This document discusses soil and its importance. It describes soil as one of the most important natural resources that supports plant growth by holding roots and providing water and nutrients. Soil is home to many organisms and is essential for agriculture, which provides food, clothing and shelter. The document then discusses the various types of soil - sandy soil, clayey soil, and loamy soil - based on the proportions of sand, silt and clay particles. It also describes the distinct layers that make up soil profiles.
Flagstaff Fabulous Plants: Sun Loving and Low water - ArizonaEric851q
1. Plan and design your landscape by creating different water use zones and choosing appropriate plants for each zone. Limit turf areas and consider low-water alternatives.
2. Work with your soil by amending it if needed to improve water retention. Choose native and low-water plants and group them according to their water needs.
3. Cover soil with mulch to retain moisture, prevent weeds, and create a finished look while saving water.
Proper Planting Results in Healthy, Water-Efficient Plants: Make Every Drop C...Finola87v
1) Proper planting techniques such as incorporating organic amendments, using mulch, planting in fall, and watering thoroughly before planting can help newly planted plants establish strong root systems and reduce water needs.
2) Good drainage and adequate organic matter in the soil supports plant growth by improving water retention and nutrient availability while allowing for oxygen movement to the roots.
3) Amendments like compost and manure should be incorporated throughout the soil to improve structure, while inorganic amendments can be used to improve drainage in poorly drained soils.
This document discusses the key components and factors involved in soil formation. It defines soil and regolith, and explains the five main factors that influence soil development: geology, climate, topography, biology, and time. It then provides details on each factor, describing how they impact properties such as chemical composition, structure, porosity, and nutrient content. The document also outlines the four main components of soil: inorganic materials, organic matter, air, and water, explaining their characteristics and functions within soil.
1) The document discusses using compost in vineyards to support soil quality and balanced vine growth according to traditional viticulture principles.
2) It notes that while compost contributes indirectly to soil quality, heavy applications of more than 10 tons per acre can encourage surface rooting in vines, which is undesirable.
3) The best use of compost is to foster nutrient recycling from vineyard residues supplemented with minimal additional inputs, in line with the concept of site-specific management.
This document provides information about growing manzanita plants, specifically for western LA County gardens. It discusses choosing the right species or cultivar based on soil conditions, size, growth patterns, light needs, and watering requirements. Specific manzanita species and cultivars are described that are well-suited for the climate and soils of western LA County, including Big Berry Manzanita, Arctostaphylos glauca 'Los Angeles', and Common Manzanita. The document provides tips for planting, watering, and establishing manzanitas.
This document provides information on basic soil improvement techniques for sustainable farmers. It discusses useful resources like the SARE publications website and books on cover crops and soil biology. The document then covers topics like the soil texture triangle, understanding a soil's physical properties, using web soil survey, improving soil structure, the role of organic matter, landscape effects on organic matter, and interpreting soil test results. It emphasizes understanding the living components of soil like bacteria, fungi, and soil food webs.
Mulches for the Home Landscape - University of NebraskaFaizah68w
This document discusses different types of mulches that can be used in home landscapes. It provides details on organic mulches like woodchips, bark, and leaves as well as inorganic mulches like rock, landscape fabric, and shredded rubber. The summary discusses the benefits of mulches, including conserving soil moisture, reducing weeds, and enhancing plant health. Organic mulches are generally preferred as they break down over time and add organic matter to soils. When selecting and applying mulches properly, homeowners can improve their landscape in many positive ways.
SOIL ATLAS OF ASIA
2ND EDITORIAL BOARD MEETING
RURAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
JEONJU, REPUBLIC OF KOREA | 29 APRIL – 3 MAY 2019
Flagstaff Fabulous Plants: Sun Loving and Low water - ArizonaEric851q
1. Plan and design your landscape by creating different water use zones and choosing appropriate plants for each zone. Limit turf areas and consider low-water alternatives.
2. Work with your soil by amending it if needed to improve water retention. Choose native and low-water plants and group them according to their water needs.
3. Cover soil with mulch to retain moisture, prevent weeds, and create a finished look while saving water.
Proper Planting Results in Healthy, Water-Efficient Plants: Make Every Drop C...Finola87v
1) Proper planting techniques such as incorporating organic amendments, using mulch, planting in fall, and watering thoroughly before planting can help newly planted plants establish strong root systems and reduce water needs.
2) Good drainage and adequate organic matter in the soil supports plant growth by improving water retention and nutrient availability while allowing for oxygen movement to the roots.
3) Amendments like compost and manure should be incorporated throughout the soil to improve structure, while inorganic amendments can be used to improve drainage in poorly drained soils.
This document discusses the key components and factors involved in soil formation. It defines soil and regolith, and explains the five main factors that influence soil development: geology, climate, topography, biology, and time. It then provides details on each factor, describing how they impact properties such as chemical composition, structure, porosity, and nutrient content. The document also outlines the four main components of soil: inorganic materials, organic matter, air, and water, explaining their characteristics and functions within soil.
1) The document discusses using compost in vineyards to support soil quality and balanced vine growth according to traditional viticulture principles.
2) It notes that while compost contributes indirectly to soil quality, heavy applications of more than 10 tons per acre can encourage surface rooting in vines, which is undesirable.
3) The best use of compost is to foster nutrient recycling from vineyard residues supplemented with minimal additional inputs, in line with the concept of site-specific management.
This document provides information about growing manzanita plants, specifically for western LA County gardens. It discusses choosing the right species or cultivar based on soil conditions, size, growth patterns, light needs, and watering requirements. Specific manzanita species and cultivars are described that are well-suited for the climate and soils of western LA County, including Big Berry Manzanita, Arctostaphylos glauca 'Los Angeles', and Common Manzanita. The document provides tips for planting, watering, and establishing manzanitas.
This document provides information on basic soil improvement techniques for sustainable farmers. It discusses useful resources like the SARE publications website and books on cover crops and soil biology. The document then covers topics like the soil texture triangle, understanding a soil's physical properties, using web soil survey, improving soil structure, the role of organic matter, landscape effects on organic matter, and interpreting soil test results. It emphasizes understanding the living components of soil like bacteria, fungi, and soil food webs.
Mulches for the Home Landscape - University of NebraskaFaizah68w
This document discusses different types of mulches that can be used in home landscapes. It provides details on organic mulches like woodchips, bark, and leaves as well as inorganic mulches like rock, landscape fabric, and shredded rubber. The summary discusses the benefits of mulches, including conserving soil moisture, reducing weeds, and enhancing plant health. Organic mulches are generally preferred as they break down over time and add organic matter to soils. When selecting and applying mulches properly, homeowners can improve their landscape in many positive ways.
SOIL ATLAS OF ASIA
2ND EDITORIAL BOARD MEETING
RURAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
JEONJU, REPUBLIC OF KOREA | 29 APRIL – 3 MAY 2019
Watering Vegetable and Flower Gardens: Water-Wise Gardening and Landscape Mai...Kaila694m
This document provides guidelines for watering vegetable gardens, flower beds, and perennials. It recommends watering when the top several inches of soil are dry, and thoroughly moistening the soil to a depth of 6 to 8 inches. The amount and frequency of watering needed depends on soil type, plant population, temperature, wind, and slopes. Overhead watering during the hottest part of the day can cool plants and moderate heat stress. Water should be cool and free of salts to avoid damaging plants.
The document discusses soil taxonomy and the US comprehensive soil classification system. It describes the hierarchical structure of the classification system, which categorizes soils into orders, suborders, great groups, subgroups, families, and series based on distinguishing characteristics like soil properties and diagnostic horizons. The key diagnostic horizons used in classification include epipedons (surface horizons) like the mollic and spodic horizons, and endopedons (subsurface horizons) like the argillic, calcic, and oxic horizons. Major soil orders discussed are Mollisols, Alfisols, Ultisols, Entisols, Inceptisols, and Spodosols.
