The document summarizes 6LoWPAN, an open IoT networking protocol. 6LoWPAN allows IPv6 to be used over low-power wireless personal area networks by adapting it to their limitations through header compression and fragmentation. It is specified by the IETF to make "things" Internet-aware using open standards rather than proprietary solutions. The document discusses the Linux-wpan project which implements 6LoWPAN and IEEE 802.15.4 support in the Linux kernel. Future work includes improving support for additional hardware and implementing more of the 6LoWPAN compression standards.
High level overview of CoAP or Constrained Application Protocol. CoAP is a HTTP like protocol suitable for constrained environment like IoT. CoAP uses HTTP like request response model, status code etc.
High level overview of CoAP or Constrained Application Protocol. CoAP is a HTTP like protocol suitable for constrained environment like IoT. CoAP uses HTTP like request response model, status code etc.
ITVoyagers has created presentation which gives overview on following topics
1. MQTT
2. CoAP
Following are the contents.
MQTT
Components
Diagram
Example
Decoupling in Pub/Sub
CoAP
Description
Layers
Types of message
CoAP Header
It will help students in their last minute preparations for exams.
constrained application protocol(CoAP) is a specialized web transfer protocol for use with constrained networks in internet of things and constrained devices such as microcontrollers.
Presentation detailed about SDN (Software Defined Network) overview . It covers from basics like different controllers and touches upon some technical details.
Covers Terminologies used, OpenFlow, Controllers, Open Day light, Cisco ONE, Google B4, NFV,etc
Presented by Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect - Chief Architect’s Office, TSO, BT at IET "Towards 5G Mobile Technology – Vision to Reality" seminar on 25th Jan 2017
Shared with permission
on successful go through of this complete PPT, the learners can be able to understand the Raspberry PI, Raspberry Pi Interfaces(Serial, SPI,I2C) Programming, Python programming with Raspberry PI with the focus of Interfacing external gadgets
Controlling output Reading input from pins.
How to put these nodes together to form a meaningful network.
How a network should function at high-level application scenarios .
On the basis of these scenarios and optimization goals, the design of networking protocols in wireless sensor networks are derived
A proper service interface is required and integration of WSNs into larger network contexts.
This is a technical presentation describing two protocols namely MQTT and CoAP for IoT communications. This explains the protocols in conjunction with OSI layers.
Presentation by Quaenet on what LoRaWAN is and the role it plays in the Internet of Things (IoT and IIoT). Presented at Silicon Halton IoT Peer2Peer group Sep 2018.
ITVoyagers has created presentation which gives overview on following topics
1. MQTT
2. CoAP
Following are the contents.
MQTT
Components
Diagram
Example
Decoupling in Pub/Sub
CoAP
Description
Layers
Types of message
CoAP Header
It will help students in their last minute preparations for exams.
constrained application protocol(CoAP) is a specialized web transfer protocol for use with constrained networks in internet of things and constrained devices such as microcontrollers.
Presentation detailed about SDN (Software Defined Network) overview . It covers from basics like different controllers and touches upon some technical details.
Covers Terminologies used, OpenFlow, Controllers, Open Day light, Cisco ONE, Google B4, NFV,etc
Presented by Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect - Chief Architect’s Office, TSO, BT at IET "Towards 5G Mobile Technology – Vision to Reality" seminar on 25th Jan 2017
Shared with permission
on successful go through of this complete PPT, the learners can be able to understand the Raspberry PI, Raspberry Pi Interfaces(Serial, SPI,I2C) Programming, Python programming with Raspberry PI with the focus of Interfacing external gadgets
Controlling output Reading input from pins.
How to put these nodes together to form a meaningful network.
How a network should function at high-level application scenarios .
On the basis of these scenarios and optimization goals, the design of networking protocols in wireless sensor networks are derived
A proper service interface is required and integration of WSNs into larger network contexts.
This is a technical presentation describing two protocols namely MQTT and CoAP for IoT communications. This explains the protocols in conjunction with OSI layers.
Presentation by Quaenet on what LoRaWAN is and the role it plays in the Internet of Things (IoT and IIoT). Presented at Silicon Halton IoT Peer2Peer group Sep 2018.
Connect to the IoT with a lightweight protocol MQTTKenneth Peeples
Everything is connected in the Internet of Things. People, devices, machines, and more are all part of a network - sending and receiving data to and from other "things." What new opportunities can the IoT create for your business? The lightweight protocol MQTT can help connect to the Internet of Things.
