This white paper will review the engineering analysis behind trip operations for different pipe end conditions. The author will discuss the controlling parameters affecting surge pressure using SurgeMOD. There are 2 aspects of the surge and swab pressure analysis: one is to predict surge and swab pressure for a given running speed (analysis mode), while the other one is to calculate optimal trip speeds at different string depths without breaking down formations or causing a kick at weak zone (design mode). This article will address both issues. Examples of running liners in tight tolerance wellbore will be analyzed.
Cavitation Reduction in Industrial Process Control ValvesCTi Controltech
In many control valves, the pressure at the vena contracta
will drop below the vapor pressure of the liquid. When
this occurs, small bubbles of gas will form as the liquid
vaporizes. As the pressure then rises above the vapor
pressure again, these small bubbles collapse or implode
as the vapor turns back into liquid. The damage is inflicted
as the bubbles implode. The implosion of the vapor
bubbles is very energetic and forms jets of fluid which can
tear small pits into the metal. This is called cavitation.
Cavitation damage destroys both piping and control
valves, often resulting in catastrophic failure. It causes
valves to leak by eroding seat surfaces. It can drill holes
through pressure vessel walls. Even low levels of cavitation
will cause cumulative damage, steadily eroding parts
until the part is either repaired, or it fails.
This Slideshare explains valve cavitation and provides solutions to minimize or eliminate its effects.
Cavitation Reduction in Industrial Process Control ValvesCTi Controltech
In many control valves, the pressure at the vena contracta
will drop below the vapor pressure of the liquid. When
this occurs, small bubbles of gas will form as the liquid
vaporizes. As the pressure then rises above the vapor
pressure again, these small bubbles collapse or implode
as the vapor turns back into liquid. The damage is inflicted
as the bubbles implode. The implosion of the vapor
bubbles is very energetic and forms jets of fluid which can
tear small pits into the metal. This is called cavitation.
Cavitation damage destroys both piping and control
valves, often resulting in catastrophic failure. It causes
valves to leak by eroding seat surfaces. It can drill holes
through pressure vessel walls. Even low levels of cavitation
will cause cumulative damage, steadily eroding parts
until the part is either repaired, or it fails.
This Slideshare explains valve cavitation and provides solutions to minimize or eliminate its effects.
Well Control is very important in Petroleum Engineering and necessary for being able to avoid hazards and controlling them as much as possible. This presentation provides valuable notes, instructions, and information about Well Control.
Oil & Gas Pipelines are often subjected to an operation called ‘Pigging’ for maintenance purposes (For e.g., cleaning the pipeline of accumulated liquids or waxes). A pig is launched from a pig launcher that scrapes out the remnant contents of the pipeline into a vessel known as a ‘Slug catcher’. The term slug catcher is used since pigging operations produces a Slug flow regime characterized by the alternating columns of liquids & gases. Slug catcher’s are popularly of two types – Horizontal Vessel Type & Finger Type Slug catcher. However irrespective of the type used, the determination of the slug catcher volume becomes the primary step before choosing the slug catcher type.
Drill stem test (DST) is one of the most famous on-site well testing that is used to unveil critical reservoir and fluid properties such as reservoir pressure, average permeability, skin factor and well potential productivity index. It is relatively cheap on-site test that is done prior to well completion. Upon the DST results, usually, the decision of the well completion is taken.
Casing Wear: Causes, Prediction and Preventionpvisoftware
Casing wear creates more serious problems for operators due to its potential catastrophic incidents such as oil spills, blow outs or loss of the well. Check out the this white paper to see how the casing wear model is applied in the software, as well as casing wear preventive measures, and more.
Well Control is very important in Petroleum Engineering and necessary for being able to avoid hazards and controlling them as much as possible. This presentation provides valuable notes, instructions, and information about Well Control.
Oil & Gas Pipelines are often subjected to an operation called ‘Pigging’ for maintenance purposes (For e.g., cleaning the pipeline of accumulated liquids or waxes). A pig is launched from a pig launcher that scrapes out the remnant contents of the pipeline into a vessel known as a ‘Slug catcher’. The term slug catcher is used since pigging operations produces a Slug flow regime characterized by the alternating columns of liquids & gases. Slug catcher’s are popularly of two types – Horizontal Vessel Type & Finger Type Slug catcher. However irrespective of the type used, the determination of the slug catcher volume becomes the primary step before choosing the slug catcher type.
Drill stem test (DST) is one of the most famous on-site well testing that is used to unveil critical reservoir and fluid properties such as reservoir pressure, average permeability, skin factor and well potential productivity index. It is relatively cheap on-site test that is done prior to well completion. Upon the DST results, usually, the decision of the well completion is taken.
Casing Wear: Causes, Prediction and Preventionpvisoftware
Casing wear creates more serious problems for operators due to its potential catastrophic incidents such as oil spills, blow outs or loss of the well. Check out the this white paper to see how the casing wear model is applied in the software, as well as casing wear preventive measures, and more.
The Problems and Solutions to Borehole Construction by Dales Water Services LtdJonathan Dalton
The problems and solutions to borehole construction by Dales Water Services Ltd. The presentation was given at the Private Water Supplies event in Thirsk, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom in March 2015.
It looks at the potential problems with borehole construction and borehole water supplies such as boreholes acting as a sump, security, poorly installed electrics, integrating borehole supplies with mains water, water quality and more.
Photographs of poorly installed systems are also compared with well installed and compliant private water supplies.
