The document discusses normalization, which is the process of organizing data to avoid anomalies. It covers first normal form (1NF), second normal form (2NF), and third normal form (3NF). 1NF means eliminating repeating groups and multi-valued attributes. 2NF means the relation depends on only the primary key. 3NF means removing transitive dependencies between non-key attributes. Various examples show how to decompose relations into multiple tables in higher normal forms to eliminate anomalies like insertion, deletion, and modification issues.