Stefan Schmidt from the Open Source Group discusses the current and future status of IEEE 802.15.4 and 6LoWPAN in the linux kernel in this presentation for the 2015 Embedded Linux Conference.
Linux-wpan: IEEE 802.15.4 and 6LoWPAN in the Linux Kernel - BUD17-120Linaro
"Session ID: BUD17-120
Session Name: Linux-wpan: IEEE 802.15.4 and 6LoWPAN in the Linux Kernel - BUD17-120
Speaker: Stefan Schmidt
Track: LITE
★ Session Summary ★
Adding support for IEEE 802.15.4 and 6LoWPAN to an embedded Linux system opens up new possibilities to communicate with tiny devices. The mainline kernel
supports the wireless protocols to connect such devices to the internet, acting
as border router for such networks.
This talk will show the current kernel support, how to enable and configure the
subsystems to use it and how to communicate between Linux and IoT operating
systems like RIOT, Contiki or Zephyr.
---------------------------------------------------
★ Resources ★
Event Page: http://connect.linaro.org/resource/bud17/bud17-120/
Presentation: https://www.slideshare.net/linaroorg/linuxwpan-ieee-802154-and-6lowpan-in-the-linux-kernel-bud17120
Video: https://youtu.be/6YNeF2H2i-U
---------------------------------------------------
★ Event Details ★
Linaro Connect Budapest 2017 (BUD17)
6-10 March 2017
Corinthia Hotel, Budapest,
Erzsébet krt. 43-49,
1073 Hungary
---------------------------------------------------
Keyword: linux-wpan, kernel, IEEE, Stefan Schmidt
http://www.linaro.org
http://connect.linaro.org
---------------------------------------------------
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14:00
12/11/2021
After the initial years of wireless IoT devices basing their networking on
proprietary protocols, home-grown by one vendor and in-compatibly to anything else, there is a shift to consolidate on IPv6.
In this talk, we will go briefly over 6lowpan as a technology that enabled a lot of these use-cases by providing compression techniques for low-power radio links with limited frame sizes. While its initial development was for IEEE 802.15.4 based networks it was quickly adopted for Bluetooth, NFC, PLC, and others.
This shift allowed the re-use of existing knowledge and concepts of TCP/IPv6 to be adopted into the IoT world, most notably the end-to-end concept, or rather the device-to-cloud concept for IoT. It also resulted in a reduced need for proxies translating between various proprietary networks and your home IP network.
In the future, this hopefully will result in a reduction of product-specific IoT
hubs in a network. An open source blueprint for such a gateway based on All Scenarios OS will be described, together with OpenThread and Matter (former CHIP) as example IPv6 based IoT turnkey solutions.
The implementation of embedded IPv6 applications in an IPv4 world require one of several strategies of converting or tunneling IPv6 traffic through the IPv4 internet.
Kirill Tsym discusses Vector Packet Processing:
* Linux Kernel data path (in short), initial design, today's situation, optimization initiatives
* Brief overview of DPDK, Netmap, etc.
* Userspace Networking projects comparison: OpenFastPath, OpenSwitch, VPP.
* Introduction to VPP: architecture, capabilities and optimization techniques.
* Basic Data Flow and introduction to vectors.
* VPP Single and Multi-thread modes.
* Router and switch for namespaces example.
* VPP L4 protocol processing - Transport Layer Development Kit.
* VPP Plugins.
Kiril is a software developer at Check Point Software Technologies, part of Next Generation Gateway and Architecture team, developing proof of concept around DPDK and FD.IO VPP. He has years of experience in software, Linux kernel and networking development and has worked for Polycom, Broadcom and Qualcomm before joining Check Point.
DPDK Summit 2015 - NTT - Yoshihiro NakajimaJim St. Leger
DPDK Summit 2015 in San Francisco.
NTT presentation by Yoshihiro Nakajima.
For additional details and the video recording please visit www.dpdksummit.com.
Summit 16: How to Compose a New OPNFV Solution Stack?OPNFV
This session showcases how a new OPNFV solution stack (a.k.a. ""scenario"") is composed and stood up. We'll use a new solution stack framed around a new software forwarder (""VPP"") provided by the FD.io project as example for this session. The session discusses how an evolution/change of upstream components from OpenStack, OpenDaylight and FFD.io are put in place for the scenario, how installers and tests need to be evolved to allow for integration into OPNFV's continuous integration, deployment and test pipeline.
