1. The document describes improvements to liquid pipelines, particularly those used to transfer hydrocarbon fuels between reservoirs like aviation fuel.
2. It aims to provide an automatic mechanical safeguard to stop the flow of oil in the pipeline as soon as water is detected using a filter pack that expands when it absorbs water.
3. The filter pack is located in an auxiliary channel between two points in the main liquid flow channel, and means are provided to indicate the presence of water and/or automatically stop liquid flow through the pipeline when the filter pack expands.
Flow-control valves are used to control the speed of actuators by regulating fluid flow rates. They incorporate a pressure compensator to maintain a uniform flow rate regardless of workload changes. Variations include flow-control-and-check valves, which allow reverse free flow, and flow-control-and-overload-relief valves, which limit system pressure. Flow equalizers divide a fluid stream into two equal streams to synchronize the operation of two actuating units.
A Control Valve is the most commonly used
final control element used to regulate fluid flow in
a process. In a process, normally it is the only
controllable element residing in the loop.
Ø This is a device used to modulate flow of
process fluid in pipe lines by creating a variable
area in the flow path.
Ø The flow path is varied with respect to the
control signal received from the controller
towards the required flow modulation.
This document provides definitions for common terminology used in the control valve industry. It defines terms related to control valve components like actuators, bodies, bonnets, trim, seats, and more. It also defines flow characteristics, end connections, failure modes, and other terms. The document is intended to establish a common understanding and vocabulary for discussing control valves and their operation.
Valves are devices that regulate the flow of fluids through opening, closing, or partially obstructing passageways. There are several types of valves that serve different purposes. Air valves allow trapped air to exit pipes to prevent air locking. Check valves only allow fluid to flow in one direction. Relief valves automatically open at a predetermined pressure to prevent pipe bursting. Gate valves are used to divide pipes into sections and control flow. Ball valves use a hollow, perforated ball to control flow. Foot valves at pump wells maintain suction to prime the pump. Each valve type has a specific design and function for regulating fluid flow in pipes.
Valves are classified based on their application into direction control valves, pressure control valves, and flow control valves. Valves control the pressure, flow rate, and direction of fluids. Hydraulic valves are made of strong materials like steel and are precision manufactured for high pressure applications, while pneumatic valves use cheaper materials like aluminum and polymers and are cheaper to manufacture for low pressure uses. Common types of valves include spool valves, poppet valves, ball valves, check valves, and butterfly valves.
application of Direction control valve in automatic transmissionZIYAD AMBALANGADAN
This document discusses directional control valves and their application in automatic transmissions. It begins by defining directional control valves as valves used to control the direction of fluid flow in hydraulic circuits. It then classifies valves based on their construction, number of ports, switching positions, and actuation mechanism. Examples of poppet and spool valves are described. Applications of directional control valves in automatic transmissions include using them to direct fluid flow to engage or disengage clutches based on vehicle speed. In conclusion, directional control valves are used to distribute hydraulic energy and control the start, stop, and direction of pressurized fluid flow.
The document summarizes different types of pressure control valves used in hydraulic systems. It describes pressure relief valves, pressure reducing valves, unloading valves, counterbalance valves, and pressure sequence valves. Each type of valve is explained in terms of its working, symbol, and purpose of controlling pressure in hydraulic circuits. Compound versions of some valves are also discussed.
Flow-control valves are used to control the speed of actuators by regulating fluid flow rates. They incorporate a pressure compensator to maintain a uniform flow rate regardless of workload changes. Variations include flow-control-and-check valves, which allow reverse free flow, and flow-control-and-overload-relief valves, which limit system pressure. Flow equalizers divide a fluid stream into two equal streams to synchronize the operation of two actuating units.
A Control Valve is the most commonly used
final control element used to regulate fluid flow in
a process. In a process, normally it is the only
controllable element residing in the loop.
Ø This is a device used to modulate flow of
process fluid in pipe lines by creating a variable
area in the flow path.
Ø The flow path is varied with respect to the
control signal received from the controller
towards the required flow modulation.
This document provides definitions for common terminology used in the control valve industry. It defines terms related to control valve components like actuators, bodies, bonnets, trim, seats, and more. It also defines flow characteristics, end connections, failure modes, and other terms. The document is intended to establish a common understanding and vocabulary for discussing control valves and their operation.
Valves are devices that regulate the flow of fluids through opening, closing, or partially obstructing passageways. There are several types of valves that serve different purposes. Air valves allow trapped air to exit pipes to prevent air locking. Check valves only allow fluid to flow in one direction. Relief valves automatically open at a predetermined pressure to prevent pipe bursting. Gate valves are used to divide pipes into sections and control flow. Ball valves use a hollow, perforated ball to control flow. Foot valves at pump wells maintain suction to prime the pump. Each valve type has a specific design and function for regulating fluid flow in pipes.
Valves are classified based on their application into direction control valves, pressure control valves, and flow control valves. Valves control the pressure, flow rate, and direction of fluids. Hydraulic valves are made of strong materials like steel and are precision manufactured for high pressure applications, while pneumatic valves use cheaper materials like aluminum and polymers and are cheaper to manufacture for low pressure uses. Common types of valves include spool valves, poppet valves, ball valves, check valves, and butterfly valves.
application of Direction control valve in automatic transmissionZIYAD AMBALANGADAN
This document discusses directional control valves and their application in automatic transmissions. It begins by defining directional control valves as valves used to control the direction of fluid flow in hydraulic circuits. It then classifies valves based on their construction, number of ports, switching positions, and actuation mechanism. Examples of poppet and spool valves are described. Applications of directional control valves in automatic transmissions include using them to direct fluid flow to engage or disengage clutches based on vehicle speed. In conclusion, directional control valves are used to distribute hydraulic energy and control the start, stop, and direction of pressurized fluid flow.
The document summarizes different types of pressure control valves used in hydraulic systems. It describes pressure relief valves, pressure reducing valves, unloading valves, counterbalance valves, and pressure sequence valves. Each type of valve is explained in terms of its working, symbol, and purpose of controlling pressure in hydraulic circuits. Compound versions of some valves are also discussed.
Valves control fluid flow by varying the pressure applied to the valve stem. A valve's characteristic describes the relationship between stem position and flow rate. For a given fluid and temperatures, flow is a function of stem lift, upstream pressure, and downstream pressure. Valves can have linear, decreasing sensitivity, or increasing sensitivity characteristics. A linear valve has constant sensitivity where flow is directly proportional to lift. An equal percentage valve's sensitivity increases with lift, maintaining an equal percentage change in flow for equal percentage changes in lift. This compensates for line losses and produces a nearly linear effective characteristic.
This document provides information about common control valve components and types. It discusses how positioners have advanced to take input from sensors, alter control functions, modify valve movements, and interface with communication systems. It then focuses on the most widely used control valve types for industrial fluids: globe valves, rotary valves like ball valves and butterfly valves, and their characteristics. Key factors in valve sizing like system definition, allowable pressure drop, valve characteristic, preliminary selection, and minimum flow are also covered.
This document discusses various process control measurement techniques and final control elements. It describes common methods for measuring temperature, level, pressure, flow, and chemical analysis including thermocouples, RTDs, float systems, differential pressure, capacitive devices, ultrasonics, turbines, electromagnetic and Coriolis flow meters. Final control elements convert control signals into actions on process variables through signal conversion, actuators and control elements like valves.
