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CCrroossss--sseeccttiioonn ddiiaaggrraammss iinn 
33 DDiimmeennttiioonnss ((CChhaapptteerr 77 CCoonntt..)) 
FFeennccee DDiiaaggrraammss 
IInn ppeettrroolleeuumm eexxpplloorraattiioonn,, tthhee ddeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff aa pprroossppeecctt 
iiss aa tthhrreeee--ddiimmeennssiioonnaall pprroobblleemm.. OOnnee ooff tthhee ddrraawwbbaacckkss ooff 
ccrroossss sseeccttiioonnss iiss tthhaatt tthheeyy aarree lliimmiitteedd ttoo ttwwoo ddiimmeennssiioonnss.. 
HHooww ccaann wwee iilllluussttrraattee tthhee tthhrreeee--ddiimmeennssiioonnaall ggeeoollooggyy ooff 
aann aarreeaa?? 
TThhee mmoosstt ccoommmmoonn ttyyppee ooff ddiiaaggrraamm sshhoowwiinngg ggeeoollooggiiccaall 
rreellaattiioonnsshhiippss iinn tthhrreeee ddiimmeennssiioonnss iiss aa ffeennccee ddiiaaggrraamm (( 
FFiigguurree 11)).. FFeennccee ddiiaaggrraammss ccoonnssiisstt ooff aa tthhrreeee-- 
ddiimmeennssiioonnaall nneettwwoorrkk ooff ggeeoollooggiiccaall ccrroossss sseeccttiioonnss ddrraawwnn 
iinn ttwwoo ddiimmeennssiioonnss.. TThhee ddiiaaggrraamm iiss bbuuiilltt oonn aa mmaapp bbaassee 
wwhhiicchh iiss sseeeenn iinn ppllaann vviieeww..
FFiigguurree 0011
FFeennccee DDiiaaggrraammss 
IInn ccoonnssttrruuccttiinngg aa ffeennccee ddiiaaggrraamm,, tthhee ppllaannee ooff tthhee mmaapp 
bbaassee ccoorrrreessppoonnddss ttoo tthhee cchhoosseenn ddaattuumm ppllaannee,, aanndd tthhee 
wweellll llooccaattiioonn oonn tthhee mmaapp iiss ttaakkeenn ttoo bbee tthhee ppooiinntt wwhheerree 
tthhee wweellll iinntteerrsseeccttss tthhee ddaattuumm ppllaannee.. TThhee wweellllss aarree hhuunngg 
oonn tthhee ddaattuumm aanndd tthheenn iinnddiivviidduuaall ccrroossss sseeccttiioonn ppaanneellss 
aarree ffiilllleedd iinn,, bbeeggiinnnniinngg aatt tthhee ffrroonntt ooff tthhee ddiiaaggrraamm.. 
IInn ffeennccee ddiiaaggrraammss,, oonnee mmuusstt ccoonnssiiddeerr tthhee oovveerraallll 
oorriieennttaattiioonn ooff tthhee ffiigguurree,, bbeeaarriinngg iinn mmiinndd tthhaatt ppaanneellss 
oorriieenntteedd ppaarraalllleell ttoo tthhee vviieewwiinngg ddiirreeccttiioonn wwiillll aappppeeaarr oonnllyy 
aass ssttrraaiigghhtt lliinneess.. SSuucchh ppaanneellss aarree uussuuaallllyy oommiitttteedd ffrroomm 
tthhee ddiiaaggrraamm.. IIff iimmppoorrttaanntt ppaanneellss aarree nnoott ddiissppllaayyeedd ttoo tthhee 
bbeesstt aaddvvaannttaaggee,, tthhee vviieewwiinngg ddiirreeccttiioonn ccaann bbee cchhaannggeedd 
ssoo tthhaatt tthhee ffeeaattuurreess ooff iinntteerreesstt aarree pprreesseenntteedd iinn tthhee mmoosstt 
eeffffeeccttiivvee wwaayy..
FFeennccee DDiiaaggrraammss 
FFrroonntt ppaanneellss ssoommeettiimmeess oobbssccuurree ppaarrttss ooff rreeaarr 
ppaanneellss iinn ffeennccee ddiiaaggrraammss.. WWhheerree ttwwoo ppaanneellss 
oovveerrllaapp,, tthhee ccoorrrreellaattiioonnss oonn tthhee ffrroonntt ppaanneell aarree 
ddrraawwnn iinn wwiitthh ssoolliidd lliinneess aanndd hhiigghhlliigghhtteedd wwiitthh 
ccoolloorrss,, wwhhiillee tthhee ccoorrrreellaattiioonnss oonn tthhee oovveerrllaappppeedd 
ppaarrtt ooff tthhee rreeaarr ppaanneell aarree ssiimmppllyy ddaasshheedd iinn.. 