PLNOG 17 - Nicolai van der Smagt - Building and connecting the eBay Classifie...PROIDEA
It seems everybody is talking about SDN. But where are the implementations? Nicolai talks about the intricacies of a successful cloud building project, at eBay Classifieds, and will discuss the implementation of the underlay network, virtualized overlay, hybrid cloud and MPLS integration.
Cilium - Fast IPv6 Container Networking with BPF and XDPThomas Graf
We present a new open source project which provides IPv6 networking for Linux Containers by generating programs for each individual container on the fly and then runs them as JITed BPF code in the kernel. By generating and compiling the code, the program is reduced to the minimally required feature set and then heavily optimised by the compiler as parameters become plain variables. The upcoming addition of the Express Data Plane (XDP) to the kernel will make this approach even more efficient as the programs will get invoked directly from the network driver.
Improving Network Efficiency with SimplemuxJose Saldana
Jose Saldana, Ignacio Forcen, Julian Fernandez-Navajas, Jose Ruiz-Mas, "Improving Network Efficiency with Simplemux,'' IEEE CIT 2015, International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, 26-28 October 2015 in Liverpool, UK. (http://cse.stfx.ca/~cit2015/)
Presentation the paper http://diec.unizar.es/~jsaldana/personal/chicago_CIT2015_in_proc.pdf
Abstract
The high amount of small packets currently transported by IP networks results in a high overhead, caused by the significant header-to-payload ratio of these packets. In addition, the MAC layer of wireless technologies makes a non-optimal use of airtime when packets are small. Small packets are also costly in terms of processing capacity. This paper presents Simplemux, a protocol able to multiplex a number of packets sharing a common network path, thus increasing efficiency when small packets are transported. It can be useful in constrained scenarios where resources are scarce, as community wireless networks or IoT. Simplemux can be seen as an alternative to Layer-2 optimization, already available in 802.11 networks. The design of Simplemux is presented, and its efficiency improvement is analyzed. An implementation is used to carry out some tests with real traffic, showing significant improvements: 46% of the bandwidth can be saved when compressing voice traffic; the reduction in terms of packets per second in an Internet trace can be up to 50%. In wireless networks, packet grouping results in a significantly improved use of air time.
In the ever-evolving landscape of technology, enterprise software development is undergoing a significant transformation. Traditional coding methods are being challenged by innovative no-code solutions, which promise to streamline and democratize the software development process.
This shift is particularly impactful for enterprises, which require robust, scalable, and efficient software to manage their operations. In this article, we will explore the various facets of enterprise software development with no-code solutions, examining their benefits, challenges, and the future potential they hold.
Software Engineering, Software Consulting, Tech Lead.
Spring Boot, Spring Cloud, Spring Core, Spring JDBC, Spring Security,
Spring Transaction, Spring MVC,
Log4j, REST/SOAP WEB-SERVICES.
How to Position Your Globus Data Portal for Success Ten Good PracticesGlobus
Science gateways allow science and engineering communities to access shared data, software, computing services, and instruments. Science gateways have gained a lot of traction in the last twenty years, as evidenced by projects such as the Science Gateways Community Institute (SGCI) and the Center of Excellence on Science Gateways (SGX3) in the US, The Australian Research Data Commons (ARDC) and its platforms in Australia, and the projects around Virtual Research Environments in Europe. A few mature frameworks have evolved with their different strengths and foci and have been taken up by a larger community such as the Globus Data Portal, Hubzero, Tapis, and Galaxy. However, even when gateways are built on successful frameworks, they continue to face the challenges of ongoing maintenance costs and how to meet the ever-expanding needs of the community they serve with enhanced features. It is not uncommon that gateways with compelling use cases are nonetheless unable to get past the prototype phase and become a full production service, or if they do, they don't survive more than a couple of years. While there is no guaranteed pathway to success, it seems likely that for any gateway there is a need for a strong community and/or solid funding streams to create and sustain its success. With over twenty years of examples to draw from, this presentation goes into detail for ten factors common to successful and enduring gateways that effectively serve as best practices for any new or developing gateway.
