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Normalization 
• Normalization is a process of analyzing a 
relation to ensure it is well formed 
• More specifically, if a relation is normalized, 
rows can be added, removed, or updated 
without creating exceptions
Normalization 
The process of decomposing relations with 
anomalies to produce smaller well-structured 
relations. 
Anomalies: Errors or inconsistencies that may 
result when user attempts to update a table 
that contains redundant data. 
Well-structured relations contains minimal 
redundancy and allows users to insert, modify, 
and delete the rows in a table without errors or 
inconsistencies.
Anomalies 
• Relations that are not normalized will experience 
issues known as anomalies 
– Insertion anomaly 
• Difficulties inserting data into a relation 
– Modification anomaly 
• Difficulties modifying data into a relation 
– Deletion anomaly 
• Difficulties deleting data from a relation
Stages of Normal Forms 
• First Normal Form (1NF) 
• Second Normal Form (2NF) 
• Third Normal Form (3NF) 
• Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) 
• Fourth Normal Form (4NF) 
• Fifth Normal Form (5NF) 
• Domain/Key Normal Form (DK/NF)
First Normal Form 
A relation is in first normal form when it contains 
no multi-valued attributes. 
The value at the intersection of each row and 
column must be atomic.
TABLE WITH REPEATING GROUPS 
Emp_ID Name Dept_Name Salary Course_Name Date_Completed 
1233 Andrew Market 48,000 SSAD 
MS-Office 
06/12/1999 
12/05/1998 
1245 James Accounting 52,000 Taxation 09/07/1998 
1456 Mary MIS 80,000 C++ 
D2000 
Java Basics 
03/03/2000 
12/01/1998 
14/06/1999 
1789 Robert MIS 90,000 DB2 
CICS 
SSAD 
03/03/1998 
29/10/1999 
15/05/1999 
EMPLOYEE
TABLE IN FIRST NORMAL FORM 
EMPLOYEE 
Emp_ID Name Dept_Name Salary Course_Name Date_Complete 
d 
1233 Andrew Marketing 48,000 SSAD 06/12/1999 
1233 Andrew Marketing 48,000 MS-Office 12/05/1998 
1245 James Accounting 52,000 Taxation 09/07/1998 
1456 Mary MIS 80,000 C++ 03/03/2000 
1456 Mary MIS 80,000 D2000 12/01/1998 
1456 Mary MIS 80,000 Java Basics 14/06/1999
Project 
Proj_Num Proj_Name Emp_num Emp_ 
Name 
Job_Class Chg_hour Hrs 
15 Evergreen 103 June 
E 
Arbou 
gh 
Elec_Engi 
neer 
$84.50 23. 
8 
101 John 
G 
News 
Database 
Designer 
$105.00 19. 
4 
105 Alice 
K 
Johns 
on 
Database 
Designer 
$105.00 35. 
7
Project 
Proj_Num Proj_ 
Name 
Emp_nu 
m 
Emp_N 
ame 
Job_Clas 
s 
Chg_hou 
r 
Hrs 
15 Everg 
reen 
103 June E 
Arbou 
gh 
Elec_En 
gineer 
$84.50 23.8 
15 Everg 
reen 
101 John G 
News 
Databa 
se 
Designe 
r 
$105.0 
0 
19.4 
15 Everg 
reen 
105 Alice K 
Johnso 
n 
Databa 
se 
Designe 
r 
$105.0 
0 
35.7
Example for 1NF
Functional Dependencies And Keys 
Normalization is based on the analysis of 
functional dependencies. 
Functional dependency A constraint between 
two attributes or two sets of attributes. 
Emp_ID, Course_Name 
Date_Completed 
The date a course is completed is 
determined by the identity of the 
employee and the name of the course.
Second Normal Form 
A relation that is in first normal form and has 
every non-key attribute functionally 
dependent on the primary key.
Second Normal Form 
A relation that is in first normal form is in second 
normal form if and only if 
1. The primary key consists of only one attribute. 
2. No non-key attribute exists in the relation. 
3. Every no-key attribute is functionally 
dependent on the primary key. 
To convert relation into second normal form, we 
decompose the relation into new relationships.
Second Normal Form 
EMPLOYEE is decomposed into two relations 
EMPLOYE1 
Emp_ID Name Dept_Name Salary 
1233 Andrew Marketing 48,000 
1245 James Accounting 52,000 
1456 Mary MIS 80,000 
EMPLOYE2 
Emp_ID Course_Name Date_Completed 
1233 SSAD 06/12/1999 
1233 MS-Office 12/05/1998 
1456 C++ 03/03/2000 
1456 D2000 12/01/1998 
1456 Java Basics 14/06/1999
After applying 2NF
Third Normal Form 
Transitive dependency 
Functional dependency between two nor more 
non-key attributes. 
A relation is in third normal form (3NF), if it is in 
second normal form and no transitive 
dependencies exist.
Third Normal Form 
Relation with transitive dependency 
SALES 
CustID Name Salesperson Region 
Cust_ID is the primary key. All of the remaining attributes are 
functionally dependent on this attribute 
However, region is functionally dependent on sales 
person and salesperson is functionally dependent on Cust_ID.