Torque and Drag: Concepts that Every Drilling and Completion Engineer Should ...pvisoftware
This white paper talks about torque and drag concepts that every drilling and completion engineer should know. With TADPRO, the risks associated with drilling and completing a well can be assessed and much of the risk can be remediated during pre-job planning.
Prediction of flow characteristics through a circular port of a spool valve u...eSAT Journals
Abstract Hydraulic spool valves are used in a variety of industrial equipment’s like earth moving machinery, aircrafts and machine tools etc. A hydraulic spool valve is a switching device used for controlling hydraulic devices. A spool valve can turn the flow of hydraulic fluid from a hydraulic pump to an actuator in forward or reverse directions or on and off by blocking offthe route of the fluid takes. A controller moves the valve back and forth in its case to slide the spools into different positions. As the spool moves across the inlet port, the port which is initially fully open, circular in shape and permitting the fluid flow, is getting closed gradually. Once the spool starts moving, the inlet port becomes non circular and continues to be so till closure. The shape and the area of the port that is still left open for the oil to flow is steadily changing. The area which is originally circular is becoming far away from circularity. It is required to study the flow in such port-spool combination. The purpose of the dissertation is to compute the flow for different port openings. ANSYS CFD FLOTRAN software is used to predict the flow characteristics. The exact flow path is simulated. The predicted results are compared with the analytical calculations. Key words- Spool valve, Simulation, Flow Characteristics, CFD
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Importance and Practical application of Fluid Mechanics sessionalEmranHossainEmon1
This slide is about a brief discussion about the following experiments of fluid mechanics sessional course-
01. Centre of Pressure,
02. Bernoulli’s Theorem,
03. Flow-through Venturimeter,
04. Flow-through Orifice,
05. Flow-through Mouthpiece,
06. Flow over V-notch,
07. Flow over a sharp-crested rectangular weir.
We discussed the importance and practical application of those experiments .
Credit: Google
Butterfly valves are widely used in hydro power plants to regulate and control the flow
through hydraulic turbines. That’s why it is important to design the valve in such a way that it can give
best performance so that optimum efficiency can be achieved in hydraulic power plants. Conventionally
that the models of large size valves are straight in the laboratory to determine their performance
characteristics. This is a time consuming and costly process. High computing facility along with the use
of numerical techniques can give the solution to any fluid flow problem in a lesser time. In this research
work flow analysis through butterfly valve with aspect ratio 1/3 has been performed using
computational software. For modelling the valve ICEM CFD 12 has been used. Valve characteristics
such as flow coefficient and head loss coefficient has been determined using CFX 12 for different valve
opening angle as 30°,60°,75°, and 90° (taking 90°as full opening of the valve) for incompressible fluid.
Value of head loss coefficient obtained from numerical analysis has been compared with the
experimental results.
Experimental Investigations and Computational Analysis on Subsonic Wind Tunnelijtsrd
This paper disclose the entire approach to design an open circuit subsonic wind tunnel which will be used to consider the wind impact on the airfoil. The current rules and discoveries of the past research works were sought after for plan figuring of different segments of the wind tunnel. Wind speed of 26 m s have been practiced at the test territory. The wind qualities over a symmetrical airfoil are viewed as probably in a low speed wind tunnel. Tests were finished by moving the approach, from 0 to 5 degree. The stream attributes over a symmetrical airfoil are examined tentatively. The pressure distribution on the airfoil area was estimated, lift and drag force were estimated and velocity profiles were acquired. Rishabh Kumar Sahu | Saurabh Sharma | Vivek Swaroop | Vishal Kumar ""Experimental Investigations and Computational Analysis on Subsonic Wind Tunnel"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23511.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23511/experimental-investigations-and-computational-analysis-on-subsonic-wind-tunnel/rishabh-kumar-sahu
Lab 2 Fluid Flow Rate.pdf
MEE 491 Lab #2: Fluid Flow Rate
The goal of the fluid flow lab is to become familiar with measuring fluid pressure and flow rate
with orifice obstruction meters.
Reading: Beckwith pgs 489-576
Moran, Shapiro, Munson, and Dewitt (i.e. your thermofluids book): Ch 11, 12 & 14
Introduction
This experiment introduces you to orifice obstruction meters, which are a common tool used
to measure fluid flow rate. The experimental system includes two types of orifice obstruction
meters: flow nozzles and orifice plates. The differential pressure across the orifice obstruction
meter is needed to calculate flow rate, and so pressure measuring devices are included to
measure a) the differential pressure across the flow nozzle and b) the differential pressure across
the orifice plate. Figure 1 illustrates the experimental system and its relevant components.
Air from the room enters the plenum chamber through the nozzle. The air then flows through
flexible black tubing and into a transparent circular duct that is instrumented with the orifice
plate. Lastly the air flow enters the vacuum pump via more flexible black tubing and is returned
to the room via the vacuum pumps outlet. Variable air flow through the system can be achieved
by a rheostat knob that controls the vacuum pump. We will assume that any leaks in the system
are negligible. Since the obstruction meters are connected in series, both obstruction meters
measure the same mass flow rate (i.e. conservation of mass).
In the case of the flow nozzles, two different sizes are provided. Both nozzles are
standardized ASME long-radius flow nozzles with diameters of 1.265 cm and 2.530 cm for the
small and medium nozzles, respectively. The orifice plate has a diameter of 0.795 in and is
located in a pipe with a diameter of 2 in.