The document discusses multiphase flow that occurs in oil and gas wells, which involves the simultaneous flow of two or more fluid phases. It describes the different flow regimes that can occur in upward two-phase vertical flow in wells, including bubble, slug, churn, and annular flow. It also discusses methods for predicting flow regimes, calculating pressure drops, and determining phase holdup and slip velocities in two-phase gas-liquid flow in wells. The modified Hagedorn and Brown method and Beggs and Brill method are two commonly used correlations for calculating pressure drops in two-phase flow.
Directional control valves (DCVs) determine the path of fluid flow in hydraulic systems. There are several types of DCVs classified by fluid path, design characteristics, control method, and construction of internal moving parts. DCVs include check valves, shuttle valves, two-way valves, three-way valves, and four-way valves. DCVs can be actuated manually, mechanically, with a solenoid, or with a pilot signal. The simplest DCV is a check valve, which allows uni-directional flow. A poppet check valve uses a spring-loaded poppet to control flow direction, while a pilot-operated check valve uses a pilot signal to control flow in the
Valves have different types and functions depending on the type of service. The main types are on-off valves like gate valves, plug valves, and ball valves which are used to start and stop flow. Throttling or regulating valves like globe valves and butterfly valves are used to control the flow rate. Check valves prevent backflow and include swing check valves, lift check valves, and ball check valves. Pressure relief valves like safety valves and relief valves are used to release excess pressure to protect systems. Control valves combined with actuators, controllers and sensors are used for automatic pressure control.
This document discusses various appurtenances used in water supply systems. It describes valves such as sluice valves, check valves, air relief valves, drain valves, zero velocity valves, scour valves, ball valves, and fire hydrants. It also discusses other appurtenances like water meters, storage tanks, bib cocks, and stop cocks. The purpose of these appurtenances is to control water flow, prevent leakage, change flow direction, and regulate pressure. Proper selection and installation of appurtenances is important for efficient water distribution.
The document discusses different types of hydraulic valves, including directional control valves, pressure control valves, and flow control valves. It describes directional control valves in detail, explaining that they control the direction of hydraulic fluid flow and actuator motion. Common types of directional control valves are then outlined, including 2/2 way on/off valves, 3/2 way valves, and 4/3 way valves. The valves' purposes and schematic symbols are explained. Infinite position valves that regulate fluid flow are also introduced.
What Is A Control Valve
Process Control Terminology
Sliding-Stem Control Valve Terminology
Rotary-Shaft Control Valve Terminology
Control Valve Functions and Characteristics Terminology
Other Process Control Terminology
sliding stem control valve
A hydraulic ram can be assembled from standard plumbing parts to pump water to higher elevations. The document provides instructions on assembling the ram from fittings like pipes, tees, valves, and a pressure tank. It also provides guidance on adjusting the ram for proper pumping by tweaking the swing check valve angle or drive pipe length.
This document provides an overview of control valves, pressure regulators, and solenoid valves. It defines a control valve as a final control element used to manipulate flow for process control. It describes various types of control valves based on control action, flow characteristics, construction, and movement. Pressure regulating valves are designed to maintain a set pressure. Solenoid valves use an electric solenoid to switch ports and are commonly used as control accessories.
This document discusses volume controls and flow control methods in hydraulics. There are three main methods of applying volume control valves: meter in circuit, which controls fluid going into the actuator; meter out circuit, which restricts exhaust flow from the actuator; and bleed off circuit, which meters a portion of pump delivery to the tank. Flow control valves are also classified as either pressure compensated, which maintains a relatively constant load pressure, or non-pressure compensated, where changes in workload affect the feed rate.
How a Hydraulic Ram Pump Works - Clemson UniversityFatin62c
This document provides instructions for building a home-made hydraulic ram pump. It includes a list of required parts and fittings, assembly notes, operational details, and performance estimates. The typical cost for fittings is $120 and pumps can deliver around 1/8 of the input water flow, varying based on installation specifics like fall height and lift elevation. Tables provide suggested minimum pressure chamber sizes and typical ram pump specifications.
The document describes several common types of valves used to regulate fluid flow, including their basic designs and purposes. Globe valves are used to throttle flow and have a Z, Y, or angle body design. Gate valves open and close flow but are not for regulating. Ball valves maintain high pressure/volume flow and have low costs. Butterfly valves are compact with low pressure drops. Diaphragm valves isolate fluid but need maintenance. Pinch valves use a rubber tube and are good for solids. Check valves only allow flow in one direction using flaps or disks.
This document is a patent application for improvements to sheet metal working machines. Specifically, it describes a machine that uses a wedge-shaped member moved transversely to lift a movable die. Balls or rollers between the wedge and movable die/frame allow transverse movement while maintaining uniform pressure across the die. The preferred embodiment uses a hydraulic cylinder to operate the wedge and ensure even lifting of the die for consistent metal bending results.
Valves control fluid flow by varying the pressure applied to the valve stem. A valve's characteristic describes the relationship between stem position and flow rate. For a given fluid and temperatures, flow is a function of stem lift, upstream pressure, and downstream pressure. Valves can have linear, decreasing sensitivity, or increasing sensitivity characteristics. A linear valve has constant sensitivity where flow is directly proportional to lift. An equal percentage valve's sensitivity increases with lift, maintaining an equal percentage change in flow for equal percentage changes in lift. This compensates for line losses and produces a nearly linear effective characteristic.
This document provides information about common control valve components and types. It discusses how positioners have advanced to take input from sensors, alter control functions, modify valve movements, and interface with communication systems. It then focuses on the most widely used control valve types for industrial fluids: globe valves, rotary valves like ball valves and butterfly valves, and their characteristics. Key factors in valve sizing like system definition, allowable pressure drop, valve characteristic, preliminary selection, and minimum flow are also covered.
This document discusses various process control measurement techniques and final control elements. It describes common methods for measuring temperature, level, pressure, flow, and chemical analysis including thermocouples, RTDs, float systems, differential pressure, capacitive devices, ultrasonics, turbines, electromagnetic and Coriolis flow meters. Final control elements convert control signals into actions on process variables through signal conversion, actuators and control elements like valves.
The document discusses multiphase flow that occurs in oil and gas wells, which involves the simultaneous flow of two or more fluid phases. It describes the different flow regimes that can occur in upward two-phase vertical flow in wells, including bubble, slug, churn, and annular flow. It also discusses methods for predicting flow regimes, calculating pressure drops, and determining phase holdup and slip velocities in two-phase gas-liquid flow in wells. The modified Hagedorn and Brown method and Beggs and Brill method are two commonly used correlations for calculating pressure drops in two-phase flow.
Directional control valves (DCVs) determine the path of fluid flow in hydraulic systems. There are several types of DCVs classified by fluid path, design characteristics, control method, and construction of internal moving parts. DCVs include check valves, shuttle valves, two-way valves, three-way valves, and four-way valves. DCVs can be actuated manually, mechanically, with a solenoid, or with a pilot signal. The simplest DCV is a check valve, which allows uni-directional flow. A poppet check valve uses a spring-loaded poppet to control flow direction, while a pilot-operated check valve uses a pilot signal to control flow in the
Valves have different types and functions depending on the type of service. The main types are on-off valves like gate valves, plug valves, and ball valves which are used to start and stop flow. Throttling or regulating valves like globe valves and butterfly valves are used to control the flow rate. Check valves prevent backflow and include swing check valves, lift check valves, and ball check valves. Pressure relief valves like safety valves and relief valves are used to release excess pressure to protect systems. Control valves combined with actuators, controllers and sensors are used for automatic pressure control.