Efficient Use of Water in the Home Landscape and Garden - Texas A&MRetiz16x
This document discusses efficient use of water in home landscapes and gardens. It notes that during 1984, an estimated 1.25 million acre feet of water were used by Texans for residential landscapes, and that water needs are expected to increase 75% by 2000 due to population growth. The document then provides information on water sources, efficient water use techniques, plant water requirements, water quality, irrigation timing, watering techniques such as deep watering and mulching, and irrigation methods including sprinklers, flooding, and drip irrigation.
The Right Plants in the Right Place: Water-Wise Landscaping - University of W...Danousis85z
The document provides information on water-wise landscaping that is adapted to Wyoming's climate and challenges. It recommends closely observing your property to understand the site conditions, such as soil type, sunlight, wind, and wildlife. Proper planning includes sketching the property, noting these conditions, and deciding on landscape features. Choosing plants suited to the site helps reduce workload and saves water. Maintaining plants with similar water needs and hardiness zones supports successful landscaping.
Drought-tolerant Small Trees for Maine Landscapes - University of MaineFabienne22Q
This document provides information on 5 species of small, drought-tolerant trees suitable for landscapes in Maine: Miyabe Maple, Three-flower Maple, Eastern Redbud, Amur Maackia, and Sargent Cherry. It describes the origin, characteristics, cultural requirements and ornamental features of each tree species. The document is intended to introduce potentially new landscape plants that are cold hardy and meet criteria for exceptional small trees.
DESCRIBE ABOUT 12 SOIL ORDER
CHRYSANTHEMUM https://youtu.be/58tuqy_1SgY
ANTHURIUM https://youtu.be/DcbomK21Dm0
FLOWER SHOWS IN INDIA https://youtu.be/9VoTHd4qmmY
ANNUAL FLOWERS https://youtu.be/NqlQCuCbndk
SHRUBS FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/U6w6mIt8y0g
TREES FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/xVrTnRfIi_k
FLOWER ARRANGEMENT https://youtu.be/uvT-kI_wah4
This document discusses soil morphology, which deals with describing the form, structure, and organization of soil materials as observed in the field. It covers topics such as soil macromorphology (field observations), micromorphology (microscopic observations), soil fabric, structure, and features. It also discusses important aspects of describing a soil profile, including delineating horizons, standard profile descriptions, and soil site characteristics like relief, slope, vegetation, parent material, erosion, and depth. The goal of soil morphology is to thoroughly observe, describe, and interpret the chemical, biological, and physical attributes of soil.
This document discusses strategies for developing drought resistant soil through effective water management. It describes how organic matter, soil aggregation, and ground cover can work together to 1) maximize the amount of rainfall absorbed by the soil (infiltration), 2) increase the soil's water storage capacity for plant use, and 3) allow for deep root growth to access stored water. Specifically, it notes that each 1% increase in soil organic matter can store an additional 16,000 gallons of water per acre foot of soil. Well aggregated soil structures and ground cover also promote infiltration and water retention while reducing evaporation. Together, these factors can greatly reduce the need for irrigation during drought.
This document provides information about soils and paints. It defines soil as a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that support life. The four main components of soil are identified as minerals, water, organic matter, and gases. Key soil types like sand, silt, clay and loam are described. Methods for analyzing soils like determining moisture content and particle size distribution are outlined. The document also defines paint as a liquid that converts to a solid film after application. The main components of paint are identified as pigments, binders, liquids, and additives. Common types of paints like water-based and oil-based are described. Forensic analysis methods for soils and paints are mentioned
This document provides resources and information for xeriscaping and water-wise gardening in climates similar to southern Alberta. It lists books available at the Medicine Hat College Brooks Campus library on topics like creating prairie xeriscapes and trees and shrubs for the prairies. Online resources on native plant selection and xeriscape design are also included. The document provides tips for soil preparation, plant selection, irrigation, and maintaining mulch to conserve water in landscaping. It highlights the Brooks Environmental Advisory Committee's demonstration of xeriscaping with native and drought-resistant plants.
This document discusses soil forensics and soil composition. It provides details on the four main components of soil - mineral matter, soil water, soil air, and organic material. It also describes various forensic soil tests that can be used to analyze properties like soil density, texture, color, structure, nutrients, and microscopically. The document explains how soil can be a useful trace evidence due to its individualistic properties and ability to transfer between surfaces based on the Locard Exchange Principle. It provides information on differentiating between soil samples and using databases and analytical methods in soil forensics analysis.
The document discusses the 12 soil orders in the USDA soil taxonomy system. It provides details on the defining properties and global distribution of each order. Entisols are soils of recent origin with little development, while Inceptisols and Alfisols exhibit more development but lack features of other orders. Mollisols are characterized by a thick, dark surface horizon from long-term plant additions. The document provides an overview of each soil order.
Cindy Lincoln's design portfolio includes landscape design projects completed from 2002 to 2009 for various companies. The portfolio showcases her computer graphics and planting designs, and notes that many projects involved collaboration. The individual project pages describe the type of work Cindy provided.
Drought-Tolerant Landscapes for Alabama - Alabama A&M UniversityFabienne22Q
This document provides guidelines for designing drought-tolerant landscapes in Alabama. It discusses hydrozoning plants according to their water needs, improving soil quality, and selecting plants adapted to the local climate to reduce outdoor water usage. The key recommendations are to zone at least 60% of the landscape for low water use plants, amend soil with organic matter, and space plants appropriately to limit the need for supplemental irrigation.
This document discusses soil cultivation and water management techniques. It describes the purposes and benefits and limitations of primary cultivation methods like digging, ploughing, and rotavation. Secondary cultivation techniques like forking, raking, and harrowing are meant to further improve soil structure. No-dig systems provide benefits but have limitations without large amounts of organic matter. Poor drainage can be identified by symptoms like standing water and indicator plants, and may be addressed through techniques like double digging or installing tile drains. Maintaining proper soil moisture involves irrigation practices that add enough water to replenish the root zone without excess evaporation.
A Guide to Growing Native Plants in Kapiti, New ZealandKama158x
This document provides information about native plant species suitable for growing in different ecological zones in the Kapiti region. It describes the local conditions of dunelands, lowland terraces, the Nikau belt, Kamahi country and Reikorangi valley. For each zone, key environmental factors are outlined and native plant species are listed that are well-suited to the local soils and climate. The document emphasizes using native species that reflect the natural vegetation when planting to create low-maintenance, ecologically-appropriate gardens.
Appoquinimink River Association - Rain Gardens BrochureSotirakou964
A rain garden is a shallow depression in the landscape that collects stormwater runoff and allows it to soak into the ground. It is planted with native grasses and plants. Rain gardens provide many benefits, including reducing polluted stormwater runoff, promoting groundwater recharge, and creating habitat for wildlife. They are typically located at the end of roof gutters or drain spouts and are 5-10% the size of the impervious surface area that drains into them. The soil mixture and plant choices are important factors in the function and maintenance of a rain garden.
1) The document provides an overview of basic soil science concepts including soil formation, horizons, texture, structure, porosity, drainage, and chemical properties.
2) Key points covered include the composition of soil including minerals, air, water and organic matter; factors that influence weathering and the development of soil horizons; characteristics of different soil textures and structures; and the relationship between porosity, bulk density and water movement through soils.
3) Soil chemical properties discussed focus on pH and how it indicates the acidity or alkalinity of soil solutions.
PechaKucha Night was devised in Tokyo in February 2003 as an event for young designers to meet, network, and show their work in public.
It has turned into a massive celebration, with events happening in hundreds of cities around the world, inspiring creatives worldwide. Drawing its name from the Japanese term for the sound of "chit chat", it rests on a presentation format that is based on a simple idea: 20 images x 20 seconds. It's a format that makes presentations concise, and keeps things moving at a rapid pace.
