This document provides an overview of the male genital organs, including both the internal and external structures. It describes the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, and penis. It also discusses the descent of the testes during fetal development and covers the layers of coverings and fascia that surround and support the genital organs.
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Anatomy of the urinary system
Anatomy of the kidneys
Anatomy of the nephron
Anatomy of the ureters
Anatomy of the urinary bladder
Anatomy of the urethra; male and female urethra
Anatomy of the urinary system
Anatomy of the kidneys
Anatomy of the nephron
Anatomy of the ureters
Anatomy of the urinary bladder
Anatomy of the urethra; male and female urethra
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
7th week -_male_genital_system
1. MALE GENITAL ORGANS
Internal genital organs - gonads (testes) – spermatozoa and sex hormone testosterone
genital tract (epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra masculina)
glands (vesiculae seminales, prostata)
External genital organs - penis, scrotum
Testis
Facies medialis et lateralis
Extremitas superior et inferior
Margo anterior et posterior
Tunica vaginalis - lamina visceralis et parietalis
Tunica albuginea
Mediastinum testis
Septula testis
Lobuli testis - tubuli seminiferi contorti
Tubuli seminiferi recti - rete testis
Leydig`s interstitial cells
Hilum testis
Ductuli efferentes testis
A. testicularis
Plexus pampiniformis - v. testicularis
Nodi lymphatici lumbales
Sympathetic nerves - abdominal plexuses
Parasympathetic nerves - n. vagus
Sensory fibers - Th10
Epididymis
Caput epididymidis
Corpus epididymidis
Cauda epididymidis
Sinus epididymidis - lig. epididymidis superius et inferius
Lobuli epididymidis
Ductus epididymidis
A. testicularis
Plexus pampiniformis
Nodi lymph. lumbales, iliaci int. and inguinales spf.
Nerves - autonomic plexus testicularis and sensory fibers end in the segments Th11-12.
Appendix testis (the remnant of the Müller’s duct)
Appendix epididymidis (the remnant of the Wolff’s duct)
Ductuli aberrantes (the remnant of the mesonefros)
Descent of the testes (descensus testium)
The testicles and epididymides originally form in the abdominal cavity at the level of the L1-2
vertebrae. Due to the growth of the fetus the gonads relatively descend to the internal inguinal
ring (anulus inguinalis profundus) at the end of the 4th month. The mesenchyme thickens to
the gubernaculum, a ligament that extends from the testis through the anterior abdominal wall
and inserts into the internal surface of the scrotum. Later, a fingerlike pouch of the
2. peritoneum, called processus vaginalis, follows the gubernaculum and evaginates the anterior
abdominal wall to form the inguinal canal. The processus vaginalis pushes extensions of the
anterior abdominal wall before it and they become the coverings of the spermatic cord and
testicle. The testis follows the processus vaginalis and enters the inguinal canal at the end of
the 7th month. The processus vaginalis surrounds testis and epididymis as the tunica vaginalis
and the space between both layers changes to the slit-like cavity (cavum serosum scroti). The
stalk of the processus vaginalis normally obliterates shortly after birth to form lig. vaginale.
The gubernaculum changes to the lig. scrotale. Retentio testis is an abnormality when the
testis is retained somewhere along the inguinal canal. Such testis has to be pulled into the
scrotum as soon as possible to avoid the serious complications like sterility and malignity.
The open processus vaginalis (it does not obliterate) may result in congenital inguinal hernia
that is always indirect (oblique). The rare abnormality is ectopia testis when the testis is
located in an atypical site as in the perineum, penis, and thigh.
Ductus deferens
1. pars epididymica
2. pars funicularis
3. pars inguinalis
4. pars pelvina
ampulla ductus deferentis - diverticula ampullae ductus deferentis.
The musculature is innervated by the sympathetic nerves and is very important for
ejaculation. It sucks sperm from the epididymis and gushes (expel) it into the urethra.
Ductus deferens + ductus excretorius = ductus ejaculatorius that passes through the prostate to
enter the prostatic part of the urethra.
A. ductus deferentis, plexus pampiniformis and plexus vesicalis, nn. lymph. iliaci int. et ext.,
sympathetic nerves from nn. splanchnici lumbales.