This document discusses various appurtenances used in water supply systems. It describes valves such as sluice valves, check valves, air relief valves, drain valves, zero velocity valves, scour valves, ball valves, and fire hydrants. It also discusses other appurtenances like water meters, storage tanks, bib cocks, and stop cocks. The purpose of these appurtenances is to control water flow, prevent leakage, change flow direction, and regulate pressure. Proper selection and installation of appurtenances is important for efficient water distribution.
The document discusses different types of hydraulic valves, including directional control valves, pressure control valves, and flow control valves. It describes directional control valves in detail, explaining that they control the direction of hydraulic fluid flow and actuator motion. Common types of directional control valves are then outlined, including 2/2 way on/off valves, 3/2 way valves, and 4/3 way valves. The valves' purposes and schematic symbols are explained. Infinite position valves that regulate fluid flow are also introduced.
What Is A Control Valve
Process Control Terminology
Sliding-Stem Control Valve Terminology
Rotary-Shaft Control Valve Terminology
Control Valve Functions and Characteristics Terminology
Other Process Control Terminology
sliding stem control valve
A hydraulic ram can be assembled from standard plumbing parts to pump water to higher elevations. The document provides instructions on assembling the ram from fittings like pipes, tees, valves, and a pressure tank. It also provides guidance on adjusting the ram for proper pumping by tweaking the swing check valve angle or drive pipe length.
This document provides an overview of control valves, pressure regulators, and solenoid valves. It defines a control valve as a final control element used to manipulate flow for process control. It describes various types of control valves based on control action, flow characteristics, construction, and movement. Pressure regulating valves are designed to maintain a set pressure. Solenoid valves use an electric solenoid to switch ports and are commonly used as control accessories.
This document discusses volume controls and flow control methods in hydraulics. There are three main methods of applying volume control valves: meter in circuit, which controls fluid going into the actuator; meter out circuit, which restricts exhaust flow from the actuator; and bleed off circuit, which meters a portion of pump delivery to the tank. Flow control valves are also classified as either pressure compensated, which maintains a relatively constant load pressure, or non-pressure compensated, where changes in workload affect the feed rate.
How a Hydraulic Ram Pump Works - Clemson UniversityFatin62c
This document provides instructions for building a home-made hydraulic ram pump. It includes a list of required parts and fittings, assembly notes, operational details, and performance estimates. The typical cost for fittings is $120 and pumps can deliver around 1/8 of the input water flow, varying based on installation specifics like fall height and lift elevation. Tables provide suggested minimum pressure chamber sizes and typical ram pump specifications.
The document describes several common types of valves used to regulate fluid flow, including their basic designs and purposes. Globe valves are used to throttle flow and have a Z, Y, or angle body design. Gate valves open and close flow but are not for regulating. Ball valves maintain high pressure/volume flow and have low costs. Butterfly valves are compact with low pressure drops. Diaphragm valves isolate fluid but need maintenance. Pinch valves use a rubber tube and are good for solids. Check valves only allow flow in one direction using flaps or disks.
This document is a patent application for improvements to sheet metal working machines. Specifically, it describes a machine that uses a wedge-shaped member moved transversely to lift a movable die. Balls or rollers between the wedge and movable die/frame allow transverse movement while maintaining uniform pressure across the die. The preferred embodiment uses a hydraulic cylinder to operate the wedge and ensure even lifting of the die for consistent metal bending results.
1. The document describes improvements to a collapsible metal box or container with hinged sides, lid, and bottom that allows it to fold flat for storage.
2. Adjacent sides of the box are hinged together using alternating tubular members that receive hinge pins. The lid and bottom are also hinged to opposite sides using the same tubular member system.
3. When collapsed for storage or transport, the sides, lid, and bottom all lie in parallel planes, occupying less space than when erected. The boxes can be stacked efficiently in the folded flat configuration.
This document describes a web tension control mechanism with the following key elements and functions:
1) It includes a carriage carrying a pair of parallel web guiding rollers that can move left and right. A spring biases the carriage to the left while a variable speed drive biases it to the right to maintain tension.
2) As the carriage moves, it adjusts the effective diameter of a V-belt pulley in the variable speed drive to instantly increase or decrease the roller speeds and maintain constant web tension.
3) The mechanism precisely regulates web tension without introducing slack and maintains a uniform web length between points, allowing accurate register between successive printing operations.
The document describes a temperature controller or overheating safeguard device for electrical hot plates. It uses a ferromagnetic armature fixed to the hot plate that loses its magnetism at a specific Curie point temperature. A permanent magnet on a lever is also mounted on the hot plate and interacts with the armature to open or close an electric switch controlling current to the hot plate. When the temperature rises above the Curie point, the armature loses magnetism, causing the magnet to move away and open the switch to cut off current.
This document is a patent application for an adjustable mirror supported on a floor stand. The mirror stand has two parallel tubular members that can be adjusted longitudinally to change the height of the mirror. The mirror frame can rotate horizontally and vertically, and has both a flat and concave mirror. It also has an adjustable tray below the mirror for holding cosmetics. The stand can be easily disassembled for transport and reassembled.
This document describes an electric meter circuit that provides an electrically suppressed zero. It achieves this by including a non-linear conductive device, such as a diode, in series with a galvanometer. The non-linear device has a very high resistance for low voltages/currents, resulting in minimal galvanometer deflection. At higher voltages/currents above a threshold like the diode's avalanche point, the device has a nearly constant low resistance, causing the galvanometer to respond nearly linearly to changes in voltage/current. This allows the meter to accurately measure voltages above the suppressed zero point while ignoring lower voltages. The non-linear device is compact and stable, avoiding issues of prior suppressed zero methods.
This patent document describes a self-gripping tool for turning socket head fasteners such as Allen screws. The tool consists of two elongated wire members held together that form a hexagonal shape to fit inside the socket. The wire members are slightly separated and compress inward when inserted into the socket, exerting outward pressure to frictionally grip the interior walls. This provides an inexpensive and easy to use tool for securely holding socket head fasteners during installation.
This document describes a patent for improvements to electronic time-base generators. It includes a circuit diagram and description of a generator that uses negative feedback to linearize the output waveform by differentiating the voltage across a scanning coil and using it to control a feedback valve. This counteracts nonlinearity from exponential charging/discharging of capacitors. It allows the scanning speed and sweep magnitude to be varied by controlling the bias on the feedback valve.
This document describes a patent from 1957 for an improved lifting jack. The lifting jack has an inner and outer tubular element, with a hooked lifting element carried by the outer tube. Typically the hook was welded to the outer tube, but this could cause fractures. The new design forms a recess in the outer tube and the hook has a clamping means that seats in the recess. This provides a stronger connection that is less likely to fracture during use.
The document describes a process for manufacturing sheet materials composed of adhesively bonded fibers. It involves drawing fibers from a carding machine and conveying them to a lapping machine, which deposits overlapping layers on a conveyor belt. Bonding agents are introduced between the layers by jets that inject a small cloud of agents into the air between falling layers, allowing even distribution. The layered material is then consolidated by pressure and dried to form the finished product.