Watering Vegetable and Flower Gardens: Water-Wise Gardening and Landscape Mai...Kaila694m
This document provides guidelines for watering vegetable gardens, flower beds, and perennials. It recommends watering when the top several inches of soil are dry, and thoroughly moistening the soil to a depth of 6 to 8 inches. The amount and frequency of watering needed depends on soil type, plant population, temperature, wind, and slopes. Overhead watering during the hottest part of the day can cool plants and moderate heat stress. Water should be cool and free of salts to avoid damaging plants.
The document discusses soil taxonomy and the US comprehensive soil classification system. It describes the hierarchical structure of the classification system, which categorizes soils into orders, suborders, great groups, subgroups, families, and series based on distinguishing characteristics like soil properties and diagnostic horizons. The key diagnostic horizons used in classification include epipedons (surface horizons) like the mollic and spodic horizons, and endopedons (subsurface horizons) like the argillic, calcic, and oxic horizons. Major soil orders discussed are Mollisols, Alfisols, Ultisols, Entisols, Inceptisols, and Spodosols.
Efficient Use of Water in the Home Landscape and Garden - Texas A&MRetiz16x
This document discusses efficient use of water in home landscapes and gardens. It notes that during 1984, an estimated 1.25 million acre feet of water were used by Texans for residential landscapes, and that water needs are expected to increase 75% by 2000 due to population growth. The document then provides information on water sources, efficient water use techniques, plant water requirements, water quality, irrigation timing, watering techniques such as deep watering and mulching, and irrigation methods including sprinklers, flooding, and drip irrigation.
The Right Plants in the Right Place: Water-Wise Landscaping - University of W...Danousis85z
The document provides information on water-wise landscaping that is adapted to Wyoming's climate and challenges. It recommends closely observing your property to understand the site conditions, such as soil type, sunlight, wind, and wildlife. Proper planning includes sketching the property, noting these conditions, and deciding on landscape features. Choosing plants suited to the site helps reduce workload and saves water. Maintaining plants with similar water needs and hardiness zones supports successful landscaping.
Drought-tolerant Small Trees for Maine Landscapes - University of MaineFabienne22Q
This document provides information on 5 species of small, drought-tolerant trees suitable for landscapes in Maine: Miyabe Maple, Three-flower Maple, Eastern Redbud, Amur Maackia, and Sargent Cherry. It describes the origin, characteristics, cultural requirements and ornamental features of each tree species. The document is intended to introduce potentially new landscape plants that are cold hardy and meet criteria for exceptional small trees.
DESCRIBE ABOUT 12 SOIL ORDER
CHRYSANTHEMUM https://youtu.be/58tuqy_1SgY
ANTHURIUM https://youtu.be/DcbomK21Dm0
FLOWER SHOWS IN INDIA https://youtu.be/9VoTHd4qmmY
ANNUAL FLOWERS https://youtu.be/NqlQCuCbndk
SHRUBS FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/U6w6mIt8y0g
TREES FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/xVrTnRfIi_k
FLOWER ARRANGEMENT https://youtu.be/uvT-kI_wah4
This document discusses soil morphology, which deals with describing the form, structure, and organization of soil materials as observed in the field. It covers topics such as soil macromorphology (field observations), micromorphology (microscopic observations), soil fabric, structure, and features. It also discusses important aspects of describing a soil profile, including delineating horizons, standard profile descriptions, and soil site characteristics like relief, slope, vegetation, parent material, erosion, and depth. The goal of soil morphology is to thoroughly observe, describe, and interpret the chemical, biological, and physical attributes of soil.
This document discusses strategies for developing drought resistant soil through effective water management. It describes how organic matter, soil aggregation, and ground cover can work together to 1) maximize the amount of rainfall absorbed by the soil (infiltration), 2) increase the soil's water storage capacity for plant use, and 3) allow for deep root growth to access stored water. Specifically, it notes that each 1% increase in soil organic matter can store an additional 16,000 gallons of water per acre foot of soil. Well aggregated soil structures and ground cover also promote infiltration and water retention while reducing evaporation. Together, these factors can greatly reduce the need for irrigation during drought.
This document provides information about soils and paints. It defines soil as a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that support life. The four main components of soil are identified as minerals, water, organic matter, and gases. Key soil types like sand, silt, clay and loam are described. Methods for analyzing soils like determining moisture content and particle size distribution are outlined. The document also defines paint as a liquid that converts to a solid film after application. The main components of paint are identified as pigments, binders, liquids, and additives. Common types of paints like water-based and oil-based are described. Forensic analysis methods for soils and paints are mentioned
This document provides resources and information for xeriscaping and water-wise gardening in climates similar to southern Alberta. It lists books available at the Medicine Hat College Brooks Campus library on topics like creating prairie xeriscapes and trees and shrubs for the prairies. Online resources on native plant selection and xeriscape design are also included. The document provides tips for soil preparation, plant selection, irrigation, and maintaining mulch to conserve water in landscaping. It highlights the Brooks Environmental Advisory Committee's demonstration of xeriscaping with native and drought-resistant plants.
This document discusses soil forensics and soil composition. It provides details on the four main components of soil - mineral matter, soil water, soil air, and organic material. It also describes various forensic soil tests that can be used to analyze properties like soil density, texture, color, structure, nutrients, and microscopically. The document explains how soil can be a useful trace evidence due to its individualistic properties and ability to transfer between surfaces based on the Locard Exchange Principle. It provides information on differentiating between soil samples and using databases and analytical methods in soil forensics analysis.
The document discusses the 12 soil orders in the USDA soil taxonomy system. It provides details on the defining properties and global distribution of each order. Entisols are soils of recent origin with little development, while Inceptisols and Alfisols exhibit more development but lack features of other orders. Mollisols are characterized by a thick, dark surface horizon from long-term plant additions. The document provides an overview of each soil order.
Cindy Lincoln's design portfolio includes landscape design projects completed from 2002 to 2009 for various companies. The portfolio showcases her computer graphics and planting designs, and notes that many projects involved collaboration. The individual project pages describe the type of work Cindy provided.
Drought-Tolerant Landscapes for Alabama - Alabama A&M UniversityFabienne22Q
This document provides guidelines for designing drought-tolerant landscapes in Alabama. It discusses hydrozoning plants according to their water needs, improving soil quality, and selecting plants adapted to the local climate to reduce outdoor water usage. The key recommendations are to zone at least 60% of the landscape for low water use plants, amend soil with organic matter, and space plants appropriately to limit the need for supplemental irrigation.
This document discusses soil cultivation and water management techniques. It describes the purposes and benefits and limitations of primary cultivation methods like digging, ploughing, and rotavation. Secondary cultivation techniques like forking, raking, and harrowing are meant to further improve soil structure. No-dig systems provide benefits but have limitations without large amounts of organic matter. Poor drainage can be identified by symptoms like standing water and indicator plants, and may be addressed through techniques like double digging or installing tile drains. Maintaining proper soil moisture involves irrigation practices that add enough water to replenish the root zone without excess evaporation.
A Guide to Growing Native Plants in Kapiti, New ZealandKama158x
This document provides information about native plant species suitable for growing in different ecological zones in the Kapiti region. It describes the local conditions of dunelands, lowland terraces, the Nikau belt, Kamahi country and Reikorangi valley. For each zone, key environmental factors are outlined and native plant species are listed that are well-suited to the local soils and climate. The document emphasizes using native species that reflect the natural vegetation when planting to create low-maintenance, ecologically-appropriate gardens.
Appoquinimink River Association - Rain Gardens BrochureSotirakou964
A rain garden is a shallow depression in the landscape that collects stormwater runoff and allows it to soak into the ground. It is planted with native grasses and plants. Rain gardens provide many benefits, including reducing polluted stormwater runoff, promoting groundwater recharge, and creating habitat for wildlife. They are typically located at the end of roof gutters or drain spouts and are 5-10% the size of the impervious surface area that drains into them. The soil mixture and plant choices are important factors in the function and maintenance of a rain garden.