The spermatic cord (funiculus spermaticus)
Contains structures that run through the inguinal canal (ductus deferens, a. testicularis, a.
ductus deferentis, venous plexus pampiniformis, nervous plexus testicularis et deferentialis,
lymph vessels). They are connected by the loose connective tissue and enveloped by the
coverings continuous with the coverings of the testis and epididymis. The anterior part
contains a. testicularis, plexus pampiniformis and plexus testicularis, the posterior part
contains the ductus deferens, its vessels and nerves. Ductus deferens is palpable as the rigid
cord.
Inguinal canal
4 walls: Posterior wall – fascia transversalis, reinforced medially by the conjoint tendon
(common tendon of the internal oblique and transverse muscles) – falx inguinalis, laterally by
the interfoveolar ligament – connective tissue containing inferior epigastric vessels. These
strengthened sites are alternated by two weak regions: inguinal triangle of Hesselbach that
lies behind the superficial inguinal ring – between the conjoint tendon and interfoveolar lig.,
and deep inguinal ring – lateral to the interfoveolar lig. Inferior wall – inguinal lig. – inferior
border of the aponeurosis m. obliqui externi abdominis (EOM). Anterior wall – aponeurosis
EOM, contains the superficial ring – surrounded by the medial and lateral crura,intercrural
ligament and posterior reflected inguinal lig. Superior wall – inferior fibers of the internal
oblique and transverse muscles – m. cremaster.
Coverings of the testes, epididymides and the spermatic cords
3. Epiorchium (lamina visceralis tunicae vaginalis) - a derivative of the visceral peritoneum
Periorchium (lamina parietalis tunicae vaginalis) - a derivative of the parietal peritoneum
Cavum serosum scroti
Fascia spermatica interna - a derivative of the fascia transversalis
M. cremaster together with the connective tissue forms fascia cremasterica
Fascia spermatica externa - a derivative of the fascia abdominis spf.
Seminal vesicles (vesiculae seminales)
Ductus excretorius
Thick alkaline secretion that forms about 50 – 80 % of the volume of seminal fluid. The
secretion contains important substances that are the source of energy for sperms. The
contractions of musculature influenced mainly by the sympathetic nerves expel the secretion
into the urethra.
A.ductus deferentis, a. rectalis media, a. vesicalis inf.
Venous plexus prostaticus et vesicalis. Nn.lymph. iliaci int. Nervous plexus hypogastricus inf.
The prostate (prostata)
Basis prostatae
Apex prostatae
Facies anterior - ligg. puboprostatica and m. puboprostaticus
Facies posterior
Facies inferolaterales
Lobus dexter
Lobus sinister
Lobus medius
Isthmus prostatae (lobus anterior)
Capsula propria
Plexus venosus prostaticus
Fascia periprostatica
30- 50 tubuloalveolar glands
Ductuli prostatici (prostatic sinuses)
Glands of the prostate produce the weakly acidic secretion that forms 15 – 30% of the volume
of semen. It contains substances important for the activity of sperms. The testosterone
influences the function of the prostate and is broken down in the gland. In elderly men the
ability of degradation is disturbed and a higher level of the hormone causes the hyperplasia of
the inner zone that contains mainly submucosal glands – adenoma of the prostate = BHP
(benign hypertrophy of the prostate) which may result in bladder outlet obstruction. While
rarely seen in men younger than 40 years, it occurs in 50% of men older than 50 and 80% of
men older than 70 years. Malignant tumors of the prostate affect mainly its outer zone that
contains most of glands.
A.rectalis media, a.vesicalis inf., a.pudenda int. Branches from right and left sides do not form
anastomoses so that an avascular zone is in the midplane.
Plexus venosus prostaticus – plexus venosus vesicalis – v.iliaca int.
Nn. lymph. iliaci int. et ext., nn. lymph sacrales.
Plexus hypogastricus inf. - parasympathetic fibers from the sacral parasympathetic system,
sympathetic fibers - from lumbar segments.
4. Glandulae bulbourethrales
Pea-size glands in the deep perineal space producing mucus-like alkaline secretion into the
spongy part of the urethra during sexual arousal.
Ductus glandulae bulbourethralis.
Male urethra (urethra masculina)
Ostium urethrae internum
Ostium urethrae externum – the narrowest part of the urethra.
4 parts:
1. pars intramuralis –surrounded by the smooth m.sphincter vesicae.