Large Language Models and the End of ProgrammingMatt Welsh
Talk by Matt Welsh at Craft Conference 2024 on the impact that Large Language Models will have on the future of software development. In this talk, I discuss the ways in which LLMs will impact the software industry, from replacing human software developers with AI, to replacing conventional software with models that perform reasoning, computation, and problem-solving.
Gamify Your Mind; The Secret Sauce to Delivering Success, Continuously Improv...Shahin Sheidaei
Games are powerful teaching tools, fostering hands-on engagement and fun. But they require careful consideration to succeed. Join me to explore factors in running and selecting games, ensuring they serve as effective teaching tools. Learn to maintain focus on learning objectives while playing, and how to measure the ROI of gaming in education. Discover strategies for pitching gaming to leadership. This session offers insights, tips, and examples for coaches, team leads, and enterprise leaders seeking to teach from simple to complex concepts.
Listen to the keynote address and hear about the latest developments from Rachana Ananthakrishnan and Ian Foster who review the updates to the Globus Platform and Service, and the relevance of Globus to the scientific community as an automation platform to accelerate scientific discovery.
Utilocate offers a comprehensive solution for locate ticket management by automating and streamlining the entire process. By integrating with Geospatial Information Systems (GIS), it provides accurate mapping and visualization of utility locations, enhancing decision-making and reducing the risk of errors. The system's advanced data analytics tools help identify trends, predict potential issues, and optimize resource allocation, making the locate ticket management process smarter and more efficient. Additionally, automated ticket management ensures consistency and reduces human error, while real-time notifications keep all relevant personnel informed and ready to respond promptly.
The system's ability to streamline workflows and automate ticket routing significantly reduces the time taken to process each ticket, making the process faster and more efficient. Mobile access allows field technicians to update ticket information on the go, ensuring that the latest information is always available and accelerating the locate process. Overall, Utilocate not only enhances the efficiency and accuracy of locate ticket management but also improves safety by minimizing the risk of utility damage through precise and timely locates.
Prosigns: Transforming Business with Tailored Technology SolutionsProsigns
Unlocking Business Potential: Tailored Technology Solutions by Prosigns
Discover how Prosigns, a leading technology solutions provider, partners with businesses to drive innovation and success. Our presentation showcases our comprehensive range of services, including custom software development, web and mobile app development, AI & ML solutions, blockchain integration, DevOps services, and Microsoft Dynamics 365 support.
Custom Software Development: Prosigns specializes in creating bespoke software solutions that cater to your unique business needs. Our team of experts works closely with you to understand your requirements and deliver tailor-made software that enhances efficiency and drives growth.
Web and Mobile App Development: From responsive websites to intuitive mobile applications, Prosigns develops cutting-edge solutions that engage users and deliver seamless experiences across devices.
AI & ML Solutions: Harnessing the power of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Prosigns provides smart solutions that automate processes, provide valuable insights, and drive informed decision-making.
Blockchain Integration: Prosigns offers comprehensive blockchain solutions, including development, integration, and consulting services, enabling businesses to leverage blockchain technology for enhanced security, transparency, and efficiency.
DevOps Services: Prosigns' DevOps services streamline development and operations processes, ensuring faster and more reliable software delivery through automation and continuous integration.
Microsoft Dynamics 365 Support: Prosigns provides comprehensive support and maintenance services for Microsoft Dynamics 365, ensuring your system is always up-to-date, secure, and running smoothly.
Learn how our collaborative approach and dedication to excellence help businesses achieve their goals and stay ahead in today's digital landscape. From concept to deployment, Prosigns is your trusted partner for transforming ideas into reality and unlocking the full potential of your business.
Join us on a journey of innovation and growth. Let's partner for success with Prosigns.
How Recreation Management Software Can Streamline Your Operations.pptxwottaspaceseo
Recreation management software streamlines operations by automating key tasks such as scheduling, registration, and payment processing, reducing manual workload and errors. It provides centralized management of facilities, classes, and events, ensuring efficient resource allocation and facility usage. The software offers user-friendly online portals for easy access to bookings and program information, enhancing customer experience. Real-time reporting and data analytics deliver insights into attendance and preferences, aiding in strategic decision-making. Additionally, effective communication tools keep participants and staff informed with timely updates. Overall, recreation management software enhances efficiency, improves service delivery, and boosts customer satisfaction.