1) The document provides an overview of basic soil science concepts including soil formation, horizons, texture, structure, porosity, drainage, and chemical properties.
2) Key points covered include the composition of soil including minerals, air, water and organic matter; factors that influence weathering and the development of soil horizons; characteristics of different soil textures and structures; and the relationship between porosity, bulk density and water movement through soils.
3) Soil chemical properties discussed focus on pH and how it indicates the acidity or alkalinity of soil solutions.
PechaKucha Night was devised in Tokyo in February 2003 as an event for young designers to meet, network, and show their work in public.
It has turned into a massive celebration, with events happening in hundreds of cities around the world, inspiring creatives worldwide. Drawing its name from the Japanese term for the sound of "chit chat", it rests on a presentation format that is based on a simple idea: 20 images x 20 seconds. It's a format that makes presentations concise, and keeps things moving at a rapid pace.
ProPulse is a privately owned company founded by Gina Eom and Ash Khan that produces a long sleeve shirt that functions as a heart rate monitor and fitness tracker. The founders are seeking $500,000 in startup funding, including $100,000 from an outside investor in exchange for 20% equity. The management team includes Gina Eom as CEO, Ash Khan as CFO, and Hatan Al-Shahry as Head of Product Development. The prospectus provides details on the company, management team, product, market analysis, financial projections, and request for investment.
The document discusses Rails asset pipeline, which provides a framework for pre-processing and compressing CSS and JavaScript assets. It allows placing assets in the app/assets directory, processing them with tools like Sass and CoffeeScript, and concatenating and minifying them into single files. This improves performance over the previous approach by enabling caching, concatenation, and compression of assets.
The document provides resources for math teachers seeking employment, including resume samples, cover letter examples, and interview tips. It lists top resume types like chronological, functional, and CV resumes. It also provides links to additional materials on resume writing, cover letters, interview questions, thank you letters and other job search resources.
Sinds 2011 verdienen bewoners van Rabot-Blaisantvest in Gent Torekes in ruil voor hun inzet voor buurt, buren en milieuzorg. Met de steun van opbouwwerkers verwerven vooral kwetsbare bewoners deze complementaire munt. Hun Torekes gebruiken ze voor noodzakelijke inkopen bij plaatselijke handelaars.
Lobna Megahed has been a certified member of One Hour Translation's translators' community since February 2012. She has translated 9 projects for them with a perfect average rating of 10/10 in the fields of Ad-Words/Banners and general translations. One Hour Translation issued her a Certificate of Employment confirming her status as a certified translator for their company since 2012.
O documento oferece divulgação de lojas, empresas e trabalhos na rádio e site Master Digital. Os clientes podem optar por pacotes diários, semanais ou mensais, e fazer o pagamento via depósito bancário na Caixa Econômica Federal.
The document provides guidance on writing an extended essay (EE) for the International Baccalaureate (IB) diploma program. It discusses what an EE is and is not, the available subjects, choosing a topic and research question, the research and writing process, criteria for assessment, and deadlines. Key points include that an EE is an independent research paper between 3000-4000 words supervised by a teacher, it must show analysis and critical thinking rather than just reporting information, and has strict guidelines and criteria for structure, citations, and argument that must be followed. The document aims to help students understand the requirements and successfully complete an EE.
Dokumen tersebut membahas perencanaan dan program nasional untuk pengentasan permukiman kumuh di perkotaan guna mencapai target 0% kumuh pada 2025. Beberapa poin kuncinya adalah partisipasi multi-stakeholder, pendekatan komprehensif melalui kolaborasi multi-sektor, serta peran pemerintah daerah sebagai koordinator utama program penanganan kumuh di tingkat lokal.
Peraturan ini menetapkan pedoman teknis fasilitas dan aksesibilitas pada berbagai jenis bangunan gedung dan lingkungannya agar dapat diakses dan digunakan oleh semua orang termasuk penyandang cacat dan lansia, mencakup aspek keselamatan, kemudahan, dan kemandirian. Pedoman ini berlaku untuk pemerintah, swasta, dan perorangan dalam merencanakan, membangun, dan mengelola berbagai jenis bangunan gedung
Soil can be broadly classified into sandy soil, clayey soil, and loamy soil based on their composition. Sandy soil contains large sand particles and is well-aerated but cannot hold much water or nutrients. Clayey soil contains small clay particles, traps little air, and can hold water and nutrients well but is difficult to plough. Loamy soil has the right proportions of sand, silt, and clay, and has good aeration and water and nutrient holding capacities and can be ploughed easily. Soil erosion occurs when topsoil is removed by forces like wind, water, or overgrazing, and can lead to issues like floods, famines and landslides. Protecting soil from erosion requires maintaining veget
Identifying Your Soil for Rain GardensSotirakou964
Determining the soil type at a proposed rain garden location is important for sizing the garden properly. The document describes how to identify soil type using a simple feel test to classify soils as sand, silt, or clay based on texture. Soil type influences the drainage rate and size of an effective rain garden. Students will learn to classify soil samples collected from their school grounds by texture using this feel test method.
Topics Covered:-
1 Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination.
2 Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture content, pH and water holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them.
3 Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organism.
4 Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
5 Study the effect of different temperatures or three different pH on the activity of salivary amylase on starch.
6 Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya.
7 Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, and birds).
8 Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice).
9 Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
10 T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian).
11 Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, Widows peak and colour blindness.
12 Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, any fungus causing ringworm through permanent slides, models or virtual images. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause.
13 Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in xeric conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
14 Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
15 Appendix
Soil is a complex layer that provides resources for plant and animal growth. It is composed of mineral matter, organic matter, air pores, and water pores. A variety of organisms live in soil and help break down organic matter, improving the soil structure. Plants rely on soil to provide anchorage, water, oxygen, and nutrients. Soil quality and productivity can be degraded through processes like erosion from construction, contamination from chemicals, and loss of topsoil from accelerated erosion caused by human activities like plowing. Proper soil management is important to sustainably produce food and conserve this fragile resource.
Soil is formed by the weathering of rocks at Earth's surface. It is composed of minerals, organic matter, water, air, and microbes. A soil profile shows the different layers or horizons of soil, including the topsoil, subsoil, parent material, and bedrock. Topsoil is soft and holds water and nutrients, while subsoil is more compact. Percolation is the process by which water filters through soil, replenishing groundwater. The percolation rate is calculated by dividing the amount of water by the time taken for percolation. Soil type is determined by the sizes of particles, and can be sandy, clayey, or loamy.
Soil is formed by the weathering of rocks into particles and humus from decaying plants and animals. Different types of soil like clay, sand, and loam contain various sizes of rock particles and amounts of humus that determine their suitability for agriculture. Modern farming utilizes machinery, fertilizers, irrigation, and crop rotation to replenish nutrients in soil and maximize its productivity, supporting a high standard of living.
This document provides an overview of soil chemistry. It discusses the classification of soils into types such as alfisols and ultisols. It also describes the horizons and properties of soils, including color, composition, pH, and moisture content. Methods for monitoring soil properties like tensiometers are presented. The roles of organic and inorganic matter, buffering capacity, and environmental interactions are summarized. The document concludes that understanding soil chemistry is important for sustainable land use and environmental protection.
This document provides an overview of soil chemistry. It discusses the classification of soils into types such as alfisols and ultisols. It also describes the horizons and properties of soils, including color, composition, pH, and moisture content. Methods for analyzing soil properties like texture, density, and porosity are presented. The document discusses how soil chemistry relates to the environment and plant growth. In concluding, it emphasizes the importance of understanding soil chemistry for sustainable land use.