Figure 1. Photograph of the experimental system and relevant components for
part A of this lab
The discharge coefficient, CD, is a very important performance parameter for an orifice
obstruction meter. The discharge coefficient tells you the ratio of the actual orifice flow rate,
Qactual, to the ideal orifice flow rate, Qideal:
𝐶! =
!!"#$!%
!!"#$%
[1]
The ideal flow rate corresponds to the flow rate as derived from Bernoulli’s equation. Two of
the assumptions that Bernoulli’s equation makes are isentropic and incompressible flow. While
these are good approximations in many engineering situations, no real system is every truly
isentropic and incompressible. Hence the discharge coefficient is always less than 1. In this lab
you will determine the discharge coefficient for the nozzles as well as the orifice plate.
Procedure
• With the small nozzle measure at five different steady-state (i.e. make sure pressures are
not changing with time) flow rates measure:
o The differential pressure across the flow nozzle.
o The differential pressure across the orifice plate wi ..
Rev. August 2014 ME495 - Pipe Flow Characteristics… Page .docxjoyjonna282
Rev. August 2014 ME495 - Pipe Flow Characteristics… Page 2
2
ME495—Thermo Fluids Laboratory
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PIPE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
AND PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
CALIBRATION
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PREPARED BY: GROUP LEADER’S NAME
LAB PARTNERS: NAME
NAME
NAME
TIME/DATE OF EXPERIMENT: TIME , DATE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
OBJECTIVE— The objectives of this experiment are
to: a) observe the characteristics of flow in a pipe,
b) evaluate the flow rate in a pipe using velocity
and pressure difference measurements, and c)
perform the calibration of a pressure transducer.
Upon completing this experiment you should have
learned (i) how to measure the flow rate and average
velocity in a pipe using a Pitot tube and/or a resistance
flow meter, and (ii) how to classify the general
characteristics of a pipe flow.
Nomenclature
a = speed of sound, m/s
A = area, m
2
C = discharge coefficient, dimensionless
d = pipe diameter, m
d0 = orifice diameter, m
E = velocity approach factor, dimensionless
f = Darcy friction factor, dimensionless
K0 = flow coefficient, dimensionless
k = ratio of specific heats (cp/cv), dimensionless
L = length of pipe, m
M = Mach number, dimensionless
p = pressure, Pa
p0 = stagnation pressure, Pa
p1, p2 = pressure at two axial locations along a
pipe, Pa
Q = volumetric flow rate, m
3
/s
R = specific gas constant, J·kg/K
Re = Reynolds number, dimensionless
T = temperature, K
V = local velocity, m/s
V = average velocity, m/s
Y = adiabatic expansion factor, dimensionless
= ratio of orifice diameter to pipe diameter,
dimensionless
p = pressure drop across an orifice meter, Pa
= dynamic viscosity, Pa·s
= air density, kg/m3
INTRODUCTION— The flow of a fluid (liquid or
gas) through pipes or ducts is a common part of many
engineering systems. Household applications include
the flow of water in copper pipes, the flow of natural
gas in steel pipes, and the flow of heated air through
metal ducts of rectangular cross-section in a forced-air
furnace system. Industrial applications range from the
flow of liquid plastics in a manufacturing plant, to the
flow of yogurt in a food-processing plant. Because the
purpose of a piping system is to transport a desired
quantity of fluid, it is important to understand the
various methods of measuring the flow rate.
In order to work with a fluid system, and certainly to
design a fluid system that will deliver a prescribed
flow, it is necessary to understand certain fundamental
aspects of the fluid flow. For this, one should be able
to answer questions like: Are compressibility effects
important? Is the flow laminar or turbulent? Is the
viscosity of the fluid important or not? Is the flow
steady or varying with time? What are the primary
forces of importance? For internal ...
Infographic: Common Drilling Mud Problems - Causes and Solutionspvisoftware
Oil drilling is an intricate process that requires foresight and preparation. From corrosion to bit balling, we share the solutions to the specific roadblocks caused by drilling mud. By identifying potential risks and providing their solutions, we ensure more successful operations.
Seal the Formation Surface With Optimized Bridging Blendpvisoftware
This white paper discusses how to use BridgePRO, a Bridging Agent Size Selection software that aids in the determination of the optimum calcium carbonate blend to achieve maximum bridging of sandstone reservoirs. The software optimization is based on specific formation characteristics and the particle-size distribution of available grades of calcium carbonates.
Stuck pipe occurrences are widely held to be the most expensive drilling problem confronting the petroleum industry and the cost of correcting, even a single occurrence, can amount to millions of dollars. StuckPipePro, developed by PVI and Chevron, calculates differential sticking force, stuck chance along drill strings or casings for pick up operation.
PathView | Well Path Visualization Softwarepvisoftware
PathView calculates and graphs the well path based on the survey data. It calculates true vertical depth (TVD), horizontal displacement and dogleg severity. The software can plot multiple wells in 3D space.
CTEMP | Circulation Temperature Softwarepvisoftware
In circulating wells, the geothermal temperatures encountered can cause problems with drilling fluids, drill pipe, and casing. To evaluate the effects of these high temperatures on the drill pipe and casing, it is necessary to know the temperature distributions in these pipe strings. CTEMP combines techniques from a number of different engineering disciplines, and predicts wellbore temperatures. Given a well configuration, CTEMP calculates the temperature distribution in the wellbore by using numerical methods for different operational circumstances.