Salesperson Region 
CustID Name Salesperson
Example for 3NF
Solution to Previous Example
Boyce/Codd normal form 
Boyce / Codd normal form Any remaining 
anomalies that result from functional 
dependencies have been removed
Case study 
1. Student 
2. Employee and Projects
Exercises 
1. Normalization 
2. E-R and Normalization

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6. normalization

  • 1. Normalization • Normalization is a process of analyzing a relation to ensure it is well formed • More specifically, if a relation is normalized, rows can be added, removed, or updated without creating exceptions
  • 2. Normalization The process of decomposing relations with anomalies to produce smaller well-structured relations. Anomalies: Errors or inconsistencies that may result when user attempts to update a table that contains redundant data. Well-structured relations contains minimal redundancy and allows users to insert, modify, and delete the rows in a table without errors or inconsistencies.
  • 3. Anomalies • Relations that are not normalized will experience issues known as anomalies – Insertion anomaly • Difficulties inserting data into a relation – Modification anomaly • Difficulties modifying data into a relation – Deletion anomaly • Difficulties deleting data from a relation
  • 4. Stages of Normal Forms • First Normal Form (1NF) • Second Normal Form (2NF) • Third Normal Form (3NF) • Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) • Fourth Normal Form (4NF) • Fifth Normal Form (5NF) • Domain/Key Normal Form (DK/NF)
  • 5. First Normal Form A relation is in first normal form when it contains no multi-valued attributes. The value at the intersection of each row and column must be atomic.
  • 6. TABLE WITH REPEATING GROUPS Emp_ID Name Dept_Name Salary Course_Name Date_Completed 1233 Andrew Market 48,000 SSAD MS-Office 06/12/1999 12/05/1998 1245 James Accounting 52,000 Taxation 09/07/1998 1456 Mary MIS 80,000 C++ D2000 Java Basics 03/03/2000 12/01/1998 14/06/1999 1789 Robert MIS 90,000 DB2 CICS SSAD 03/03/1998 29/10/1999 15/05/1999 EMPLOYEE
  • 7. TABLE IN FIRST NORMAL FORM EMPLOYEE Emp_ID Name Dept_Name Salary Course_Name Date_Complete d 1233 Andrew Marketing 48,000 SSAD 06/12/1999 1233 Andrew Marketing 48,000 MS-Office 12/05/1998 1245 James Accounting 52,000 Taxation 09/07/1998 1456 Mary MIS 80,000 C++ 03/03/2000 1456 Mary MIS 80,000 D2000 12/01/1998 1456 Mary MIS 80,000 Java Basics 14/06/1999
  • 8. Project Proj_Num Proj_Name Emp_num Emp_ Name Job_Class Chg_hour Hrs 15 Evergreen 103 June E Arbou gh Elec_Engi neer $84.50 23. 8 101 John G News Database Designer $105.00 19. 4 105 Alice K Johns on Database Designer $105.00 35. 7
  • 9. Project Proj_Num Proj_ Name Emp_nu m Emp_N ame Job_Clas s Chg_hou r Hrs 15 Everg reen 103 June E Arbou gh Elec_En gineer $84.50 23.8 15 Everg reen 101 John G News Databa se Designe r $105.0 0 19.4 15 Everg reen 105 Alice K Johnso n Databa se Designe r $105.0 0 35.7
  • 11. Functional Dependencies And Keys Normalization is based on the analysis of functional dependencies. Functional dependency A constraint between two attributes or two sets of attributes. Emp_ID, Course_Name Date_Completed The date a course is completed is determined by the identity of the employee and the name of the course.
  • 12. Second Normal Form A relation that is in first normal form and has every non-key attribute functionally dependent on the primary key.
  • 13. Second Normal Form A relation that is in first normal form is in second normal form if and only if 1. The primary key consists of only one attribute. 2. No non-key attribute exists in the relation. 3. Every no-key attribute is functionally dependent on the primary key. To convert relation into second normal form, we decompose the relation into new relationships.
  • 14. Second Normal Form EMPLOYEE is decomposed into two relations EMPLOYE1 Emp_ID Name Dept_Name Salary 1233 Andrew Marketing 48,000 1245 James Accounting 52,000 1456 Mary MIS 80,000 EMPLOYE2 Emp_ID Course_Name Date_Completed 1233 SSAD 06/12/1999 1233 MS-Office 12/05/1998 1456 C++ 03/03/2000 1456 D2000 12/01/1998 1456 Java Basics 14/06/1999
  • 15.
  • 17. Third Normal Form Transitive dependency Functional dependency between two nor more non-key attributes. A relation is in third normal form (3NF), if it is in second normal form and no transitive dependencies exist.
  • 18. Third Normal Form Relation with transitive dependency SALES CustID Name Salesperson Region Cust_ID is the primary key. All of the remaining attributes are functionally dependent on this attribute However, region is functionally dependent on sales person and salesperson is functionally dependent on Cust_ID.
  • 19. Salesperson Region CustID Name Salesperson
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24. Boyce/Codd normal form Boyce / Codd normal form Any remaining anomalies that result from functional dependencies have been removed
  • 25.
  • 26. Case study 1. Student 2. Employee and Projects
  • 27. Exercises 1. Normalization 2. E-R and Normalization