Soil is formed by the breakdown of rocks through weathering processes like wind, water, and climate. It is composed of mineral and organic constituents in solid, liquid, and gas states. Soil contains particles of various sizes like sand, silt, and clay which give it different textures and properties that determine what types of plants can grow in each soil. Factors like temperature, precipitation, and biological activity influence soil formation and characteristics in different climate zones.
Water science l3 available soil water 150912edRione Drevale
The document discusses soil moisture content and its measurement. It describes:
1) Gravimetric methods involve weighing wet and dry soil samples to determine moisture content percentage. This is the most accurate method.
2) In the lab, soil samples are weighed wet, dried in an oven, and reweighed to calculate moisture content using the gravimetric formula.
3) Proper measurement involves calibrating balances, recording weights, and ensuring samples are completely dry after 24 hours in the oven.
1) Soil is formed from two main components - tiny pieces of weathered rock and humus, which is composed of decomposed dead plants and animals.
2) Rocks are weathered into smaller pieces through natural forces like water, wind, freezing and thawing. Over long periods of time, these break rocks down from boulders into soil.
3) Humus is formed as bacteria, fungi and invertebrates decompose dead organic matter through a process of rotting and decay. This decomposition of plants and animals is what creates the dark, nutrient-rich organic component of soil.
Soil is essential for agriculture as it provides anchorage and nutrients for plant growth to produce food, clothing, and shelter. Soil is made up of different layers and contains decomposing organic matter called humus. Soil is formed through the weathering of rocks by wind, water, and climate and provides many uses beyond agriculture including building materials, pottery, cosmetics, and medicine. Proper management is needed to prevent soil contamination from industrial or agricultural pollution.
Soil is formed by the weathering of rock and the decomposition of organic material by soil organisms. It is composed of minerals from broken down rock, organic matter from dead plants and animals, air, and water. The solid components are classified by particle size as sand, silt, or clay. Humus, or organic matter, is formed through the decay of dead plant and animal matter by decomposers like bacteria, fungi, earthworms, and other invertebrates. Together, these components support plant growth and life in the soil.
S.K. Worm provides a detailed overview of soil in under 3 sentences. Soil is formed over long periods of time from the weathering of rocks and decay of organic material. It contains important nutrients for plant growth and is composed of distinct horizontal layers (horizons) that vary in composition. Proper soil conservation practices like planting cover crops and using windbreaks are important to prevent erosion and maintain healthy soil.
This document provides an overview of soil, including its definition, formation, profile, components, types, properties, and human impacts. It defines soil as the organic and inorganic material on the surface of the earth that provides the medium for plant growth. The key factors that influence soil formation are climate, parent material, topography, biota, and time. The four main soil components are minerals, air, water, and organic material. Common soil types include sand, silt, clay and loam. Human activities like erosion, desertification, acidification, deforestation, and salinization can degrade soils.
A detailed lesson plan in science iii (composition of soil)Ces Sagmon
The document outlines a science lesson plan about soil composition and types. It describes the key components that make up soil including sand, silt, clay, and loam. The lesson explains the characteristics of each soil type and emphasizes that loam is the best soil for growing plants because it can absorb nutrients and water effectively.
Soil is formed through the decomposition of organic matter and rocks, weathering and erosion, and is made up of minerals, organic matter, water, and air. It exists in layers called horizons or profiles and can be sandy, clay, or loam soil depending on particle size, each with different abilities to retain air and water that plants need. Loam soil, with a mix of particle sizes, provides the best environment for plant growth by allowing both air and water in the soil.
1. This document is a test for a Grade 10 Life Sciences class on soil science. It contains 5 questions testing knowledge of key soil concepts like composition, types, formation, erosion, and profiles.
2. Question 1 asks students to identify the definition of soil, its basic components, and soil types formed from certain parent rocks that hold water poorly.
3. Question 2 asks students to provide biological terms for statements about deforestation, water flow through substances, water holding capacity, dissolved molecules, land degradation, particle transport, pore space in soil, bedrock, and a commonly used agricultural soil type.
C. wafer, wind, animals, earthquakes d. gravity, wind, animals, river.pdfMujeeb76
C. wafer, wind, animals, earthquakes d. gravity, wind, animals, rivers e. microbes, rocks, water,
wind, Circle the correct answer True or False 9. weathering of parent materials initiates soil
formation earthworms and other burrowing organisms improve infiltration, percolation, and
rooting depth TF mycorrhizae are bacteria that increase soil volume explored by roots. more lime
is required to raise soil pH from 4.5 to 6 in a clay soil than in a sandy soilT F sandy soils
eventually weather to clay soils. slope grade represents the direction the slope faces .. calcareous
and alkaline soils are common in humid regions............ fungi are microorganisms isolated from
soils used to produce antibiotics. there are many plants that can tolerate or prefer acid soils a
liming material should neutralize acids and bases in soil. in saturated soils, anaerobic bacteria
convert nitrate (NOs) to nitrogen gas (N2). sodic soils commonly occur in regions of high
weathering intensity. . the source of parent material determines soil texture.. a calcareous soil
contains CaCOsand has a soil pH
Solution
1. true
2.true
3.false
4.true
5.false
6.false
7.false
9.true
11.true
13.true
14.false.
1. The student was asked to grow an uncontaminated culture of microbes. The method provided involved sterilizing equipment, heating an inoculating loop, spreading bacteria onto agar jelly in a petri dish, and incubating the dish at 25°C.
2. The student tested the effectiveness of four antibiotic solutions by placing sterile paper discs dipped in each solution onto agar with growing bacteria. After two days of incubation, different sized regions with no bacterial growth were observed around each disc.
3. The least effective antibiotic produced the smallest region without bacteria, as the size of this region indicates how strongly the antibiotic inhibited bacterial growth. Calculations of the area of the bacterial-free zones would be inaccurate
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes difficult-to-treat infections in humans. MRSA developed from a similar strain called Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) that was treatable with antibiotics. Through natural selection, some MSSA bacteria gained mutations that made them resistant to antibiotics. Those resistant bacteria survived exposure to antibiotics and passed on the resistance genes through asexual reproduction, leading to the emergence of the MRSA strain.
The document discusses antibiotic resistance, specifically Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA infections are difficult to treat with antibiotics that previously worked. This is because MRSA developed from a strain called Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus that was susceptible to antibiotics, through natural selection whereby bacteria resistant to antibiotics survived and passed on those resistance genes. New treatments are needed to kill MRSA since existing antibiotics are no longer effective.
The document summarizes data from a hospital in the 1800s that showed higher death rates for women giving birth in Ward A compared to Ward B. After 1840, only doctors worked in Ward A while only midwives worked in Ward B, resulting in a much lower death rate in Ward B. In 1847, Semmelweis required doctors to wash their hands with chloride of lime before childbirth. This led to a significant reduction in the Ward A death rate in 1848-1849, bringing it closer to the rate in Ward B. The hand washing killed bacteria that doctors were transmitting from autopsies to women during childbirth.
The document summarizes data from the 1800s that showed death rates of women giving birth in two hospital wards: Ward A and Ward B. Before 1840, both wards had similar high death rates as doctors and midwives worked in both. After 1840, Ward A had only doctors while Ward B had only midwives, and Ward B saw significantly lower death rates. Dr. Semmelweis later required doctors to wash their hands in chloride of lime solution before deliveries in Ward A, which further reduced Ward A's death rate to match Ward B's lower level.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. When someone with TB coughs or sneezes, the bacteria are expelled into the air and can be inhaled by others. If breathed in, the bacteria initially infect the lungs. In the lungs, the bacteria can multiply and cause lesions and inflammation. Other types of microorganisms besides bacteria, such as viruses, can also cause infectious disease. When the body is exposed to TB bacteria, it mounts an immune response to fight the infection by using white blood cells, antibodies, and other mechanisms of defense.