Calculation of volumes, materials, cost required for cementing operations has been challenging. CEMVIEW allows users to quickly and accurately perform the calculations through visual and animated schematics. Users can create realistic, various combinations of casing / liner strings for land or offshore wells in one session.
Best Practices for Cementing Job Softwarepvisoftware
This white paper provides guidelines and a list of considerations for using computer models to perform pre-job design and post-job analysis of cementing operations.
A Better Way to Capture and Manage Cement Lab Datapvisoftware
The design and test of cement slurries are integral parts of every cementing job. Variability between wells can make this process time-consuming and expensive. This white paper talks about how to use an integrated database management application to formulates slurries, calculates required weights for all ingredients, generates weight-up sheets, stores test results, and generates lab reports from anywhere, at any time.
Design and Simulation of Foamed Cement Jobspvisoftware
The nature of foamed cement makes predicting the behavior of compressible fluid very difficult. The use of computer software for pre-job design and analysis has proven to be an effective way for improving the quality and success rate of primary cementing, especially when designing and executing foamed cement jobs.
Dr. DE - A Simple Way to Solve Complex Drilling Problemspvisoftware
Check this white paper to learn more on how Dr. DE allows you to quickly and accurately perform many daily used drilling engineering calculations. It covers more than 180 functions ranging from the fundamentals of drilling engineering to an advanced well path design and 3D visualization of the wellbore.
Casing Centralizers: Are We Using Too Many or Too Few?pvisoftware
Casing centralization is one of the key elements to ensure the quality of a cementing job by preventing mud channeling and poor zonal isolation. Centralizer manufacturers likely want to increase the demand for centralizers. However, operators on the other hand, may wonder: “Should we use that many?” Download this white paper to learn how to place centralizers that gives a satisfactory standoff, an ease of field installation, and good economics.
Mud Reporting: Streamlined Process and Data Managementpvisoftware
Historically, mud engineers used paper forms or Excel spreadsheets to record mud properties, product usage, and inventory every morning. With these methods, engineers encountered problems, such as disorganization of numerous daily reports and difficulty in generating end-of-well recaps.
Download this white paper to learn how to improve data gathering, sharing and management.
Custom Healthcare Software for Managing Chronic Conditions and Remote Patient...Mind IT Systems
Healthcare providers often struggle with the complexities of chronic conditions and remote patient monitoring, as each patient requires personalized care and ongoing monitoring. Off-the-shelf solutions may not meet these diverse needs, leading to inefficiencies and gaps in care. It’s here, custom healthcare software offers a tailored solution, ensuring improved care and effectiveness.
In software engineering, the right architecture is essential for robust, scalable platforms. Wix has undergone a pivotal shift from event sourcing to a CRUD-based model for its microservices. This talk will chart the course of this pivotal journey.
Event sourcing, which records state changes as immutable events, provided robust auditing and "time travel" debugging for Wix Stores' microservices. Despite its benefits, the complexity it introduced in state management slowed development. Wix responded by adopting a simpler, unified CRUD model. This talk will explore the challenges of event sourcing and the advantages of Wix's new "CRUD on steroids" approach, which streamlines API integration and domain event management while preserving data integrity and system resilience.
Participants will gain valuable insights into Wix's strategies for ensuring atomicity in database updates and event production, as well as caching, materialization, and performance optimization techniques within a distributed system.
Join us to discover how Wix has mastered the art of balancing simplicity and extensibility, and learn how the re-adoption of the modest CRUD has turbocharged their development velocity, resilience, and scalability in a high-growth environment.
Understanding Globus Data Transfers with NetSageGlobus
NetSage is an open privacy-aware network measurement, analysis, and visualization service designed to help end-users visualize and reason about large data transfers. NetSage traditionally has used a combination of passive measurements, including SNMP and flow data, as well as active measurements, mainly perfSONAR, to provide longitudinal network performance data visualization. It has been deployed by dozens of networks world wide, and is supported domestically by the Engagement and Performance Operations Center (EPOC), NSF #2328479. We have recently expanded the NetSage data sources to include logs for Globus data transfers, following the same privacy-preserving approach as for Flow data. Using the logs for the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) as an example, this talk will walk through several different example use cases that NetSage can answer, including: Who is using Globus to share data with my institution, and what kind of performance are they able to achieve? How many transfers has Globus supported for us? Which sites are we sharing the most data with, and how is that changing over time? How is my site using Globus to move data internally, and what kind of performance do we see for those transfers? What percentage of data transfers at my institution used Globus, and how did the overall data transfer performance compare to the Globus users?
We describe the deployment and use of Globus Compute for remote computation. This content is aimed at researchers who wish to compute on remote resources using a unified programming interface, as well as system administrators who will deploy and operate Globus Compute services on their research computing infrastructure.
SOCRadar Research Team: Latest Activities of IntelBrokerSOCRadar
The European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) has suffered an alleged data breach after a notorious threat actor claimed to have exfiltrated data from its systems. Infamous data leaker IntelBroker posted on the even more infamous BreachForums hacking forum, saying that Europol suffered a data breach this month.
The alleged breach affected Europol agencies CCSE, EC3, Europol Platform for Experts, Law Enforcement Forum, and SIRIUS. Infiltration of these entities can disrupt ongoing investigations and compromise sensitive intelligence shared among international law enforcement agencies.