This document describes an improved plastic shortening composition and method of making it. The shortening comprises a minor proportion of a hard stock that is highly hydrogenated to an iodine value below 10 and contains at least 90% C18 fatty acids. The major proportion is a partially hydrogenated base stock with an iodine value between 80-95 and containing at least 87% C18 fatty acids. Prior shortenings were unstable at high storage temperatures, but the improved composition maintains plasticity when stored at around 90°F for extended periods due to the crystalline fats being predominantly in the beta phase.
This document describes a press member for garment pressing machines. It consists of gritty particles secured to a rigid backing member. The gritty particles are resistant to crushing, heat and moisture and have sharp edges. This creates an irregularly roughened pressing surface that eliminates wrinkles and creates sharp creases without imparting shine or moire patterns to fabrics. The gritty particles form a layer between the fabric and backing member to prevent any patterns on the backing from being transferred.
This document describes a patent for a synchronizing device for changing gears in vehicles. The device aims to overcome issues where significant force is needed to shift gears when the vehicle is stationary. It does this through a supporting ring that increases synchronization force in one direction of rotation, but is held ineffective by stops in the other direction. This allows easy gear shifting when stationary but maintains sufficient synchronization force for other gear changes.
This document describes an invention for an apparatus used in radio navigation systems. The apparatus indicates the position of a vehicle on a chart based on received radio signals. It includes a storage device that can maintain the rate of movement of an index on the chart over short periods where the radio signals may be interrupted. This prevents errors in the index position when signals resume. The storage device works by storing the rate and direction of index movement steps during the previous period, and can control the index accordingly during a signal failure. It utilizes a rotating carrier with operating elements that can be switched between sides of a guide, producing pulses as they pass contacts on one side to mimic the stored rate of movement.
This document describes improvements to telephone instruments, specifically addressing issues that can arise with standing microphones. It details circuitry designs that prevent unintentional operation of cradle switches from disturbing impulse transmission during dialing. The designs ensure the impulse circuit remains uninterrupted even if the cradle switch is activated by accident. Diagrams show how contacts in the circuits are arranged to isolate the impulse transmission from cradle switch operation.
This document describes a 1957 patent for an oscillating column combustion apparatus. The apparatus has a combustion chamber and pulsating tube that form an acoustic resonator. It is an improvement over prior designs by introducing the combustion mixture tangentially into the cylindrical combustion chamber through a mixing tube. This causes the mixture to circulate and thermally prepare along the hot chamber walls before igniting, overcoming issues with deposits clogging inlet throats in previous models. The pulsating tube can be arranged coaxially to induce better vortexing for ignition.
The document describes British patent GB780070 (A) from 1957 regarding improvements to vehicle couplings. It includes a detailed description of a coupling member that connects a trailer to a towing vehicle. The coupling member features a brake actuating element to engage the trailer's brakes during overrun, as well as a manually operable brake applying member. The invention aims to reduce maintenance needs and improve operation by enclosing retention means for the manually operable brake within an inverted box-like housing.
This document describes a 1957 patent for an improved galvanic copper plating method. It involves simultaneously spraying an aqueous copper sulfate solution containing phosphoric acid and an aqueous suspension of a metal dust, such as zinc, iron, cadmium, or nickel, onto a metal surface. The metal dust reacts with the copper sulfate to deposit a layer of metallic copper that is hardened as it forms, creating a more protective and durable copper coating than previous methods. The invention was meant to provide a simple, economical way to deposit hardened copper galvanically without special equipment.
1) The document describes a patent for an improved flushing tank for water closets.
2) The flushing tank design aims to be simple, reliable, and able to be manufactured from corrosion-resistant synthetic materials.
3) It includes a trap tube, discharge pipe, and syphon tube arranged to create an automatic intermittent flushing action as water fills the tank and causes a bell and float mechanism to open and close.
This document describes two patent applications:
1. GB784758 (A) relates to improvements in ion-exchange processes where nitrogen, rather than air, is used to remix cation-exchange and anion-exchange materials after regeneration to avoid contaminating treated liquids with oxygen.
2. GB784759 (A) relates to improvements in water meters comprising an inlet leg with a straight downward slant leading to a trap with a cleansing opening arranged on the axis of the inlet leg to efficiently measure large volumes of water.
This document describes a multi-tray clarifier system for clarifying liquids containing suspended solids. The system uses multiple compartments and a central feedwell system to evenly distribute incoming feed between compartments. This even distribution allows for simplification of the clarifier design by reducing the number of intermediate compartments needed compared to previous clarifier designs.
3 valve shafts pneumatics and hydraulicsaman520305
Control valves determine the direction and flow of fluid in hydraulic circuits. There are three main types: directional control valves, pressure control valves, and flow control valves. Directional control valves include check valves, shuttle valves, and multi-way valves which control fluid flow paths. Pressure control valves such as relief valves, sequence valves, and pressure reducing valves maintain safe pressure levels. Flow control valves regulate fluid flow rates and actuator speeds. Proper use of control valves is important for safe and efficient operation of hydraulic systems.
This document describes a patent for an improved valve for controlling fluid pressure in systems like liquid fuel burners. The valve uses a piston inside a ported sleeve to control fluid flow between inlet and outlet ports based on pressures on both sides of the piston. A spring applies force to the piston to maintain a relatively constant pressure difference. This simple design provides better pressure regulation than previous valves while being less expensive than more complex options. The valve can be used as either a surplus valve or a pressure reducing valve to control pressure between two remote points in a system.
This document discusses control valves and their components. It provides details on common valve types including globe valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, and plug valves. It describes the basic components of each valve type as well as their typical applications, advantages, and disadvantages. It also discusses factors to consider when selecting and sizing a control valve for a given application.
The document discusses various fluid flow measurement devices used throughout history and today. Early civilizations used simple obstructions in rivers to measure flow rates. Modern devices discussed include Venturi tubes, rotameters, pitot tubes, vortex flowmeters, calorimetric flowmeters, weirs, and orifice plates. Each functions using a different principle such as differential pressure, buoyancy, heat transfer, or vortex shedding to obtain a flow rate measurement. The document provides brief descriptions of the operating principles and applications of each type of flow meter.
The document provides definitions and descriptions of key components and concepts related to control valves. It discusses:
- What a control valve is and its main components like the valve body, trim, actuator, and accessories.
- Definitions of terms like bonnet, seat, cage, port, packing, and their functions.
- The inherent flow characteristics of control valves like linear, equal percentage, and quick opening.
- Additional concepts covered include vena contracta, cavitation, flashing, and noise in control valves. Diagrams are provided to illustrate cage shapes, plug shapes, and characterized cages for globe-style valves.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
This document describes British patent GB784988(A) from 1957 regarding improvements to pressure-operated gas relay valves. Specifically, it introduces a weight supported by the valve-controlling diaphragm that is lifted off during valve closure by an adjustable stop, temporarily arresting closure to provide a steady gas flow to appliances like furnaces. It provides diagrams and descriptions of the valve components and how the added weight allows a third stage of gas flow control.
This document describes improvements to a fluid mixing device that maintains the temperature of a fluid mixture. The device comprises an adjustable valve with a hollow liner and rotatable sleeve that have radial ports to supply and mix two fluid streams. The sleeve is rotated by a thermally sensitive unit to control the proportions of the streams and maintain the mixture at a predetermined temperature. The valve can be dismantled without damaging the unit and ensures correct reassembly. The device provides close temperature control even at low flow rates in an economical and compact design.