The document discusses diet, exercise, and metabolic rate. It defines metabolic rate as the rate of chemical reactions in the body. While genes affect metabolic rate, exercise can increase it. A balanced diet with carbohydrates, proteins, and fats provides energy, builds cells, and stores energy. An imbalanced diet can lead to malnutrition by providing too much or too little energy compared to what the body needs. The document questions an advert claiming quick weight loss from a program, as it lacks long-term data and sample size details.
The document discusses diet, exercise, and weight management. It defines metabolic rate as the rate at which the body burns calories and explains that some people have naturally low metabolic rates. It recommends exercise as a way to increase metabolic rate. Diet components like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats serve important functions, and an imbalanced diet can lead to malnutrition. The document questions the validity of an advert claiming quick weight loss from a "Dropweight" program based on reported one-day results.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. When people with TB cough or sneeze, they expel the bacteria into the air. If others breathe these bacteria in, they can become infected. The bacteria first infect the lungs or bronchioles. In the body, the bacteria produce toxins that damage cells. The body fights the infection through white blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria and produce antibodies and antitoxins. Vaccines work by exposing the body to an inactive form of the disease-causing microbe, allowing it to develop antibodies without risk of illness. These antibodies then provide future protection against the live microbe.
1) The document is a revision checklist for additional GCSE science covering topics in physics including forces, motion, braking, terminal velocity, elasticity, energy, momentum, static electricity, electrical circuits, household electricity, current, charge, power, atomic structure, radiation, nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion.
2) It lists key terms, concepts, and formulas to define and explanations to provide for each topic.
3) The checklist provides resources for students to review physics content and ensure they understand the essential information for their GCSE exam.
This document contains a revision checklist for the GCSE Core Science P1 Physics exam. It lists several topics and subtopics that students should review in preparation for the exam, including: infrared radiation; states of matter; conduction, convection, and evaporation/condensation as methods of heat transfer; factors affecting the rate of heat transfer; solar panels; specific heat capacity; energy efficiency and Sankey diagrams; electrical appliances and calculating energy transfers; methods of generating electricity including alternative sources; the National Grid; waves including transverse/longitudinal waves, electromagnetic spectrum, reflection, refraction, and diffraction of waves; and Doppler effect and evidence for the Big Bang theory.
This document provides an overview of the content covered in additional science C2: chemistry. It outlines several key topics in chemistry including structure and bonding, atomic structure and quantitative chemistry, rates of reaction, endo/exothermic reactions, acids bases and salts, and electrolysis. For each topic, it lists the main concepts, definitions, and processes that students are expected to understand at a higher level, such as describing bonding using diagrams, calculating relative formula mass, explaining how factors affect reaction rates, writing equations for acid-base reactions, and describing electrolysis processes and products. The document serves as a revision checklist for students to ensure they have learned the essential high-level information and skills for the additional chemistry content.
This document is a revision checklist for GCSE core science covering various topics in chemistry. It provides a list of key concepts and processes to review for each topic, including fundamental chemistry ideas like atomic structure, limestone and building materials, metals and their uses, crude oil and fuels, and changes to the Earth's atmosphere. For each item, it indicates related videos, exam questions, and whether it is core or higher content.
This document provides an outline of topics covered in Additional Science B2: Biology. It includes sections on cells and transport, tissues and organ systems, photosynthesis, organisms and their environment, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, cell division and inheritance, speciation, and includes learning objectives for each section such as describing processes like diffusion, the roles of organs in the digestive system, the process of photosynthesis, and more. It also provides exam questions, activities, and checkpoints to evaluate understanding of the material.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in a biology course, including:
- The components of a balanced diet and how exercise affects health.
- How pathogens make us ill and how the body protects against them.
- The development and testing of medical drugs, and issues around drug dependence.
- Genetic variation, inheritance, and different types of reproduction.
- Evolution by natural selection and genetic variation over generations.
- Ecological concepts like food chains, nutrient cycling, and indicator species.
X-rays have a short wavelength and can cause ionization. They are used in medicine for diagnosis and treatment, but precautions must be taken when operating X-ray machines. Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves above the human hearing range. The waves reflect off boundaries and the time of reflections can be used to determine distances between interfaces in different media. Lenses refract light to form images. A convex lens brings parallel rays to a focus at its principal focus, defined by the focal length. The nature of images depends on size, orientation, and whether real or virtual.
The document summarizes key concepts in chemistry including the periodic table, properties of groups in the periodic table, hard and soft water, chemical reactions, and organic compounds. It describes how elements are arranged in the modern periodic table by electronic structure and properties of groups such as metals, nonmetals, and halogens. It also discusses chemical tests and reactions including flame tests, precipitation reactions, acid-base titrations, and the production of ammonia via the Haber process.
This document provides information on various biology topics including:
- Diffusion and osmosis, the movement of substances through membranes. Active transport requires energy.
- Exchange surfaces are effective with large surface area, thinness, good blood supply and ventilation like in alveoli and villi.
- During breathing, the ribcage and diaphragm work to decrease thoracic pressure and draw air into the lungs. Artificial aids can help breathing.
- In plants, carbon dioxide enters leaves and water and minerals are absorbed by roots, transported by xylem and phloem.
- The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through two circulation systems. Blood flows through arteries, veins
The document discusses key economic concepts related to government objectives and the functioning of the economy. It covers topics such as different types of economies, market failures including externalities and public goods, the economic cycle, fiscal and monetary policies, and the role of the EU. The key points are that candidates should understand the principal objectives of governments in terms of economic growth, employment, prices and trade balances. They should also be aware of how markets can fail to allocate resources efficiently and the roles of government and central banks in addressing these issues.
The document outlines a specification for teaching personal finance concepts. It covers understanding the personal lifecycle and how needs and wants change throughout different stages of life. Students will learn to make financial decisions by weighing costs and benefits and considering opportunity costs. They will also explore concepts related to spending, saving, borrowing money, and managing personal finances. The specification also addresses topics related to work, including rewards, labor markets, unemployment, and the impact of globalization. Finally, it covers understanding international trade, exchange rates, and the influence of consumers on national and global economies.
1. 9 Soil
S
oil is one of the most important 9.1 SOIL TEEMING WITH LIFE
natural resources. It supports the One day during the rainy season Paheli
growth of plants by holding the and Boojho observed an earthworm
roots firmly and supplying water and coming out of the soil. Paheli wondered
nutrients. It is the home for many whether there were other organisms also
organisms. Soil is essential for in the soil. Let us find out.
agriculture. Agriculture provides food,
clothing and shelter for all. Soil is thus Activity 9.1
an inseparable part of our life. The Collect some soil samples and observe
earthy fragrance of soil after the first rain them carefully. You can use a hand lens.
is always refreshing. Examine each sample carefully and fill
in Table 9.1.
Discuss your observations
with your friends.
Are the soil samples
collected by your friends
similar to the ones collected by
you?
Boojho and Paheli have
used soil in many ways. They
enjoy playing with it. It is a
great fun indeed.
Make a list of the uses of soil.
Fig. 9.1 Children playing with soil
Table 9.1
S. Soil source Plants Animals Any other
No. observations
1. Garden soil Grass, ………. Ant, ……….
2. Soil from the roadside ………………
3. Soil from the area where
construction is going on ………………
4. ……………… ………………
5. ……………… ………………
96 SCIENCE
2. and then add a handful of soil to it. Stir
it well with a stick to dissolve the soil.
I wonder why I found some Now let it stand undisturbed for some
pieces of plastic articles and time (Fig. 9.2). Afterwards, observe it and
polythene bags in the soil sample answer the following questions:
collected from the roadside and
the garden.
Polythene bags and plastics pollute humus
the soil. They also kill the organisms
living in the soil. That is why there is water
a demand to ban the polythene bags
and plastics. Other substances which clay
pollute the soil are a number of waste
products, chemicals and pesticides. sand
Waste products and chemicals should
gravel
be treated before they are released
into the soil. The use of pesticides
should be minimised.
