Defense against diseases
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Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. When someone with TB coughs or sneezes, the bacteria are expelled into the air and can be inhaled by others. If breathed in, the bacteria initially infect the lungs. In the lungs, the bacteria can multiply and cause lesions and inflammation. Other types of microorganisms besides bacteria, such as viruses, can also cause infectious disease. When the body is exposed to TB bacteria, it mounts an immune response to fight the infection by using white blood cells, antibodies, and other mechanisms of defense.
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![Defence Against Disease! ! ! ! 1
1 Read the following passage carefully, then answer the questions that follow.
! !Tuberculosis (TB) is a dangerous disease that is caused by a bacterium
called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. When a person with TB coughs and
sneezes, the bacteria get into the air and then other people may breathe
them in.
!
1 (a) (i) Which part of the body is the first to be infected if a person breathes in the TB bacteria?
[1 mark]
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
!
1 (a) (ii) How do the TB bacteria cause the disease after they have entered the body?
[2 marks]
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
!
1 (a) (iii) Name one other type or group of microorganism that can cause disease.
[1 mark]
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
!! 1 (b) Once the TB bacteria have entered the body, how does the body defend itself?
Explain as fully as possible.
[5 marks]
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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![Defence Against Disease! ! ! ! 2
2 The MMR vaccine was introduced in 1988. Other than measles and mumps, which other
disease does the MMR vaccine protect against?
[1 mark]
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! To immunise someone against measles, a vaccine is injected into the body.
! Describe how a vaccine can stop a person catching measles in the future.
[3 marks]
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
! [Total 13 marks]
!! END
! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Login or subscribe to my-GCSEscience.com to see the answers and commentary
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Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. When people with TB cough or sneeze, they expel the bacteria into the air. If others breathe these bacteria in, they can become infected. The bacteria first infect the lungs or bronchioles. In the body, the bacteria produce toxins that damage cells. The body fights the infection through white blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria and produce antibodies and antitoxins. Vaccines work by exposing the body to an inactive form of the disease-causing microbe, allowing it to develop antibodies without risk of illness. These antibodies then provide future protection against the live microbe.
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes difficult-to-treat infections in humans. MRSA developed from a similar strain called Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) that was treatable with antibiotics. Through natural selection, some MSSA bacteria gained mutations that made them resistant to antibiotics. Those resistant bacteria survived exposure to antibiotics and passed on the resistance genes through asexual reproduction, leading to the emergence of the MRSA strain.
Semmelweiss ms
The document summarizes data from a hospital in the 1800s that showed higher death rates for women giving birth in Ward A compared to Ward B. After 1840, only doctors worked in Ward A while only midwives worked in Ward B, resulting in a much lower death rate in Ward B. In 1847, Semmelweis required doctors to wash their hands with chloride of lime before childbirth. This led to a significant reduction in the Ward A death rate in 1848-1849, bringing it closer to the rate in Ward B. The hand washing killed bacteria that doctors were transmitting from autopsies to women during childbirth.
Semmelweiss
The document summarizes data from the 1800s that showed death rates of women giving birth in two hospital wards: Ward A and Ward B. Before 1840, both wards had similar high death rates as doctors and midwives worked in both. After 1840, Ward A had only doctors while Ward B had only midwives, and Ward B saw significantly lower death rates. Dr. Semmelweis later required doctors to wash their hands in chloride of lime solution before deliveries in Ward A, which further reduced Ward A's death rate to match Ward B's lower level.
Diet and exercise ms
The document discusses diet, exercise, and metabolic rate. It defines metabolic rate as the rate of chemical reactions in the body. While genes affect metabolic rate, exercise can increase it. A balanced diet with carbohydrates, proteins, and fats provides energy, builds cells, and stores energy. An imbalanced diet can lead to malnutrition by providing too much or too little energy compared to what the body needs. The document questions an advert claiming quick weight loss from a program, as it lacks long-term data and sample size details.