However, this is neither the first nor the last activity of IntekBroker. We have compiled for you what happened in the last few days. To track such hacker activities on dark web sources like hacker forums, private Telegram channels, and other hidden platforms where cyber threats often originate, you can check SOCRadar’s Dark Web News.
Stay Informed on Threat Actors’ Activity on the Dark Web with SOCRadar!
Large Language Models and the End of ProgrammingMatt Welsh
Talk by Matt Welsh at Craft Conference 2024 on the impact that Large Language Models will have on the future of software development. In this talk, I discuss the ways in which LLMs will impact the software industry, from replacing human software developers with AI, to replacing conventional software with models that perform reasoning, computation, and problem-solving.
Prosigns: Transforming Business with Tailored Technology SolutionsProsigns
Unlocking Business Potential: Tailored Technology Solutions by Prosigns
Discover how Prosigns, a leading technology solutions provider, partners with businesses to drive innovation and success. Our presentation showcases our comprehensive range of services, including custom software development, web and mobile app development, AI & ML solutions, blockchain integration, DevOps services, and Microsoft Dynamics 365 support.
Custom Software Development: Prosigns specializes in creating bespoke software solutions that cater to your unique business needs. Our team of experts works closely with you to understand your requirements and deliver tailor-made software that enhances efficiency and drives growth.
Web and Mobile App Development: From responsive websites to intuitive mobile applications, Prosigns develops cutting-edge solutions that engage users and deliver seamless experiences across devices.
AI & ML Solutions: Harnessing the power of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Prosigns provides smart solutions that automate processes, provide valuable insights, and drive informed decision-making.
Blockchain Integration: Prosigns offers comprehensive blockchain solutions, including development, integration, and consulting services, enabling businesses to leverage blockchain technology for enhanced security, transparency, and efficiency.
DevOps Services: Prosigns' DevOps services streamline development and operations processes, ensuring faster and more reliable software delivery through automation and continuous integration.
Microsoft Dynamics 365 Support: Prosigns provides comprehensive support and maintenance services for Microsoft Dynamics 365, ensuring your system is always up-to-date, secure, and running smoothly.
Learn how our collaborative approach and dedication to excellence help businesses achieve their goals and stay ahead in today's digital landscape. From concept to deployment, Prosigns is your trusted partner for transforming ideas into reality and unlocking the full potential of your business.
Join us on a journey of innovation and growth. Let's partner for success with Prosigns.
A Comprehensive Look at Generative AI in Retail App Testing.pdfkalichargn70th171
Traditional software testing methods are being challenged in retail, where customer expectations and technological advancements continually shape the landscape. Enter generative AI—a transformative subset of artificial intelligence technologies poised to revolutionize software testing.
Code reviews are vital for ensuring good code quality. They serve as one of our last lines of defense against bugs and subpar code reaching production.
Yet, they often turn into annoying tasks riddled with frustration, hostility, unclear feedback and lack of standards. How can we improve this crucial process?
In this session we will cover:
- The Art of Effective Code Reviews
- Streamlining the Review Process
- Elevating Reviews with Automated Tools
By the end of this presentation, you'll have the knowledge on how to organize and improve your code review proces
Top Features to Include in Your Winzo Clone App for Business Growth (4).pptxrickgrimesss22
Discover the essential features to incorporate in your Winzo clone app to boost business growth, enhance user engagement, and drive revenue. Learn how to create a compelling gaming experience that stands out in the competitive market.
Enhancing Project Management Efficiency_ Leveraging AI Tools like ChatGPT.pdfJay Das
With the advent of artificial intelligence or AI tools, project management processes are undergoing a transformative shift. By using tools like ChatGPT, and Bard organizations can empower their leaders and managers to plan, execute, and monitor projects more effectively.
Exploring Innovations in Data Repository Solutions - Insights from the U.S. G...Globus
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has made substantial investments in meeting evolving scientific, technical, and policy driven demands on storing, managing, and delivering data. As these demands continue to grow in complexity and scale, the USGS must continue to explore innovative solutions to improve its management, curation, sharing, delivering, and preservation approaches for large-scale research data. Supporting these needs, the USGS has partnered with the University of Chicago-Globus to research and develop advanced repository components and workflows leveraging its current investment in Globus. The primary outcome of this partnership includes the development of a prototype enterprise repository, driven by USGS Data Release requirements, through exploration and implementation of the entire suite of the Globus platform offerings, including Globus Flow, Globus Auth, Globus Transfer, and Globus Search. This presentation will provide insights into this research partnership, introduce the unique requirements and challenges being addressed and provide relevant project progress.
How Recreation Management Software Can Streamline Your Operations.pptxwottaspaceseo
Recreation management software streamlines operations by automating key tasks such as scheduling, registration, and payment processing, reducing manual workload and errors. It provides centralized management of facilities, classes, and events, ensuring efficient resource allocation and facility usage. The software offers user-friendly online portals for easy access to bookings and program information, enhancing customer experience. Real-time reporting and data analytics deliver insights into attendance and preferences, aiding in strategic decision-making. Additionally, effective communication tools keep participants and staff informed with timely updates. Overall, recreation management software enhances efficiency, improves service delivery, and boosts customer satisfaction.
OpenFOAM solver for Helmholtz equation, helmholtzFoam / helmholtzBubbleFoamtakuyayamamoto1800
In this slide, we show the simulation example and the way to compile this solver.