Surge Pressure Prediction for Running Linerspvisoftware
This white paper will review the engineering analysis behind trip operations for different pipe end conditions. The author will discuss the controlling parameters affecting surge pressure using SurgeMOD. There are 2 aspects of the surge and swab pressure analysis: one is to predict surge and swab pressure for a given running speed (analysis mode), while the other one is to calculate optimal trip speeds at different string depths without breaking down formations or causing a kick at weak zone (design mode). This article will address both issues. Examples of running liners in tight tolerance wellbore will be analyzed.
Variable head meters use different principles and designs to measure fluid flow velocity or discharge rate. Pitot tubes use stagnation pressure to measure flow velocity. They consist of a bent glass tube placed in flow, where the height of liquid rise indicates stagnation pressure head. Orifice meters measure flow rate using a differential manometer and the pressure drop across an orifice plate. Venturi meters also use differential pressure but have a converging-diverging nozzle shape to reduce head losses. Weirs and notches are open channel flow measurement devices where flow rate correlates to upstream water depth. Flumes are specially designed open channels also used for flow measurement.
I am chemical engineer magazine 6 2013Hassan Elahi
This document provides an introduction to pumping equipment, specifically pumps. It defines a pump as a machine that supplies energy to liquid to move it from one place to another. Pumps are categorized as either rotodynamic pumps or positive displacement pumps. Centrifugal pumps are described as rotodynamic pumps that use a rotating impeller to sweep liquid outwards from the center at high pressure. The document outlines the basic components and functions of pumping equipment in under 3 sentences.
1. Control valves regulate fluid flow through a pipe in response to a controller signal, manipulating fluid to keep process variables close to set points.
2. Control valves have two major parts - a valve actuator that provides mechanical power to move valve body components, and a valve body containing mechanical elements to influence fluid flow.
3. Within the valve body, components called trim perform the work of throttling or stopping fluid flow in response to actuator movements.
1. Control valves regulate fluid flow through a pipe in response to a controller signal, manipulating fluid flow to keep a process variable at the desired setpoint.
2. Control valves have two major parts - a valve actuator that provides mechanical power to move valve components, and a valve body containing the mechanical components that influence fluid flow.
3. Within the valve body, the valve trim comprises the specific components like plugs and seats that perform the work of throttling or stopping fluid flow.
This document describes a patent application for a device to control back pressure in hydraulic systems. The device includes a pressure sensitive member extending into the supply and discharge conduits, with a valve element on one end to engage a valve seat in the discharge conduit. This maintains the back pressure in the discharge conduit at a predetermined ratio to the pressure in the supply conduit, such as 1/16, to prevent cavitation and noise. The device controls high velocity fluid flows when the control valve is moved, regulating pressure drops that could otherwise cause issues.
This document describes a patent for improvements in reciprocating motors that are actuated by a fluid supplied at constant pressure. It involves a piston valve that moves alternately into two positions, connecting one side of the piston to the pressure fluid supply and the other side to exhaust. Plungers on each side of the piston can enter cylindrical spaces at the end of the piston's working stroke to build up pressure and cause the valve to switch positions for the return stroke. Optional features include non-return valves in ducts connecting the valve cavities to the spaces to control fluid flow. The invention is intended for hydraulic motors but not limited to that application or liquid as the working fluid.
Purge flow regulator and flow switchesKundan Gupta
This document discusses different types of flow controllers and flow switches. It describes a self-contained flow controller that uses a variable area flow meter combined with a differential pressure regulator to maintain a constant outlet pressure. It also discusses various types of flow switches, including folding paddle, thermal, bypass, and capacitor types. The thermal and capacitor types detect changes in temperature or dielectric constants to determine the presence or absence of flow. Flow switches are used to monitor if flow rates are above or below a certain threshold.
A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve that is controlled by an electric current passing through a solenoid. When current is applied, the solenoid generates a magnetic field that either opens or closes the valve. Solenoid valves are commonly used to control fluid systems and have applications in plumbing, industrial machinery, pneumatic tools, and more due to their fast, reliable switching capabilities.
Сытник В. С. Основы расчета и анализа точности геодезических измерений в стро...Иван Иванов
В книге изложены вопросы теории и практики расчета, бценки
и анализа точности геодезических измерений, выполняемых при
возведении промышленных, жилых и общественных зданий й\цн-
женериых сооружений. На основе существующих в теории вероят^~—-
ностей
математической статистики и ошибок измерений рассмат
риваются методы расчета необходимой и достаточной точности гео
дезических измерений
применительно к определенным стадиям
строительно-монтажных работ и конструктивным решениям зданий
и сооружений. Значительное внимание уделено анализу точности
результатов геодезических измерений
Poialkova v.m. -_lifter-akademiia_(2007)Иван Иванов
The document is illegible as it contains random characters and symbols with no discernible words, sentences or meaning. It appears to be gibberish with no real information that can be summarized.
This document provides an introduction to a master's thesis that analyzes the legal and commercial issues in EU-Russia relations in the context of sanctions policy. It outlines the goals and structure of the thesis. The thesis will examine EU-Russia relations before and after sanctions were imposed in 2014 over Ukraine, the legal framework around the sanctions, and their impact on trade. It will also explore ways to optimize EU-Russia relations going forward. The introduction establishes that relations between the EU and Russia are an ongoing issue that significantly impacts international politics and economics.
Заковряшин А. И. Конструирование РЭА с учетом особенностей эксплуатацииИван Иванов
Показана роль конструкторского проектирования в обеспечении эффективности технического обслуживания РЭА по фактическому состоянию. В книге
взаимосвязанно решаются вопросы обеспечения ремонто- и контролепригодности
при конструировании РЭА. Ремонтопригодность рассматривается лак решающи”
фактор обеспечения эффективности применения аппаратуры. Область значений
конструктивных показателей РЭА определяется как результат решения задачи
оптимизации заданного качества функционирования.
The document provides guidance for directors of music in senior high schools on producing effective musical programs. It discusses various types of programs, considerations for program building such as attention, contrast and continuity. Organization, administration, publicity, programs/tickets, staging, lighting, costuming and other elements are covered. Experimental research was conducted, including visits to Radio City Music Hall and small theaters, to study professional practices.
1) Adolph W. Berkner of Cayuga, North Dakota invented an improved elevator bucket design.
2) Berkner's elevator bucket has a yieldingly supported bottom plate that can open under excessive weight to prevent overloading, and automatically closes when the weight reaches a predetermined amount to deliver accurate amounts.
3) The bottom plate is flexibly supported by a leather or metal strip attached to the top edge and backed by a metal strip, and is held closed by an arcuate leaf spring.
This document describes a radio navigation system that provides continuous indications of bearing and distance from a transmitter beacon to a receiver. It utilizes a single transmitter and receiver at the beacon location and a transmitter and receiver at the mobile location. The pulsed output of the distance measuring beacon is amplitude modulated with fundamental and harmonic bearing signals. At the mobile receiver, the distance is obtained from the timing of distance measuring pulses while the bearing is obtained by comparing the phase of the envelope wave components and reference signals.
This document describes a process for producing hydrocarbon drying oils through the polymerization of butadiene and styrene monomers in the presence of sodium catalyst. It discusses conducting the reaction in a reactor, then treating the product solution with an organic acid to convert the sodium into a filterable salt. The process aims to improve upon large-scale production by continuously feeding reagents to a reactor while removing the polymerized product, and pre-treating make-up materials to improve reaction efficiency.