Providing Globus Services to Users of JASMIN for Environmental Data AnalysisGlobus
JASMIN is the UK’s high-performance data analysis platform for environmental science, operated by STFC on behalf of the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). In addition to its role in hosting the CEDA Archive (NERC’s long-term repository for climate, atmospheric science & Earth observation data in the UK), JASMIN provides a collaborative platform to a community of around 2,000 scientists in the UK and beyond, providing nearly 400 environmental science projects with working space, compute resources and tools to facilitate their work. High-performance data transfer into and out of JASMIN has always been a key feature, with many scientists bringing model outputs from supercomputers elsewhere in the UK, to analyse against observational or other model data in the CEDA Archive. A growing number of JASMIN users are now realising the benefits of using the Globus service to provide reliable and efficient data movement and other tasks in this and other contexts. Further use cases involve long-distance (intercontinental) transfers to and from JASMIN, and collecting results from a mobile atmospheric radar system, pushing data to JASMIN via a lightweight Globus deployment. We provide details of how Globus fits into our current infrastructure, our experience of the recent migration to GCSv5.4, and of our interest in developing use of the wider ecosystem of Globus services for the benefit of our user community.
Field Employee Tracking System| MiTrack App| Best Employee Tracking Solution|...informapgpstrackings
Keep tabs on your field staff effortlessly with Informap Technology Centre LLC. Real-time tracking, task assignment, and smart features for efficient management. Request a live demo today!
For more details, visit us : https://informapuae.com/field-staff-tracking/
Cyaniclab : Software Development Agency Portfolio.pdfCyanic lab
CyanicLab, an offshore custom software development company based in Sweden,India, Finland, is your go-to partner for startup development and innovative web design solutions. Our expert team specializes in crafting cutting-edge software tailored to meet the unique needs of startups and established enterprises alike. From conceptualization to execution, we offer comprehensive services including web and mobile app development, UI/UX design, and ongoing software maintenance. Ready to elevate your business? Contact CyanicLab today and let us propel your vision to success with our top-notch IT solutions.
AI Pilot Review: The World’s First Virtual Assistant Marketing SuiteGoogle
AI Pilot Review: The World’s First Virtual Assistant Marketing Suite
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https://sumonreview.com/ai-pilot-review/
AI Pilot Review: Key Features
✅Deploy AI expert bots in Any Niche With Just A Click
✅With one keyword, generate complete funnels, websites, landing pages, and more.
✅More than 85 AI features are included in the AI pilot.
✅No setup or configuration; use your voice (like Siri) to do whatever you want.
✅You Can Use AI Pilot To Create your version of AI Pilot And Charge People For It…
✅ZERO Manual Work With AI Pilot. Never write, Design, Or Code Again.
✅ZERO Limits On Features Or Usages
✅Use Our AI-powered Traffic To Get Hundreds Of Customers
✅No Complicated Setup: Get Up And Running In 2 Minutes
✅99.99% Up-Time Guaranteed
✅30 Days Money-Back Guarantee
✅ZERO Upfront Cost
See My Other Reviews Article:
(1) TubeTrivia AI Review: https://sumonreview.com/tubetrivia-ai-review
(2) SocioWave Review: https://sumonreview.com/sociowave-review
(3) AI Partner & Profit Review: https://sumonreview.com/ai-partner-profit-review
(4) AI Ebook Suite Review: https://sumonreview.com/ai-ebook-suite-review
Climate Science Flows: Enabling Petabyte-Scale Climate Analysis with the Eart...Globus
The Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) is a global network of data servers that archives and distributes the planet’s largest collection of Earth system model output for thousands of climate and environmental scientists worldwide. Many of these petabyte-scale data archives are located in proximity to large high-performance computing (HPC) or cloud computing resources, but the primary workflow for data users consists of transferring data, and applying computations on a different system. As a part of the ESGF 2.0 US project (funded by the United States Department of Energy Office of Science), we developed pre-defined data workflows, which can be run on-demand, capable of applying many data reduction and data analysis to the large ESGF data archives, transferring only the resultant analysis (ex. visualizations, smaller data files). In this talk, we will showcase a few of these workflows, highlighting how Globus Flows can be used for petabyte-scale climate analysis.
Globus Connect Server Deep Dive - GlobusWorld 2024Globus
We explore the Globus Connect Server (GCS) architecture and experiment with advanced configuration options and use cases. This content is targeted at system administrators who are familiar with GCS and currently operate—or are planning to operate—broader deployments at their institution.