In this solver, the Helmholtz equation can be solved by helmholtzFoam. Also, the Helmholtz equation with uniformly dispersed bubbles can be simulated by helmholtzBubbleFoam.
OpenFOAM solver for Helmholtz equation, helmholtzFoam / helmholtzBubbleFoam
Surge Pressure Prediction for Running Liners
1. Surge Pressure Prediction
for Running Liners
Pegasus Vertex, Inc.
Drilling Software | Sophisticated Yet Simple
White Paper
2. CONTENTS
I. Introduction ..................................................................................
Closed Pipe .......................................................................................
Fully Open Pipe .................................................................................
Auto-Fill or Pipe with Nozzle ..............................................................
Pipe with Flow Diverter ......................................................................
3
4
4
4
5
II. Discussion and Case Study ........................................................
Analysis Mode ...................................................................................
Design Mode ......................................................................................
Sensitivity Analysis ............................................................................
Effects of Total Flow Area (TFA) of Auto-Fill Float Equipment ...........
5
7
8
9
9
III. Conclusions ................................................................................
IV. References ..................................................................................
12
13
3. Pegasus Vertex, Inc. Surge Pressure Prediction for Running Liners
3
I. Introduction
Moving a drilling string (or casing or liner) is accompanied by a displacement of the mud in the hole,
leading to pressure variations. A pressure increase due to a downward pipe movement is called surge
pressure, whereas, the pressure decrease due to an upward pipe movement is called swab pressure.
Excessive swab pressures may initiate a kick, while surge pressures are detrimental in that they
frequently are of magnitude large enough to fracture a formation. This is particularly true for ERD
wells, slim hole and deep water offshore drilling because of restricted flow paths and limited number
of casing and liners. The accurate prediction of surge and swab pressures is of great importance in
wells where the pressure must be maintained within narrow limits to ensure trouble-free drilling and
completion operation.
New drilling and completion technologies are challenging many aspects of our operations. For exam-
ple, running liners in subsea casing string with very tight tolerance can cause extremely high surge
pressures. Auto fill float equipment and other new tools such as flow diverter (also called circulation
sub) have been developed to reduce the surge pressure and they do show improvement. Questions
are: what will be the surge/swab pressures or what are the optimal tripping speeds?
To thoroughly analyze surge pressure, a comprehensive surge and swab hydraulics computer model
SurgeMOD has been developed to assist in analysis and design of tripping operations; especially for
deep water wells or wells using new tools such as auto-fill float equipment, circulation sub, etc. The
program simulates fairly complex wellbore configurations including multiple pipe sizes, wellbore inter-
vals and annular sections with very tight tolerance.
This article will review the engineering analysis behind trip operations for different pipe end condi-
tions: (1) closed, (2) open, (3) open w/ auto fill or bit, (4) with flow diverter. These 4 conditions are
illustrated in Figure 1. The author will discuss the controlling parameters affecting surge pressure
using SurgeMOD. There are 2 aspects of the surge and swab pressure analysis: one is to predict
surge and swab pressure for a given running speed (analysis mode), while the other one is to calcu-
late optimal trip speeds at different string depths without breaking down formations or causing a kick
at weak zone (design mode). This article will address both issues. Examples of running liners in tight
tolerance wellbore will be analyzed.
4. Pegasus Vertex, Inc. Surge Pressure Prediction for Running Liners
4
Closed Pipe Fully Open Auto-fill with Flow Diverter
Fig. 1. Pipe end conditions
Closed Pipe
As pipe is moved downward into a well, the original mud is displaced by the new volume of the
extending pipe and the mud must move upward. When the pipe is closed or contains a float sub, all
displaced fluid passes up the annulus. Flow rate in annulus is equal to pipe displacement rate. It is
therefore easy to calculate the frictional pressure drop in the annulus. Surge pressure is calculated
using standard hydraulics equations. However, the equations have to be modified to account for
movement of the pipe wall.
Fully Open Pipe
If the pipe is open-ended, the problem is getting more complicated since the distribution of flow
between inside pipe and annulus cannot be determined by any simple method. A split of flow going
to the annulus and pipe interior is iteratively calculated. A numerical method must be used to make
sure that the summation of resulting frictional pressure drops inside the pipes is equal to that of all
annular sections.
Auto-Fill or Pipe with Nozzle
The difference between auto-fill float equipment and a fully open pipe is due to the additional pres-
sure drop across the orifices on auto-fill float equipment. Depending on the total flow area of auto-fill
equipment, the resulting surge pressure can vary significantly. The actual surge pressure should be
between those of closed pipe and fully open pipe.
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Pipe with Flow Diverter
A new tool, commonly referred to as flow diverter valve or circulation sub, has been developed that is
used in conjunction with auto-fill float equipment. This tool, located on drillpipe immediately above the
liner, has ports open to the drillpipe annulus. These ports allow the fluid trapped in the liner to escape
from the narrow drillpipe interior to the larger annulus between drillpipe and casing. Equipped with
this tool, the system now has 2 places of fluid communication between pipe interior and annulus: one
at the bottom of the liner (auto-fill float equipment), the other at the top of the liner (circulation sub).
Displaced fluid is seeking the least resistant path to flow. This device will help to reduce the surge
pressure depending on the wellbore configurations and location of the flow diverter tool.