This document describes improvements to a carbonating apparatus for producing aerated water. It details a conventional carbonator design and issues with maintaining proper carbonation levels and water temperature. The invention aims to address these issues by wrapping the carbonating chamber in helical coils of pipes, with one pipe carrying water and the other a refrigerant. This design cools the chamber directly to maintain carbonation levels while reducing operating pressures and refrigeration needs.
1. * GB780129 (A)
Description: GB780129 (A) ? 1957-07-31
Improvements in or relating to liquid pipelines
Description of GB780129 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or elaig to x.u1.c Pixoe
We, SHELL RESEARCH LIMITED, a
British Company, of St. Helen's Court, Great
St. Helen's, London, E.C.3, do hereby declare the invention for which
we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it
is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the
following statement:
The present invention relates to liquid pipelines, and whilst it is
generally applicable to pipelines for the transfer of liquids which
are immiscible or substantially immiscible with water, it is
particularly applicable to the pipelines which are used for the
transfer of hydrocarbon fuels from one reservoir to another, for
example, for the transfer of aviation fuel from a refuelling tanker or
a hydrant refuelling system to the storage tanks of an aircraft.
References to liquids in this Specification are to be understood to be
confined to those liquids which are immiscible or substantially
immiscible with water.
Particularly in cases such as the example quoted in which oil is being
delivered to a reservoir from which it is drawn for use a fuel, it may
be important that the oil being delivered should not contain water.
However, contamination with water can occur at some stage before
delivery and whilst certain procedures may be laid down for detecting
the presence of water in the oil in the reservoir from which it is
transferred, and for preventing its transference, an automatic
mechanical safeguard to stop the flow of oil as soon as water has been
detected is preferred, and it is therefore an object of the present
invention to provide apparatus for this purpose.
According to the present invention a liquid pipeline is provided with
apparatus responsive to the presence of water in liquid in the
2. pipeline, said apparatus comprising a filter pack of the kind
specified (as defined below) located in the path of liquid flowing
through an auxiliary channel ir,terconnecting two points spaced along
the main liquid flow channel, and means responsive to expansion of the
filter pack for indicating the presence of water and/or automatically
stopping the flow of liquid through the pipeline.
Reference has been made above to "filter packs of the kind specified".
This kind of filter pack is to be understood to be one which consists
in a mass of filter material, for example, impregnated filter paper,
which mass will permit the passage of liquid other than water through
it, but absorbs water carried in the liquid stream, and is so arranged
that on so doing it expands sufficiently to produce a mechanical
movement sufficient to actuate a suitable form of valve or valve
operating mechanism, such as a servo mechanism, and/or the actuating
mechanism of an indicating device. The latter may be either
electrical, mechanical or hydraulic. One form of filter pack of the
kind specified consists of a pack of annular filter papers compressed
between end plates and mounted on a triangular section rod passing
through the centre channel of the pack. Liquid flows through the pack
from outside the external cylindrical surface to the centre channel
within.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided
a liquid pipeline section adapted to be joined at either end to other
sections of pipeline or allied equipment, said section including
apparatus responsive to the presence of water in liquid being passed
through the section in the normal direction of liquid flow, said
apparatus comprising a filter pack of the kind specified located in
the path of liquid flow
ing through an auxiliary channel intereon-.
necting two points spaced along the main
liquid flow channel through the section, and
means responsive to expansion of the filter pack for indicating the
presence of water
and/or automatically stopping the flow of
liquid through the pipeline.
Further according to the present invention
there may be provided a reservoir for holding a stock of liquid for
supply to other reservoirs, for example aircraft fuel tanks,
said one reservoir being flitted with a pipeline for delivering liquid
to said other reservoirs, which pipeline has joined in it
a section as set out in the previous paragraph.
The filter pack may be included in an
arrangement whereby, on expansion, of it, the auxiliary channel is
closed, and in such a case said responsive means may then include a
3. main valve located in the main channel between the said two points and
a valve actuating. mechanism responsive to the liquid flow conditions
in the auxiliary channel for closing. the main valve when flow of
liquid through the auxiliary channel ceases.
Some grades of filter packs of the kind specified are sufflciently
sensitive to the absorption of a small quantity of water to seal
themselves against further flow of liquid through them In.
consequence, when a filter pack of these grades is included in an
arrangement as set-out in the previous paragraph, the self-sealing of
the filter pack itself is used to close the. auxiliary channel. When
other - grades of filter - pack are - included in such an arrangement
the arrangement will include a. valve. for closing the auxiliary
channel on expansion of the. filter pack..
The valve actuating mechanism responsive to the liquid: flow
conditions in the auxiliary channel may comprise a Venturi neck
mounted in the auxiliary channel upstream of the filter pack, and a
valve actuating mechanism for the main valve including a spring
biasing means- operating to close the valve and means responsive to
the difference
between the liquid pressures in the main
channel on the inlet side of the valve and at
a point in the Venturi neck in the auxiliary channel for opposing the
action of the biasing means and opening the main valve when the
difference exceeds a predetermined
amount. Said pressure difference responsive
moans may comprise a flexible bellows or
diaphragm open on one side to the liquid in
the main channel at the inlet side of the valve a liquid conduit
interconnecting the space on the other side of the bellows or
diaphragm
with the liquid at a point along the Venturi
neck in the auxiliary channel, and a spring
for extendin, the bellows or -diaphragm and
closing the valve when the pressures on either
side are equal.
Alternatively the valve actuating mechanism may comprise means for
supplying liquid under pressure to the mechanism under the control of
a further valve or valves in the auxiliary channel operated by the
flow of liquid through the auxiliary channel and/or expansion of the
filter pack, for supplying liquid from the auxiliary channel under
pressure to close the main valve when the liquid flow in the auxiliary
channel ceases and/or the filter pack expands, and to maintain the
main valve open whilst the liquid flow in the auxiliary channel
continues. The liquid may be supplied from the auxiliary channel to
4. either side of a flexible bellows or diaphragm movement of which
causes operation of the main valve, the further valves controlling the
supply of liquid to the appropriate side of the bellows or diaphragm
to open and close the mai l valve under the appropriate conditions.
The main valve is preferably of a balanced type, in order that its
operation is not affected by the liquid pressures on either side of
it, For example, it may be a butterfly valve, which, where the
pipeline is of circular cross section, includes a valve member of
elliptical. cross section the length of the minor axis of which is
equal to the internal diameter of the pipeline. The valve member is
mounted for rotation about its minor axis. and about a diameter of the
cross section of the pipeline, so that when the plane of the valve
member is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipeline the valve
is open and on rotation through an angle, for example, 39"-40", the
valve is closed.
In another arrangement, the filter pack is included in an arrangement
whereby, on expansion of it the auxiliary channel is closed, and sad
responsive means includes a main valve located in the main channel,
and a valve actuating mechanism arranged to be actuated by a
mechanical movement caused by expansion of the filter pack. Here again
the filter pack itself will be used to seal the auxiliary channel if
it is of sufficiently high grade, or it may be associated with a valve
for closing the auxiliary channel on expansion of the filter pack. The
valve actuating mechanism may be of any suitable form and may include
a servo mechanism. In such an arrangement, some suitable means is
provided for causing liquid flow through the auxiliary channel despite
the greater resistance to flow through that channel. Thus, the outlet
from the auxiliary channel may open into a Venturi neck situated in
the main channel at the downstream one of said two points, the
depression at the throat of the
Venturi neck being utilised to effect the desired flow. Alternatively
the or a pump for effecting flow in the main channel may be connected
in the main channel between the said two points.. the auxiliary
channel then constituting a separate flow circuit in tercollnectine,
the outlet and intake sides oa the pump.