Fig. 9.2 Layers of soil
Do you see layers of particles of
different sizes in the glass tumbler?
I want to know whether the Draw a diagram showing these layers.
soil from a field can be used Are there some dead rotting leaves
to make toys? or animal remains floating on water?
The rotting dead matter in the soil is
called humus
humus.
You probably know that the soil is
9.2 SOIL PROFILE formed by the breaking down of rocks
Soil is composed of distinct layers. by the action of wind, water and climate.
Perform the following activity to find out This process is called weathering The
weathering.
how these layers are arranged. nature of any soil depends upon the
rocks from which it has been formed and
Activity 9.2 the type of vegetation that grows in it.
Take a little soil. Break the clumps with A vertical section through different
your hand to powder it. Now take a glass layers of the soil is called the soil profile
profile.
tumbler, three quarters filled with water, Each layer differs in feel (texture),
SOIL 97
3. colour, depth and chemical composition. soil fertile and provides nutrients to
These layers are referred to as horizons growing plants. This layer is generally
(Fig. 9.3). soft, porous and can retain more water.
It is called the topsoil or the A-horizon
A-horizon.
A-horizon
B-horizon
C-horizon
Bedrock
Fig. 9.3 Soil profile
We usually see the top surface of This provides shelter for many living
the soil, not the layers below it. If we organisms such as worms, rodents,
look at the sides of a recently dug ditch, moles and beetles. The roots of small
we can see the inner layers of the soil, plants are embedded entirely in the
too. Such a view enables us to observe topsoil.
the soil profile at that place. Soil profile The next layer has a lesser amount
can also be seen while digging a well or of humus but more of minerals. This
laying the foundation of a building. It layer is generally harder and more
can also be seen at the sides of a road compact and is called the B-horizon or
on a hill or at a steep river bank. the middle layer.
The uppermost horizon is generally The third layer is the C-horizon
C-horizon,
dark in colour as it is rich in humus which is made up of small lumps of
and minerals. The humus makes the rocks with cracks and crevices. Below
98 SCIENCE
4. this layer is the bedrock which is hard
bedrock, water can be held in the tiny gaps
and difficult to dig with a spade. between the particles of clay. So clay
soils have little air. But they are heavy
9.3 SOIL TYPES
as they hold more water than the sandy
As you know, weathering of rocks
soils.
produces small particles of various
The best topsoil for growing plants
materials. These include sand and clay. is loam. Loamy soil is a mixture of sand,
The relative amount of sand and clay
clay and another type of soil particle
depends upon the rock from which the
known as silt. Silt occurs as a deposit
particles were formed, that is the parent in river beds. The size of the silt particles
rock. The mixture of rock particles
is between those of sand and clay. The
and humus is called the soil Living
soil.
loamy soil also has humus in it. It has
organisms, such as bacteria, plant roots the right water holding capacity for the
and earthworm are also important parts
growth of plants.
of any soil.
The soil is classified on the basis of
the proportion of particles of various
I want to know:
sizes. If soil contains greater proportion
What kind of soil should be
soil.
of big particles it is called sandy soil
used for making matkas and
If the proportion of fine particles is
surahis?
relatively higher, then it is called
clayey soil. If the amount of large and
soil
fine particles is about the same, then
the soil is called loamy Thus, the soil
loamy. Activity 9.3
can be classified as sandy, clayey and Collect samples of clayey, loamy and
loamy. sandy soils. Take a fistful of soil from
The sizes of the particles in a soil one of the samples. Remove any pebbles,
have a very important influence on its rocks or grass blades from it. Now add
properties. Sand particles are quite water drop by drop and knead the soil
large. They cannot fit closely together, [Fig. 9.4 (a)]. Add just enough water so
so there are large spaces between them. that a ball [Fig. 9.4 (b)] can be made from
These spaces are filled with air. We say it, but at the same time it should not be
that the sand is well aerated. Water can sticky. Try to make a ball [Fig. 9.4 (c)]
drain quickly through the spaces from this soil. On a flat surface, roll this
between the sand particles. So, sandy ball into a cylinder [Fig. 9.4 (d)]. Try to
soils tend to be light, well aerated and make a ring from this cylinder [Fig. 9.4 (e)].
rather dry. Clay particles, being much Repeat this activity with other samples
smaller, pack tightly together, leaving also. Does the extent to which a soil can
little space for air. Unlike sandy soil, be shaped indicate its type?
SOIL 99
5. Boojho wondered why there
was a difference in the
absorption of water in the
two squares.
(a) (b)
Now let us perform an activity to
understand this.
(d)
Activity 9.4
For this activity divide yourself into
three teams. Name the teams A, B and
C. You will be finding out how fast the
water passes down the soil. You will
(c) (e)
need a hollow cylinder or a pipe. Ensure
Fig. 9.4 Working with the soil that each team uses pipes of the same
diameter. Some suggestions for
Can you suggest which type of soil obtaining such a pipe are given below:
would be the best for making pots, toys 1. If possible, get a small tin can and
and statues? cut off its bottom.
9.4 PROPERTIES OF SOIL 2. If PVC pipe (approx. diameter 5 cm)
You have listed some uses of soil. Let us is available, cut it into 20 cm long
perform some activities to find the pieces and use them.
characteristics of the soil. At the place where you collect the soil,
place the pipe about 2 cm deep in the
Percolation rate of water in ground. Pour 200 mL water in the pipe
soil slowly. For measuring 200 mL water you
Boojho and Paheli marked two different can use any empty 200 mL bottle. Note
squares of 50 cm 50 cm each, one on
the floor of their house and the other
on the kutcha (unpaved) road. They filled
two bottles of the same size with water.
They emptied the water from the bottles,
one each, at the same time in the two
squares. They observed that the water
on the floor flowed down and was not
absorbed. On the kutcha road, on the
other hand, the water was absorbed. Fig. 9.5 Measuring rate of percolation
100 SCIENCE
6. the time when you start pouring water.
When all the water has percolated Drops
leaving the pipe empty, note the time
again. Be careful not to let the water
spill over or run down on the outside of Boiling tube
the pipe while pouring. Calculate the Stand
rate of percolation by using the Soil sample
following formula:
amount of water (mL)
percolation rate (mL/min) =
percolation time (min)
Burner
For example, suppose that for a
certain sample, it took 20 minutes for
200 mL to percolate. So,
200 mL
rate of percolation = = 10 mL/min Fig. 9.6 Removing moisture from the soil
20 min
Calculate the rate of percolation in
your soil sample. Compare your findings On a hot summer day, the vapour
with others and arrange the soil samples coming out of the soil reflect the sunlight
in the increasing order of the rate of and the air above the soil seems to
percolation. shimmer.
After heating the soil, take it out of
9.5 MOISTURE IN SOIL the tube. Compare it with the soil which
Have you ever passed through a has not been heated. Note the difference
farmland during a hot summer day? between the two.
Perhaps you noticed that the air above
9.6 ABSORPTION OF WATER BY SOIL
the land is shimmering. Why is it so?
Try out this activity and find the answer. Do all the soils absorb water to the same
extent? Let us find out.
Activity 9.5
Activity 9.6
Take a boiling tube. Put two spoonfulls
of a soil sample in it. Heat it on a flame Take a plastic funnel. Take a filter paper
(Fig. 9.6) and observe it. Let us find out (or a piece of newspaper sheet), fold and
what happens upon heating. place it as shown in the figure. Weigh
Do you see water drops any where? 50g of dry, powdered soil and pour it
If yes, where did you find them? into the funnel. Measure a certain
On heating, water in the soil amount of water in a measuring cylinder
evaporates, moves up and condenses on and pour it drop by drop on the soil.
the cooler inner walls of the upper part You can use a dropper for this purpose.
of the boiling tube. Do not let all the water fall at one spot.