Enterprise Resource Planning System includes various modules that reduce any business's workload. Additionally, it organizes the workflows, which drives towards enhancing productivity. Here are a detailed explanation of the ERP modules. Going through the points will help you understand how the software is changing the work dynamics.
To know more details here: https://blogs.nyggs.com/nyggs/enterprise-resource-planning-erp-system-modules/
1. 1Samsung Open Source Group
Stefan Schmidt
Samsung Open Source Group
stefan@osg.samsung.com
6LoWPAN: An Open IoT
Networking Protocol
OpenIoT Summit 2016
San Diego
2. 2Samsung Open Source Group
6LoWPAN: An Open IoT Networking Protocol
● Open: Specified by the IETF
– Specifications available without any membership or license fees
– Designed and developed in public
● IoT: Making “Things” Internet-aware
– Usage of IPv6 to make use of internet protocols
– Leverage on the success of open protocols in contrast to
proprietary solutions
● Networking: Stopping at layer 3
– Application layer protocols are flexible and can vary
– Often used together with CoAP, MQTT, etc
3. 3Samsung Open Source Group
●
Motivation
●
6LoWPAN
●
Linux-wpan Status
●
Future Work
Agenda
5. 5Samsung Open Source Group
Use Cases
● Battery powered sensors (temp, smoke, etc)
● Main powered appliances (washing machine)
● WiFi accesspoints as Border Router / Gateways
● Home use
● Industrial use Internet
IEEE 802.15.4
6. 6Samsung Open Source Group
Motivation 6LoWPAN
● Sensors are likely to have restricted wireless connectivity
● Using IPv6 instead of something proprietary allows the usage of
existing and proven protocols driving the internet
● A full unmodified TCP/IP stack might clash with hardware
limitations (which are useful for power savings)
● Sensors only need to transfer little
data, compared to the usage
scenarios of a Smartphone, PC ..
Internet
IEEE 802.15.4
7. 7Samsung Open Source Group
Motivation Linux-wpan
● Battery powered sensors might not run Linux but choose a smaller OS
● Main powered appliances might run Linux already and would benefit
from native 6LoWPAN support
● IEEE 802.15.4 chips could easily be integrated in WiFi accesspoints or
routers which already run Linux
● Thus a real benefit to have a
802.15.4 subsystem ready in
the Linux kernel
Internet
IEEE 802.15.4
8. 8Samsung Open Source Group
Movement Towards IP
● A lot protocols are moving towards IP
● Often started out with their own networking stack
● Switching to make use of the success of IP as a protocol
● The name Internet of Things already implies that it should be modeled
after the success of the Internet
– Direct addressing of nodes
– Re-usage of proven protocols
● But TCP/IP is not one size fits all
– Adaptations needed for MTU size
– Reduce of header overhead
– UDP (DTLS) instead of TCP to avoid latencies
9. 9Samsung Open Source Group
● Development boards
with IEEE 802.15.4
● Ci40 creator
● Artik 5/10
● Pi with openlabs shield
Development Boards
10. 10Samsung Open Source Group
●
Products with IEEE 802.15.4
●
Using 6LoWPAN or some
version of Thread
●
Nest Thermostat and Protect
●
Google OnHub router
Products
12. 12Samsung Open Source Group
ZigBee Relations
● IEEE 802.15.4 is often mixed up with ZigBee
● It uses the PHY and MAC layers defined by
IEEE 802.15.4
● Everything above Layer 2 was proprietary
● ZigBee IP seems to have switched to 6LoWPAN and
keeping application profiles on top of it
● ZigBee licensing seems incompatible with the GPL,
no ZigBee support for the Linux Kernel
13. 13Samsung Open Source Group
IEEE 802.15.4 / LoWPAN
● IEEE 802.15.4 specifications, started in 2003
● Low-Rate and low power Wireless Personal Area
Networks
● Specifies the physical and the MAC layer
● Simple addressing but no routing
● Star and Peer-to-Peer topologies supported
● Mesh topologies need some layers on top of these
● Applications are small battery powered devices like
sensors and actors in automation
14. 14Samsung Open Source Group
6LoWPAN
● A series of IETF specifications, started
in 2007
● IPv6 over LoWPAN (IEEE 802.15.4)
● Adaptation layer between Data-Link and Network layer
(RFC4944)
● Autoconfiguration with neighbor discovery (RFC4944)
● Header and payload compressions (RFC4944, RFC6282,
RFC7400)