II. Discussion and Case Study
Surge and swab pressure was studied as early as 1934. Since then, many researchers have used
different approaches to predict surge and swab pressures. The most common approaches are using
steady flow models, such as those proposed by Burkhardt, Fontenot and Clark, and Schuh. Lubinski,
Lal and Mitchell used dynamic models to predict surge pressures. Generally speaking, the steady
flow model is conservative in nature and normally does not consider the following 3 factors: (1) fluid
compressibility, (2) fluid inertia, (3) pipe longitudinal elasticity. Dynamic surge models, while giving
less conservative predictions, are more complex and require not only more input data, which may not
be readily available to engineers, but also more computer resources.
In this study, an improved steady flow model SurgeMOD is employed. One of the improvements is
the correct calculation of the mud clinging constant. The mud clinging constant represents the pro-
portion of pipe velocity that must be added to fluid velocity in order to find the equivalent or effective
velocity that can be used in the stationary annulus calculation. In the oilfield it is a common practice to
assume a clinging constant of –0.45; but it is shown that this can be considerably in error. SurgeMOD
calculates the correct mud clinging constant based on the ratio of pipe diameter to hole diameter.
Numerical methods are employed to obtain the correct flow split percentage when there are commu-
nications between pipe interior and annulus. The flow split is chosen such that the sum of hydrostatic
and frictional pressures in the pipe interior and through the bit (auto-fill float equipment) should equal
the sum of hydrostatic and frictional pressures in the annulus. Most drillpipe in common usage has an
internal upset and a larger OD at each tool joint. SurgeMOD takes into account additional pressure
losses caused by tool joint restrictions.
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Fig. 2 shows the wellbore configuration used for the example calculation. The riser (ID = 17.755 in.)
depth is 3500ft. The casing (ID = 12.715 in.) was set at the depth of 10000 ft. Open hole has a diam-
eter of 14.5 in. The total depth of this vertical well is 15000 ft. The mud weight is 11 ppg with plastic
viscosity of 20 cp and yield point of 15 lb/100ft2. The weak zone is at 15000 ft with pore and fracture
pressure gradient of 9.5 ppg and 12 ppg, respectively.
Our goal is to run 5500 ft of liner (11 ¾ in OD, 60 lb/ft, 10.772 in. ID) to bottom. The auto-fill float
equipment has an orifice with a total flow area (TFA) of 4.91 sq. in. The challenge is to run the liner
through the casing and open hole section without fracturing the formation. Note that the annular radial
clearance between casing and liner is 0.4825 in.
Fig. 2. Wellbore Configuration
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Fig. 3 shows the simulated bottomhole equivalent mud weight (EMW) vs. liner depth during the trip-in
operation at 180 ft/min (3 ft/s). Obviously, if the pipe is closed at the end, the loss of circulation would
occur when the liner reaches 4000 ft. For a liner with auto-fill float equipment (TFA = 4.91 sq. in.), it
could go as deep as 8400 ft without fracturing the formation. If a circulation sub is placed above the
liner, this trip speed would be safe for the entire wellbore. EMWs for both closed and open pipe de-
crease after the pipe passes 10000 ft due to the larger diameter of the open hole section. We can see
that a certain tripping speed may be safe at total depth (TD), but it would have already fractured the
formation before it reaches TD.
Fig. 3. Bottomhole equivalent mud weight (EMW) vs. liner depth
Analysis Mode
We will first use the analysis mode of SurgeMOD – calculate surge and swab pressures for a given
tripping speed.
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Design Mode
This naturally brings us to the design mode of the program: it is our desire to predict the optimal
tripping speeds at various string depths. Optimal tripping speed is the maximum pipe running speed
without fracturing the formation or causing a kick at a weak zone.
Fig. 4 shows the optimal tripping speeds for different pipe end conditions at various depths. As we
can see from this graph, engineers must pay close attention before the pipe reaches 10000 ft. At
10000 ft, the narrowest annular section is the longest, therefore producing the maximum surge
pressure. When the liner enters the larger open hole section, trip speeds can be increased. The
most dangerous string depth is not necessarily at the bottom of the well. Note also that the curves
for pipe with auto-fill float equipment (labeled “nozzle” in Fig. 4) and pipe with a circulation sub
coincide above string depth of 5555 ft. This is because above that depth, the circulation sub, which
is located at depth of 9445 ft, is not in to the well.
Fig. 4. Optimal trip-in speeds
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Sensitivity Analysis
Fig. 5. Sensitivity of surge pressures to tripping speeds
Fig. 5 shows the sensitivities of surge pressures to tripping speeds for the following pipe ending
conditions: (1) closed, (2) open w/ auto fill float equipment or bit, (3) with flow diverter. SurgeMOD
program is equipped with pipe moving animation so the user can view the positions of the pipe and
pressure variation simultaneously. Fig. 5 is for the sensitivity of surge pressures at depth of 13600 ft.
As we increase the tripping speed, the surge pressure for closed pipe increases sharply and one for
the pipe with a circulation sub gradually increases. The curve for the pipe with auto-fill float equipment
lies between them.
Effects of Total Flow Area (TFA) of Auto-Fill Float Equipment
We have realized that the pipe ending conditions have great effects on surge pressures. Now we
would like to see how the total flow area of auto-fill float equipment affects the surge pressure for
open-ended pipes.
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Fig. 6 shows the optimal trip-in speeds vs. string depths for various TFAs. As the TFA of auto-fill float
equipment increases, the optimal trip-in speed curve shifts to the right, allowing greater trip-in speed.