2. pars prostatica –crista urethralis, colliculus seminalis, 8 mm long blind utriculus
prostaticus (a remnant of the Müller’s duct), ductus ejaculatorii, sinus prostatici
(ductuli prostatici).
3. pars membranacea – through the diaphragma urogenitale (m.sphincter urethrae).
4. pars spongiosa – ampulla urethrae (intrabulbar fossa) - glandulae bulbourethrales,
fossa navicularis - valvula fossae navicularis, glandulae urethrales - lacunae urethrales.
Curvatura subpubica – between pars membranacea and pars spongiosa
Curvatura praepubica
Urethra fixa (posterior)
Urethra mobilis (anterior)
A.vesicalis inf., a.rectalis media, aa.pudendae int. Veins accompany arteries.
Nn.lymph.inguinales spf. from pars spongiosa, nn.lymph.iliaci int. from other parts.
Sympathetic plexus prostaticus and rectalis, parasympathetic fibers – from the sacral
parasymp. (nn.splanchnici pelvici). M. sphincter urethrae is innervated from n. pudendus.
Penis
Radix penis
Corpus penis
Glans penis
Corona glandis
Collum glandis
Dorsum penis
Facies urethralis - raphe penis
Foreskin (praeputium)- ostium praeputii, gll. praeputiales - smegma praeputii, frenulum
praeputii
Corpora cavernosa - crura penis (crista phallica), septum penis
Corpus spongiosum - bulbus penis, urethra
Tunica albuginea - trabeculae corporum cavernosum - cavernae - aa. helicinae, vv. cavernosae
Fascia penis profunda - v.dorsalis penis profunda, aa. and nn. dorsales penis
Fascia penis superficialis - vv. dorsales penis superficiales
Lig. fundiforme penis, lig. suspensorium penis
A. pudenda int., v. dorsalis penis spf. drains into vv. pudendae externae. V. dorsalis penis
prof. ,vv. profundae penis - v. pudenda int.
Nn. lymph inguinales spf., nn. lymph. iliaci ext.
Sensory fibers (the glans penis is the most sensitive part of the body) are branches of the n.
pudendus.
5. Ejaculation of the semen consists of two phases. First: emission of sperms and genital
glands secretion into the prostatic portion of the urethra. This results from peristalsis in the
deferent ducts and seminal vesicles and contraction of the bulbourethral glands and the
smooth muscle in the prostate. Emission of the semen is the sympathetic response. Expulsion
of the semen from the spongy urethra (ejaculation) follows parasympathetic stimulation.
Ejaculation is accompanied by clonic spasms of the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus
muscles.
Scrotum
Raphe scroti
Pubes
Tunica dartos scroti - termoregulation
Septum scroti
Cavum scroti
A.pudenda ext., a. pudenda int., v. femoralis, v. pudenda int., nn. lymph ing. spf.,
Sensory - n.genitofemoralis, ilioinguinalis, pudendus, cutaneus femoris post.
M. cremaster – n. genitofemoralis. Tunica dartos – plexus hypogastricus inf.
The anatomical basis of the erection. When a male is stimulated erotically, the smooth
muscle in the fibrous trabeculae and helicinae arteries relaxes owing to parasympathetic
stimulation. As a result, the arteries straighten and their lumina enlarge, allowing blood to
flow into cavernous spaces. Blood fills and dilates these spaces, the bulbospongious and
ischiocavernous muscles compress the venous plexuses at the periphery of the corpora
cavernosa and impede the return of venous blood. As a result, the three corpora become
enlarged, rigid, and the penis erects. Following ejaculations and orgasm, the penis gradually
returns to its flaccid state, a subsiding process called detumescence (resolution). This results
from sympathetic stimulation that causes constriction of the smooth muscle in the helicinae
arteries. The bulbospongious and ischiocavernous muscles relax, allowing more blood to flow
into veins. Blood is slowly drained from the cavernous spaces into the deep dorsal vein.
Circumcision (L. circumcido, to cut around) is the surgical removal of the prepuce. It is
usually performed when there is phimosis(when the foreskin fits tightly over the glans and
cannot be retracted) or paraphimosis (when there is a narrow preputial opening and retraction
over the glans constricts the neck of the penis so much that there is interference with the
drainage of blood and tissue fluid from the glans). Although it is a religious practice in Islam
and Judaism, it is often done routinely for nonreligious reasons mostly related to hygiene.