Whilst the section of the pipeline in which the apparatus is
incorporated will usually be of rigid construction, the remainder of
the pipeline into which it is joined may be wholly or in pare
flexible.
As will be apparent from the example described below the apparatus
will usually be designed to operate when the liquid flows in only one
of the two possible diictions i l the main channel and in the
auxiliary channel, and where this is so terms such as "the inlet side
of a valve", "upstream", are used with reference to the normal
5. direction of liquid flow in the said channels.
Three embodiments of an oil pipeline in accordance with the present
invention will now be described by way of example with reference to
the accompanying drawings, in which
Figure 1 - shows a cross -section of an oil pipeline section according
to the present ininvention;
Figure 2 shows a cross section of a further oil pipeline section
according to the present invention:
Figure 3 shows part of Figure 2 on an enlarged scale;
Figure 4-shows a schematic arrangement of a third section; and
Figure 5 shows a part of the arrangement of Figure 4 in greater
detail.
In the first example, shown. in Figure 1, a short section of pipeline
having a main channel 1 of circular cross section is pra- vided with
an auxiliary channel 2 interconnecting two -points spaced apart along
the main channel 1. The ends of the section are provided with flanges
to enable it to be coupled to other sections of pipeline or other
apparatus. Other forms of coupling means may also be provided. In the
following description it will be assumed that the oil flow through the
main channel .1 in normal operation- takes place only in the direction
indicated by the arrow 3. Between the two points in the main channel 1
interconnected by the auxiliary channel 2, there is mounted the valve
member 4 of a butterfly valve for controlling the oil flow in the main
channel 1, although other types of valve may be employed if required.
This valve member 4 consists of an elliptical plate, the length of the
minor axis of which is equal to the diameter of the cross-section of
the main channel 1, The member 4 is mounted in bearings mounted
diametrically opposite one another in the wall of the main channel 1
so that it can rotate about a spindle S lying along its minor axis.
When the member 4 lies in a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis of
the main channel 1, it presents negligible obstruction to the liquid
flow through the main channel 1, but, as the member is rotated through
approximately 30 to the- position shown in Figure 1, it increasingly
obstructs the main channel 1 until it finally stops the flow
altogether. The movement ofthe valve member 4 is controlled by a rigid
rod 6 pivotally connected at one end to a point spaced along the major
axis of the member 4 from its centre, and connected at the other end
to the moving end plate 6a of a flexible bellows 7. The bellows 7 is
secured to the end wall 8 of a cavity 9 in the wall of the main
channel 1 lying upstream of the valve member 4. The bellows 7 contains
a compressed spring 10 which keeps the bellows 7 extended when the
fluid pressures inside and outside are equal and consequently by means
of the rod S forces the valve member 4 into the position shown in
Figure 1 in which it closes the main channull.
6. The entrance to the auxiliary channel 2 at the upstream end diverges
at only a small angle from the main channel 1. A Venturi neck 15 is
mounted in the entrance to the auxiliary channel 2, and from the
outlet of the neck 15, oil then flows to a -filter - pack 16 which is
of the kind specified. The filter pack 16 consists in a large number
of annular sheets of specially impregnated filter-paper held between a
pair of end plates 17 and 18 which are supported by a central- fl--d
19 passing down the central channel within the pack. The external
diameter of the-filter papers is less than the internal diameter of
the part of the auxiliary -channel 2-in which it is mounted, so that
an annular channel 20 is left between the wall of the auxiliary
channel 2 and the external surface of the filter packs 16. The
auxiliary channel 2 - bends beyond the filter pack 1G at nearly a
right angle to rejoin the main channel 1, but a short sealed branch
arm 21 is provided which is in effect an extension of the part in
which the filter pack 16 is mounted. The closure 22 at the end of the
branch arm 21 which is held for example by nuts and bolts securing it
and a gasket 22a to the flange on the end of the branch arm 21,
incorporates a support 23 into which the nearer end plate
1L7 of the filter pack 16 is screwed. This end plate 17 together with
the flange on the inner end of the support 23 closes the auxiliary
channel 2 at the downstream end of the filter pack 16, apart from a
central channel 24 through it which forms a continuation of the
central channel through the filter pack 16 around the rod 19. The rod
19 passes through the channel 24 to the other side of the plate 17 and
a valve member 25 is formed there, integrally with the end of the rod
19. The member 25, by movement towards the plate 17, comes up against
a valve seat 26 around the mouth of the channel 24, closing that
channel 24 and with it the auxiliary channel 2. A compressed spring 27
is included which tends to hold the valve member 25 away from the seat
26 and also holds the papers of the filter pack 16 in compression. An
O-ring seal 28 is mounted in an annulus on the outer surface of the
support 23. A further valve member 29 formed on the rod 19 is provided
as a precaution so that if the plates 17 and 18 are inserted without a
pack 16 between them. the channel 24 is closed by the valve member 29
coming up against the seating 30 under the force exerted by the spring
27.
The other end plate 18 of the filter pack 16, is rigidly connected to
the end of the rod 19, and blocks the entrance to the central channel
through the pack. It is a slide fit within the auxiliary channel 2,
but is provided with holes 31 (two of which appear in Figure 1)
permitting flow of oil intci the annular space 20 between the eternal
surface of the pack 16 and the wall of the auxiliary channel 2.
Small bleeder channels 32 open into tile channel in the Venturi neck
7. 15 and supply oil from it through an annular chamber 33 and a pipe 34
to the interior of tile bellows 7.
In operation, as long as a filter pad 16 is dry and in position, the
spring 27 forces the valve member 25 away from m the seat 26, thus
keeping the central channel 24 and thus the auxiliary channel 2 open.
With no oil in the pipeline section, the valve member 4 will be closed
by the action of the bias spring 10 within the bellows 7, since the
air pressures inside and outside the bellows 7 will be equal. On
pumping dry oil into the pipeline section, it will therefore initially
flow only through the auxiliary channel 2, passing through the Venturi
neck 15, through the holes 31 in the end plate 13 of the filter pack
16 to the annular space 20 between the external surface of the pad- 16
and the wall of the auxiliary channel 2, through the pack 16 itself,
out through the channel 24 in the end plate 17, and back through the
remainder of the auxiliary channel 2 into the main channel 1
downstream of the valve member 4. The bellows 7 will now be subject
eternally to the pressure of the oil on the inlet side of the valve
member 3. The interior of the bellows 7 however is subject only to the
smaller pressure of the oil as it flows through the constriction of
the Venturi neck 15, and the compression of the bias spring 10 is
arranged so that this difference under normal operating pressures is
sufficient to overcome the spring 10, depress the bellows 7 and rotate
the valve member 4 anticlockwise as it is shown in Figure 1, thus
opening tile main channel 1.
These conditions are maintained unless the oil contains sufficient
water which when absorbed on the filter pack 16 causes it to expand.
Expansion of the pack 16 will the end plate 18 to move away from the
other which is fixed, and after the absorption of only a small
quantity of water, the movement is sufficient to overcome the spring
27 holding open the valve member 25 away from the seat 26 and thus to
close the auxiliary channel 2. As flow through the
Venturi neck 15 decreases, the oil pressure inside the bellows 7
increases, towards the same value as the pressure at the inlet side of
the valve member ', until the pressure difference exerted on the
bellows 7 is insufficient to overcome the bias spring 10, whereupon
the bellows 7 expands closing the valve member '. The whole action can
be made to be nearly instantaneous so that only a very small quantity
of water can flow past before the main channel 1 is closed.