● Updates and extensions in other RFC's (see references at the end)
15. 15Samsung Open Source Group
6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer
● The 6LoWPAN adaptation layer sits between
Data-link and original Network layer
● It effectively becomes part of the Network layer,
but only on the specified Data-Link layers
L3 Network Layer
L4 Transport Layer
L1 Physical Layer
L5 Application Layer
L2 Data Link Layer
IP
TCP | UDP | ICMP
Ethernet PHY
Application
Ethernet MAC
IPv6
UDP | ICMPv6
6LoWPAN
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY
Application
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
16. 16Samsung Open Source Group
6LoWPAN Fragmentation
●
IPv6 allows for a maximum packet size of 1280 bytes
● This is impossible to handle in the 127 bytes MTU of IEEE 802.15.4
(other PHY's will vary here)
● Therefore 6LoWPAN defines a fragmentation scheme to allow such
packets
●
The 11 bit fragmentation header allows for 2048 bytes packet size
with fragmentation
● But fragmentation can still lead to bad performance in lossy
networks
●
Recommended to avoid big packet sizes
17. 17Samsung Open Source Group
The Header Size Problem
● Worst-case scenario calculations
● Maximum frame size in IEEE 802.15.4: 127 bytes
● Reduced by the max. frame header (25 bytes): 102 bytes
● Reduced by highest link-layer security (21 bytes): 81 bytes
● Reduced by standard IPv6 header (40 bytes): 41 bytes
● Reduced by standard UDP header (8 bytes): 33 bytes
● This leaves only 33 bytes for actual payload
● The rest of the space is used by headers
Frame Header (25) LLSEC (21) IPv6 Header (40) UDP Payload (33)
18. 18Samsung Open Source Group
IPv6 Header Compression (IPHC)
● Defining some default values in IPv6 header
– Version == 6, traffic class & flow-label == 0, hop-limit only well-known values (1, 64 or 255)
– Remove the payload length (available in 6LoWPAN fragment header or data-link header)
– Addresses (link-local, global, multicast)
● Re-usage of the L2 address for IPv6
– Omit the IPv6 prefix (global known by network, link-local defined by compression)
– Using the EUI-64 L2 address
– Using the short address in following format PAN_ID:16 bit zero:SHORT_ADDRESS
Version
Source Address
(128 bit)
Destination Address
(128 bit)
Traffic Class Flow Label (20 bit)
Payload Length (16 bit) Next Header Hop Limit (8 bit)
IPv6 Header (40 bytes)
Source Address
Dispatch
6LoWPAN Header IPHC multi-hop (7 bytes)
Hop LimitLoWPAN_IPHC
Destination Address
Dispatch
6LoWPAN Header IPHC link-local (2 bytes)
LoWPAN_IPHC
19. 19Samsung Open Source Group
6LoWPAN Compressions
● Started with HC1 and HC2 compressions (Best
savings in link-local communication, e.g. neighbor
discovery)
● Updated / deprecated by IPHC and NHC
● Extended by Generic Header Compression
● More NHC schemes to come, e.g. EAP
● Possible to invent your own scheme if you have
repeating usage patterns in your use case
20. 20Samsung Open Source Group
Next Header Compression
● RFC6282
● LOWPAN_IPHC
– Better compression for global and multicast addresses not only link-local
– Compress header fields with common values: version, traffic class, flow label,
hop-limit
● NHC IPv6 Extension Header compression
– Hop-by-Hop, Routing Header, Fragment Header, Destination Options Header,
Mobility Header
● NHC UDP Header compression
– Compressing ports range to 4 bits
– Allows to omit the UDP checksum for cases where upper layers handle message integrity
21. 21Samsung Open Source Group
The Header Size Solution
● Calculations with plain 6LoWPAN usage
● IPv6 with link-local and UDP on top
● IPHC with NHC for UDP
● The 48 bytes IPv6 + UDP header could in
the best cases be reduced to 6 bytes
Frame Header (25) LLSEC (21) 6 Payload (75)
Dispatch (1) LOWPAN_IPHC (1)LOWPAN_NHC (1) UDP Ports (1) UDP Checksum (2)
22. 22Samsung Open Source Group
Generic Header Compression
● RFC7400
● A new scheme had to be defined for each new header which
should be compressed
● Plugging into NHC
● Adding a vastly more general, but slightly less efficient scheme
● LZ-77 style compression with bytecode for
– Appending zeroes
– Backreferencing to a static dictionary
– Copy data as is
● Indicating GHC capability over ND option 6CIO for bootstrapping
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Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