Diet and exercise
The document discusses diet, exercise, and weight management. It defines metabolic rate as the rate at which the body burns calories and explains that some people have naturally low metabolic rates. It recommends exercise as a way to increase metabolic rate. Diet components like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats serve important functions, and an imbalanced diet can lead to malnutrition. The document questions the validity of an advert claiming quick weight loss from a "Dropweight" program based on reported one-day results.
P2 checklist
1) The document is a revision checklist for additional GCSE science covering topics in physics including forces, motion, braking, terminal velocity, elasticity, energy, momentum, static electricity, electrical circuits, household electricity, current, charge, power, atomic structure, radiation, nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion.
2) It lists key terms, concepts, and formulas to define and explanations to provide for each topic.
3) The checklist provides resources for students to review physics content and ensure they understand the essential information for their GCSE exam.
P1 checklist
This document contains a revision checklist for the GCSE Core Science P1 Physics exam. It lists several topics and subtopics that students should review in preparation for the exam, including: infrared radiation; states of matter; conduction, convection, and evaporation/condensation as methods of heat transfer; factors affecting the rate of heat transfer; solar panels; specific heat capacity; energy efficiency and Sankey diagrams; electrical appliances and calculating energy transfers; methods of generating electricity including alternative sources; the National Grid; waves including transverse/longitudinal waves, electromagnetic spectrum, reflection, refraction, and diffraction of waves; and Doppler effect and evidence for the Big Bang theory.
C2 checklist
This document provides an overview of the content covered in additional science C2: chemistry. It outlines several key topics in chemistry including structure and bonding, atomic structure and quantitative chemistry, rates of reaction, endo/exothermic reactions, acids bases and salts, and electrolysis. For each topic, it lists the main concepts, definitions, and processes that students are expected to understand at a higher level, such as describing bonding using diagrams, calculating relative formula mass, explaining how factors affect reaction rates, writing equations for acid-base reactions, and describing electrolysis processes and products. The document serves as a revision checklist for students to ensure they have learned the essential high-level information and skills for the additional chemistry content.
C1 checklist
This document is a revision checklist for GCSE core science covering various topics in chemistry. It provides a list of key concepts and processes to review for each topic, including fundamental chemistry ideas like atomic structure, limestone and building materials, metals and their uses, crude oil and fuels, and changes to the Earth's atmosphere. For each item, it indicates related videos, exam questions, and whether it is core or higher content.
B2 checklist
This document provides an outline of topics covered in Additional Science B2: Biology. It includes sections on cells and transport, tissues and organ systems, photosynthesis, organisms and their environment, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, cell division and inheritance, speciation, and includes learning objectives for each section such as describing processes like diffusion, the roles of organs in the digestive system, the process of photosynthesis, and more. It also provides exam questions, activities, and checkpoints to evaluate understanding of the material.
B1 checklist1
This document provides an overview of topics covered in a biology course, including:
- The components of a balanced diet and how exercise affects health.
- How pathogens make us ill and how the body protects against them.
- The development and testing of medical drugs, and issues around drug dependence.
- Genetic variation, inheritance, and different types of reproduction.
- Evolution by natural selection and genetic variation over generations.
- Ecological concepts like food chains, nutrient cycling, and indicator species.
Aqa p3-checklist
X-rays have a short wavelength and can cause ionization. They are used in medicine for diagnosis and treatment, but precautions must be taken when operating X-ray machines. Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves above the human hearing range. The waves reflect off boundaries and the time of reflections can be used to determine distances between interfaces in different media. Lenses refract light to form images. A convex lens brings parallel rays to a focus at its principal focus, defined by the focal length. The nature of images depends on size, orientation, and whether real or virtual.
Aqa c3-checklist
The document summarizes key concepts in chemistry including the periodic table, properties of groups in the periodic table, hard and soft water, chemical reactions, and organic compounds. It describes how elements are arranged in the modern periodic table by electronic structure and properties of groups such as metals, nonmetals, and halogens. It also discusses chemical tests and reactions including flame tests, precipitation reactions, acid-base titrations, and the production of ammonia via the Haber process.