The larger the percentage of water in the oil, the quicker the filter
pack 16 expands and consequently the valve member 4 is closed.
If the filter pack 16 6 s should become clogged with material other
than water, the apparatus again operates to close the valve member 4
so that oil cannot be passed through the main channel 1 while the pack
16 is inoperative due to clogging. @ As the filter pack 16 starts to
8. clog, the f o,- through the auxiliary channel 2 will decrease for a
given pressure.
This will cause Xil-e liquid pressure inside the bellows 7 to
increase. owing to the reduced rate of flow through the Venturi neck
15, and the valve member 4 will start to close, causing a partial
obstruction of the main channel 1. @ This will increase the pres- sure
at the upstream end of the auxiliary channel 2, which will tend to
restore the rate of flow through the filter pack 16. Further dogging,
however, will eventually cause the valve member 4 to close entirely,
when the condition of the pack is such that the full operating
pressure cannot restore flow through it. As flow cannot now take place
through either channel 1 or 2, the need to replace the filter pack 16
will be evident to the operators in charge of the apparatus.
The filter pack 16 can be replaced by removing the closure 22, after
shutting off the oil flow of course, and withdrawing the filter pack
16 on its support sul
The second embodiment is shown in
Figures 2 and 3 in which the same references are used as in F@ ure 1
for identical parts), Fi Figure 3 showing he encircled part of
Figure 2 on a larger scale. The Venturi neck of the previous
embodiment is omitted from the auxiliary channel 2. The valve member
of the main valve. which is again a butterfly valve, is operated by a
rod 35 and lever 36, the lever 36 being secured to one end to the
spindle 5 on which the valve member 4 rotates. At the e!lrt the
spindl-e 5 is carried by a bearing 37 mounted in the wall of the main
channel 1, whilst at the other end it passes out through a bearing 38
and a gland carrying an O-ring seal 39. The rod 35 is moved to open
and close the valve member 4 by expansion of bellotvs 40 mounted in a
liquid tight chamber 41. Oil conduits 42 and 43 leading from the
chamber 41 communicate with the spaces in the chamber 41 inside and
outside the bellows 40. The chamber may, as shown, conveniently be
mounted on the outside of the main channel l.
The filter pack 16 is of similar construction to that shown in Figure
1, but is arranged slightly differently. The support for the filter
pack 16 is again mounted on the closure 22 for the branch arm 21 of
the auxiliary channel 2 and consists in a sleeve 45 extending up
inside the auxiliary channel 2 to beyond the upstream end of the pack
16. The sleeve 45 is a slide fit in the auxiliary channel 2 and is
provided at its upstream end with Owing seals 46 (see
Figure 3) for preventing leakage between its outer surface and the
wall of the auxiliary channel 2. Openings 47 in the sleeve 45 are
provided to allow oil to pass out of the sleeve 45 back to the main
channel.
The end plates 17 and 18 of the filter pack 16 lie within the sleeve
9. 45, the former being fixed in position and the latter being a slide
fit. As before, passages 31 in the plate 18 are provided for the flow
of oil to the annular space 20 surrounding the pack 16. Similarly the
valve member 25 on the end of the rod 19 is held away from the seat 26
by a compressed spring 27.
At the upstream end, there is a pressure operated valve 48, the main
member 49 of which is held dosed, in the absence of ail under pressure
in the entrance to the main channel 1, by the spring 50 which is
compressed between it and the end plate .18 of the pack 16. Integral
with the member 49 is the valve member 51 of an associated slide valve
which member 51 slides in a somewhat narrower passage 45a at the end
of the sleeve 45. The upstream space on the side of the valve member
49 communicates directly with the entrance to the passage 45a, through
the channel 52 in the valve member 51 and the parts 53. Flanges on the
member 51, which are provided with sealing rings (not shown)
preventing the passage of fluid between them and the wall of the
channel 45a, co-operate with narrow passages 54 and 55 through the
sleeve 45, to place one or other of the annular compartments 56 or 57
in communication with the interior of the channel 45a. If the member
49 is home, the passages 54 are open, and if the member 49 is away
from its seat, the passages 55 are open. Conduits 58 and 59 lead from
the compartments 56 and 57 and are joined as indicated by the letters
A and B on
Figures 2 and 3 to the conduits 42 and 43 leading to the exterior and
the interior respactively of the bellows 40 (Figure 2)
In operation, when there is insufficient oil pressure in the auxiliary
channel 2 to force the valve member 49 away from its seat, the
passages 54 are open and oil flows through the compartment 56, conduit
58 and conduit 42 to the exterior of the bellows 40 thus causing the
main valve member 4 to close.
When sufficient oil pressure builds up to open the valve member 49,
the passages 55 are opened, and oil is supplied to the interior of the
bellows 40 through the chamber 57 and conduits 59 and 43, thus causing
the main valve member Lli to open. If at any time there is sufficient
water in the oil to cause the pack 16 to expand the valve mem bers 25
and 49 close the auxiliary channel 2 and the valve member 4 also
closes with the valve member 49, since oil is now sup plied to the
exterior of the bellows 40 again.
In order to prevent hydraulic lock within the bellows 40 or the
chamber 41, additional conduits 60 lead from the spaces inside and
outside the bellows 40 to the inlet of the pump supplying the oil.
These conduits (i0 are provided with throttle plates 61 so that when
liquid pressure is applied either to the inside or the outside of the
bellows 40 it will not leak away until the source of pressure is cut
10. off by movement of the pressure operated valve 48. The throttle plates
61 will also prevent undesired build-up of pressure On either side of
the bellows 40 due to leakage past the flanges on the valve member 51.
In both embodiments described it may be possible to dispense with the
valve member 25 and its associated seat 26 at the downstream end of
the filter pack 16, if the filter material is of a grade such that, on
absorption of a small quantity of water, the pressure in the pack is
sufficient to seal it against fur- ther oil flow. In such a case, it
will be evident that the valve is redundant and need not be included.
The third embodiment, shown diagrammatically in Figures 4 and 5, is in
some ways rather simpler in construction, and operates by a slightly
different method, in that the expansion of the filter pack on the
absorption of water, causes a mechanical movement which itself is
utilised to shut off the flow in the main channel 1 by means of the
valve member 4. The filter pack 16 is mounted vertically in a
cylindrical chamber 70 (which is indicated schematically only in
Figure 4) the upper end plate 17 of the pack being secured to the
walls of the chamber 70, dividing it into upper and lower compartments
71 and 72, the only communication between which is through a number of
holes 73 in tfle end plate 17 which provide communication between the
upper compartment 71 and the central channel inside the filter pack
16. The normal direction of flow through the auxiliary channel 2 is
such that oil flows into the lower compartment 72 outside the filter
pack 16, through the pack 16, out through the holes 73 in the upper
end plate 17 into the upper compartment 71 and then back to the main
channel 1.
The lower end plate 18 of the filter pack 16 is secured to the rod 19
which extends through the central channel of the filter pad and up
through the upper end plate 17 and out of the chamber 70 through a
fluid
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* Last updated: 08.04.2015
* Worldwide Database
* 5.8.23.4; 93p