7b. Variation of Na+ and SiO2 during the wet season
106
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