● Autoconfiguration based on layer 2 address
– EUI-64 hardware address use as is
– Pseudo 48bit address based on short address:
16_bit_PAN:16_zero_bits:16_bit_short_address
● Link-local addresses use the FE80::/64 prefix
● Neighbor Discovery for 6LoWPAN is specified
in RFC6775
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Bluetooth LE Relationship
● IETF specification for IPv6 over Bluetooth LE
● RFC7668
● No fragmentation but usage of
compression methods
● Common code is thus shared between the
wpan and Bluetooth subsystems in the
Linux kernel
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More 6LoWPAN Adaptations
● Specifications being prepared for other L2 technologies
● NFC
● DECT Ultra Low Energy
● PowerLine (PLC)
● 802.11ah lower energy consumption, many stations,
long distance, sub 1GHz
● 6loBAC: Token passing network for the RS-485 physical
layer
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Project
● IEEE 802.15.4 and 6LoWPAN support in the Linux kernel
● Started in 2008 as linux-zigbee project on Sourceforge
● The first steps of mainlining around 2012
● New project name to avoid confusion: Linux-wpan
● New maintainer Alexander Aring, Pengutronix
● Mailing list moved to vger like most other Kernel lists
● Patches are now handled on the list and picked up through the
Bluetooth-next tree
● http://wpan.cakelab.org, releases, docs
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Architecture
● ieee802154 handles the MAC layer and
drivers (wpan0 interface)
● 6LoWPAN sits on top of the wpan devices
and acts as adaptation layer to be used
by the normal IPv6 kernel stack
(lowpan0 interface)
● 6LoWPAN transparently handles the
fragmentation and reassembly between
the different MTU's (127 vs 1280)
as well as compressions
Source: Alexander Aring
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Current Mainline Status
● ieee802154 layer with drivers for various chips
(at86rf2xx, mrf24j40, cc2520, atusb, adf7242)
● Link Layer Security
● 6LoWPAN implementation
● LOWPAN_IPHC
● NHC for UDP
● GHC being worked on
● Connection between Linux devices
● Connection to Contiki devices
● Connection to RIOT devices
Source: openlabs.ca
Source: qi-hardware.com
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Next Header Compression
● 6LoWPAN Next Header Compression (NHC)
● Kernel framework allows for different modules to
handle one compression and decrompression format
each
● Mix and match different modules/formats
● Only NHC UDP is fully implemented right now
● Runtime configuration interface missing
● GHC capability indication via ND (6CIO) not yet supported
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Linux-wpan
●
Implement missing parts of the spec
– Beacon and MAC command frame support
– Coordinator support in MAC layer and wpan-tools
– Scan for available PANs
– Short address handling in 6LoWPAN
●
Improve existing drivers and add support for new hardware
●
Implement more NHC modules for other compression
schemes
●
Neighbor Discovery Optimization for 6LoWPAN (RFC6775)
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Interoperability
●
Linux-wpan is most of the time tested against Linux-wpan only
●
Basic tests with Contiki
– IEEE 802.15.4 connections
– 6LoWPAN with LOWPAN_IPHC and NHC UDP
●
RIOT OS developers also test against Linux-wpan
– Lead to fixes on both sides
●
Attending a formal Plugtest is still on the agenda
– There was some testing during the ETSI plugtest at IETF94 between Linux
and RIOT
– Maybe another Plugtest in Berlin in July
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Miscellaneous
●
Routing Protocol for Low-Power and
Lossy Networks (RFC6550)
– unstrung, linux-rpl as current implementations
●
Thread uses many parts 6LoWPAN for
their protocol
– Potential for cooperation and interop testing
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References
● RFC4919: 6LoWPAN Problem Statement
● RFC4944: Transmission of IPv6 Packets over
IEEE 802.15.4 Networks
● RFC6282: Compression Format for IPv6 Datagrams
● RFC6550: RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and
Lossy Networks
● RFC6775: Neighbor Discovery Optimization for 6LoWPAN
● RFC7400: 6LoWPAN-GHC: Generic Header Compression
for 6LoWPAN