SOIL 101
7. percentage of water absorbed
Dropper (U - V)
= 100
50
Filter paper Repeat this activity with different soil
samples. Would you get the same results
for all the samples? Discuss the results
Funnel
with your friends and answer the
following question:
Beaker
Which soil would have the highest
percolation rate?
Which soil would have the lowest
percolation rate?
Boojho heard from his neighbourer
that 8–10 days after the rain, the level
of water in a pond or well rises. Which
Fig. 9.7 Absorption of water in the soil type of soil will allow water to reach
Pour water all over the soil. Keep pouring a well faster and in greater amount?
water till it starts dripping. Subtract the Which type of soil retains the highest
amount of water left in the measuring amount of water and which retains
cylinder from the amount you started the least?
with. This is the amount of water Can you suggest any method to let
retained by the soil. Record your results more rain water percolate and reach
in your notebook in the following the water underground?
manner: 9.7 SOIL AND CROPS
Weight of soil = 50g
Different types of soils are found in
Initial volume of water in the
different parts of India. In some parts
measuring cylinder = U mL
there is clayey soil, in some parts there
Final volume of water in the is loamy soil while in some other parts
measuring cylinder = V mL there is sandy soil.
Volume of water absorbed by the soil Soil is affected by wind, rainfall,
= (U – V) mL temperature, light and humidity. These
Weight of water absorbed by the soil are some important climatic factors
= (U – V) g which affect the soil profile and bring
(1 mL of water has weight equal to 1 g) changes in the soil structure. The
Gram (g) and kilogram (kg) are actually units of mass. A mass of 1 gram weighs 1 gram weight,
and a mass of 1 kilogram weighs 1 kilogram weight. However, in daily life, and in commerce and
industry, the distinction between gram and gram weight is generally omitted.
102 SCIENCE
8. climatic factors, as well as the retaining water. For paddy, soils rich
components of soil, determine the in clay and organic matter and
various types of vegetation and crops having a good capacity to retain water
that might grow in any region. are ideal. For lentils (masoor) and other
Clayey and loamy soils are both pulses, loamy soils, which drain water
suitable for growing cereals like wheat, easily, are required. For cotton, sandy-
and gram. Such soils are good at loam or loam, which drain water easily
A case study
John, Rashida and Radha went to Leeladhar Dada and Sontosh Malviya of
Sohagpur in Madhya Pradesh. Leeladhar Dada was preparing the soil to make
items like surahi, matki, kalla (earthen frying pan) etc. The following is the
conversation they all had with Leeladhar Dada:
– Where was the soil obtained from?
Dada–We brought the black soil from a piece of barren land.
– How is the soil prepared?
Dada–Dry soil will be placed in a large tank and would be cleaned of pebbles etc.
After removing these things the soil will be soaked for around 8 hours.
This soil would be kneaded after mixing horse dung. The kneaded soil
would be placed on the wheel and given appropriate shape. The final shape
is given with hands. The items are coloured after three days of drying. All
the items are baked at high temperature after drying in the air.
– Why is the horse dung mixed in soil?
Dada–Burnt horse dung helps open up the pores in the soil. So that water could
percolate out of the matkas and surahis, evaporate and cools the water
inside. You know Sohagpuri surahis and matkas are famous in far off
places like Jabalpur, Nagpur, Allahabad, etc.
Fig. 9.8 Making pots
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9. and can hold plenty of air, are more
suitable.
Crops such as wheat are grown in
the fine clayey soils, because they are
What is the difference
rich in humus and are very fertile. Find
between rate of percolation and
from your teachers, parents and farmers
the amount of water retained?
the type of soils and crops grown in your
Boojho, you seem to have
area. Enter the data in the following
forgotten what you read
Table 9.2: earlier. Go and reread the
Which kind of soil would be most lesson again and you will find
suitable for planting rice? Soil with a the answer.
higher or lower rate of percolation?
Table 9.2
Soil erosion
S. No. Type of soil Crop grown The removal of land surface by water,
1. Clayey Wheat ………… wind or ice is known as erosion. Plant
roots firmly bind the soil. In the
2.
absence of plants, soil becomes loose.
3.
So it can be moved by wind and flowing
water. Erosion of soil is more severe
Keywords in areas of little or no surface
vegetation, such as desert or bare
Clayey Moisture
lands. So, cutting of trees and
Humus Sandy deforestation should be prevented and
Loamy Water retention effort should be made to increase the
Percolation green areas.
What you have learnt
Soil is important for life on the earth.
Soil profile is a section through different layers of the soil, Various layers
are called horizons.
Soil is of different types: clayey, loamy and sandy.
Percolation rate of water is different in different types of soil. It is highest
in the sandy soil and least in the clayey soil.
Different types of soils are used to cultivate different types of crops. Clay
and loam are suitable for growing wheat, gram and paddy. Cotton is
grown in sandy loam soil.
104 SCIENCE
10. Soil holds water in it, which is called soil moisture. The capacity of a soil
to hold water is important for various crops.
Clayey soil is used to make pots, toys and statues.
Exercises
Tick the most suitable answer in questions 1 and 2.
1. In addition to the rock particles, the soil contains
(i) air and water
(ii) water and plants
(iii) minerals, organic matter, air and water
(iv) water, air and plants
2. The water holding capacity is the highest in
(i) sandy soil
(ii) clayey soil
(iii) loamy soil
(iv) mixture of sand and loam
3. Match the items in Column I with those in Column II:
Column I Column II
(i) A home for living organisms (a) Large particles
(ii) Upper layer of the soil (b) All kinds of soil
(iii) Sandy soil (c) Dark in colour
(iv) Middle layer of the soil (d) Small particles and
packed tight
(v) Clayey soil (e) Lesser amount of humus
4. Explain how soil is formed.
5. How is clayey soil useful for crops?
6. List the differences between clayey soil and sandy soil.
7. Sketch the cross section of soil and label the various layers.
8. Razia conducted an experiment in the field related to the rate of
percolation. She observed that it took 40 min for 200 mL of water to
percolate through the soil sample. Calculate the rate of percolation.
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11. 9. Explain how soil pollution and soil erosion could be prevented.
10. Solve the following crossword puzzle with the clues given:
Across
2. Plantation prevents it.
5. Use should be banned to avoid soil pollution.
6. Type of soil used for making pottery.
7. Living organism in the soil.
Down
1. In desert soil erosion occurs through.
3. Clay and loam are suitable for cereals like.
4. This type of soil can hold very little water.
5. Collective name for layers of soil.
Extended Learning — Activities and Projects
1. Boojho would like to know the difference between raw and baked soil?
Investigate how the soil from which matkas are made is different from
the soil used to make statues.
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12. 2. Paheli is worried. She could see a brick kiln from her house. Bricks
were being made there. There was so much smoke coming out of the
kiln. She was told that the best quality of clay is required for making
pottery, statues and bricks. She has seen truck loads of bricks being
taken away for construction of buildings. At this rate, she fears, no soil
will be left. Are her fears justified? Discuss this problem with your
parents, teachers and other experts of your area and prepare a report.
3. Try to find out the moisture content of a soil sample. One method is
given here.
Activity: Take 100g soil. (Take help from any shopkeepers to weigh
the soil.) Place it on a newspaper in the sun and allow it to dry for two
hours. This activity is best done in the afternoon. Take care that the
soil does not spill outside the newspaper. After drying it, weigh the soil
again. The difference in the weight of the soil before and after drying
gives you the amount of moisture contained in 100 g of soil. This is
called the percentage moisture content.
Suppose your sample of soil loses 10 g on drying. Then
wt. of moisture (g)
Per cent of moisture in soil = × 100
Original wt. of soil sample (g)
In this example
10×100
Per cent of moisture in soil 10%
100
Did you know?
Rivers of north India, which flow from Himalayas, bring a variety of
materials including silt, clay, sand and gravel. They deposit their
materials called alluvial soil, in the planes of north India. This soil is very
fertile and supports nearby half the population of India.
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