Aqa b3-checklist
This document provides information on various biology topics including:
- Diffusion and osmosis, the movement of substances through membranes. Active transport requires energy.
- Exchange surfaces are effective with large surface area, thinness, good blood supply and ventilation like in alveoli and villi.
- During breathing, the ribcage and diaphragm work to decrease thoracic pressure and draw air into the lungs. Artificial aids can help breathing.
- In plants, carbon dioxide enters leaves and water and minerals are absorbed by roots, transported by xylem and phloem.
- The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through two circulation systems. Blood flows through arteries, veins
AQA GCSE Economics Revision unit - 12
The document discusses key economic concepts related to government objectives and the functioning of the economy. It covers topics such as different types of economies, market failures including externalities and public goods, the economic cycle, fiscal and monetary policies, and the role of the EU. The key points are that candidates should understand the principal objectives of governments in terms of economic growth, employment, prices and trade balances. They should also be aware of how markets can fail to allocate resources efficiently and the roles of government and central banks in addressing these issues.
AQA GCSE Economics Revision unit - 11
The document outlines a specification for teaching personal finance concepts. It covers understanding the personal lifecycle and how needs and wants change throughout different stages of life. Students will learn to make financial decisions by weighing costs and benefits and considering opportunity costs. They will also explore concepts related to spending, saving, borrowing money, and managing personal finances. The specification also addresses topics related to work, including rewards, labor markets, unemployment, and the impact of globalization. Finally, it covers understanding international trade, exchange rates, and the influence of consumers on national and global economies.
AQA GCSE Physics
The document discusses the history and importance of chocolate in human civilization. It notes that chocolate originated in Mesoamerica over 3000 years ago and was prized by the Aztecs and Mayans for its taste. Cocoa beans were used as currency and their cultivation was tightly regulated. The Spanish conquest of the region introduced chocolate to Europe, though it remained an elite drink until the Industrial Revolution made it widely available.
AQA GCSE Chemistry
The document discusses the history and evolution of chocolate over centuries. It details how chocolate originated from cacao beans used by the Olmecs and Mayans as currency and medicine. Later, the Aztecs and Europeans discovered chocolate and it became popular as a drink among European nobility in the 16th century before mass production made it accessible to common people in the 19th century.
AQA GCSE Biology
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used as currency by the Maya and Aztecs before being transformed into a sweet confection by the Spanish in Europe. The text also notes that chocolate eventually became popular worldwide and is now enjoyed both as a flavor and an ingredient in many foods and beverages.
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Defense against diseases
- 1. Defence Against Disease! ! ! ! 1 1 Read the following passage carefully, then answer the questions that follow. ! !Tuberculosis (TB) is a dangerous disease that is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. When a person with TB coughs and sneezes, the bacteria get into the air and then other people may breathe them in. ! 1 (a) (i) Which part of the body is the first to be infected if a person breathes in the TB bacteria? [1 mark] ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! 1 (a) (ii) How do the TB bacteria cause the disease after they have entered the body? [2 marks] ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! 1 (a) (iii) Name one other type or group of microorganism that can cause disease. [1 mark] ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. !! 1 (b) Once the TB bacteria have entered the body, how does the body defend itself? Explain as fully as possible. [5 marks] ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. my-‐GCSEscience.com ESPQ|BLY1|DADI Do not write outside the box
- 2. Defence Against Disease! ! ! ! 2 2 The MMR vaccine was introduced in 1988. Other than measles and mumps, which other disease does the MMR vaccine protect against? [1 mark] ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! To immunise someone against measles, a vaccine is injected into the body. ! Describe how a vaccine can stop a person catching measles in the future. [3 marks] ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ! [Total 13 marks] !! END ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Login or subscribe to my-GCSEscience.com to see the answers and commentary my-‐GCSEscience.com ESPQ|BLY1|DADI Do not write outside the box