The reason for this shifting is that the large TFA allows the fluid to move in to the pipe interior more
freely, reducing the amount of fluid flowing into the annulus. This redistribution of flow reduces the
overall frictional pressure drop along the flow paths inside the pipe and outside in the annulus.
Fig. 6. Effects of total flow area (TFA) of auto-fill – trip in speed
Fig. 7. Effects of total flow area (TFA) of auto-fill – BHP
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Fig. 7 shows the influence of TFA on the bottom hole surge pressure. Zero TFA corresponds to closed
pipe. The sharp surge pressure drop, accompanying the TFA increase, results from the redistribu-
tion of flow between the pipe interior and the annulus. Between closed pipe and TFA of 1 sq. in., the
increase of TFA improves the surge pressure significantly. However, for the case shown, TFA greater
than 2 sq. in. reduces the bottom hole surge pressure marginally.
Nevertheless, the TFA of auto-fill float equipment is very important if it is used in conjunction with a
circulation sub. Fig. 8 compares the situations with 2 TFAs. Fig. 8A is the simulated results of a case
with TFA of 0.3 sq. in., while Fig. 8B with TFA of 3 sq. in. Here, the TFA of 0.3 sq. in. represents either
improper design of auto-fill float equipment or auto-fill equipment obstructed by cuttings. The advan-
tages of a circulation sub with auto-fill float equipment having a large TFA, as shown in Fig. 8B, do
not show up in Fig. 8A where the auto-fill float equipment TFA is only 0.3 sq. in. This is not surprising,
because if the fluid were restricted at the entrance of the liner, the circulation sub at the top of the lin-
er would not be able to divert enough fluid into the annulus. Therefore, the benefits of circulation sub
depend on the sufficient TFA of auto-fill float equipment. New generation of auto-fill float equipment
is available with TFA of 10 sq. in. TFA of this magnitude helps to insure sufficient flow area to reduce
the possibility of plugging with formation cuttings.
Fig. 8. Effects of TFA of auto-fill on surge pressures sensitivity
(A) TFA = 0.3 sq. in. (B) TFA = 3 sq. in.
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III. Conclusions
Following are conclusions regarding the engineering analysis of surge pressure:
• An accurate mathematical model to predict surge pressure is of great importance because of the
effects of surge pressure on operational safety and success.
• New technologies such as ERD, deep water wells and tools are more complex than conventional
drilling and require more thorough surge pressure analysis.
• The maximum surge pressure may occur before pipe reaches bottom hole.
• Pipe ending conditions affect surge pressure significantly.
• A circulation sub improves surge pressure if auto-fill float equipment is properly designed with
proper TFA and free of cuttings obstructing auto-fill float equipment.
• Properly designed auto-fill float equipment with large TFA reduces surge pressure.
• By running a computer model, engineers can identify potential surge problem and optimize trip-
ping operations for different scenarios and tools.
• Software usage allows engineers to avoid loss of circulation or kick and result in a higher percent-
age of successful casing/liner runs and other tripping operations, particularly in ERD, slim holes
and deep offshore wells.
For more information on SurgeMOD, please contact PVI at:
Pegasus Vertex, Inc.
6100 Corporate Dr., Suite 448, Houston, TX 77036
Tel: (713) 981-5558 / Fax: (713) 981-5556
sales@pvisoftware.com
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IV. References
1. Weatherford International, Inc., Float and Stage Equipment Brochure, Brochure #67
2. Davis-Lynch, Inc., Equipment Catalog #20, page 1
3. Baker Oil Tools, Hyflo Diverter Valve Product Report, April 28, 2000
4. V. H. Goodwin and J. P. Allamon: “Surge Reduction on Closed Tolerance Liners and Subsea Cas-
ing Strings: Innovation through Execution”, SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, Amsterdam, the Neth-
erlands, February 2001.
5. Cannon, George E.: “Changes in Hydrostatic Pressure Due to Withdrawing Drill Pipe from the
Hole”, Drill. And Prod. Prac., API (1934) 42.
6. Burkhardt, J. A.: “Wellbore Pressure Surges Produced by Pipe Movement”, J. Pet. Tech. (June
1961) 595-605
7. Fontenot, J. E., and Clark, R. K.: “An Improved Method for Calculating Swab and Surge Pressure
and Calculating Pressures in a Drilling Well”, Soc. Pet. Eng. J. (October 1974) 451-462
8. Schuh, F. J.: “Computer Makes Surge-Pressure Calculations Useful”, Oil and Gas Journal, (Au-
gust 1964) 96
9. Lubinski, A., Hsu, F. H., and Nolte, K. G.: “Transient Pressure Surges Due to Pipe Movement in an
Oil Well”, revue de L’Inst. Fran. Du Pet. (May-June 1977) 307-347
10. Lal, Manohar: “Surge and Swab Modeling for Dynamic Pressure and Safe Trip Velocities”, Proc.,
1983 IADC/SPE Drilling Conference, New Orleans, (1983) 427-433.
11. Mitchell, R. F., “Surge Pressure: Are Steady-State Models Adequate?”, Proc., SPE 63rd Annual
Technical Conference, Houston, TX October 1988.
12. Exlog Staff, “Theory and Application of Drilling Fluid Hydraulics”, The Exlog Series of Petroleum
Geology and Engineering Handbooks, 1985.
13. Bourgoyne, A. T., Jr., rt al, “Applied Drilling Engineering”, SPE, (Richardson 1986)