WWhheenn tthhee vveerrttiiccaall ssccaallee iiss ttoooo llaarrggee oorr tthhee 
ssppaacciinngg ooff sseeccttiioonnss iiss ttoooo cclloossee,, vveerryy llaarrggee 
ppaarrttss ooff tthhee rreeaarr ppaanneellss mmaayy bbee oobbssccuurreedd (( 
FFiigguurree 22))..
FFiigguurree 0022
FFeennccee DDiiaaggrraammss 
UUssuuaallllyy,, tthhiiss pprroobblleemm ccaann bbee mmiinniimmiizzeedd iiff tthhee vveerrttiiccaall 
ssccaallee aanndd tthhee ppaanneell ssppaacciinngg aarree ccaarreeffuullllyy cchhoosseenn.. 
HHoowweevveerr,, iitt iiss nnoott aallwwaayyss ppoossssiibbllee ttoo cchhaannggee tthhee ssccaallee 
oorr ssppaacciinngg wwiitthhoouutt lloossiinngg iimmppoorrttaanntt ddeettaaiillss iilllluussttrraatteedd 
bbyy tthhee ddiiaaggrraamm.. IInn ssuucchh aa ccaassee,, oonnee ccaann ccoonnssttrruucctt aann 
iissoommeettrriicc pprroojjeeccttiioonn ooff tthhee ffeennccee ddiiaaggrraamm (( FFiigguurree 44 ,, 
oonnllyy lliinneess ppaarraalllleell ttoo tthhee NNoorrtthh--SSoouutthh aanndd EEaasstt--WWeesstt 
aaxxeess aarree uunnddiissttoorrtteedd)).. 
TThhee mmaapp bbaassee iinn aann iissoommeettrriicc pprroojjeeccttiioonn iiss sshhoowwnn aass iiff 
iitt wwaass ttuurrnneedd aatt aann aannggllee aanndd ttiilltteedd ttoowwaarrdd tthhee vviieewweerr.. 
TThhee ccoonnvveerrssiioonn iiss aaccttuuaallllyy aa ttrraannssffoorrmmaattiioonn ffrroomm 
oorrtthhooggoonnaall ttoo nnoonnoorrtthhooggoonnaall aaxxeess.. AA rreeccttaanngguullaarr mmaapp 
bbaassee wwiillll bbeeccoommee aa ppaarraalllleellooggrraamm iinn aann iissoommeettrriicc 
pprroojjeeccttiioonn (( FFiigguurree 33 aanndd FFiigguurree 44))..
• All lines that were parallel to the original 
horizontal and vertical axes remain parallel to 
the corresponding new axes, and the scale 
along these lines also remains unchanged. 
However, lines which were not parallel to the 
original axes will be distorted. Points along 
such lines must be transferred onto the 
projection by coordinates relative to the new 
axes. A grid system is helpful in this process.
FFiigguurree 0033
FFiigguurree 0044
BBlloocckk DDiiaaggrraammss 
• Along with the fence diagram, another type of 
diagram illustrating three- dimensional geological 
relationships is a block diagram (Figure 5). 
• This type of figure is a two-dimensional 
representation of a rectangular block. Two 
intersecting cross sections often form the sides of the 
block; the top of the block shows either a mapped 
surface or relief on the uppermost geological 
boundary shown in the cross sections. The block may 
be rotated to achieve the most effective viewing 
angle, and it may be drawn with or without the use of 
perspective.
FFiigguurree 0055
BBlloocckk DDiiaaggrraammss 
• Isometric block diagrams do not employ perspective. 
opposite sides of the block remain parallel, making the 
distant end of the diagram appear to be larger (Figure 
6 , Figure 7, and Figure 8). 
The top of this type of block diagram may be given 
any degree of tilt toward the viewer.
FFiigguurree 0066
FFiigguurree 0077
FFiigguurree 0088
• A large amount of tilt emphasizes features on 
the top surface of the block; a smaller degree of 
tilt brings out details on the sides of the block. 
Scales along the x, y, and z axes need not be 
equal. 
• The scale along the sides of the figure (y) is 
sometimes chosen to be smaller than the scale 
across the front and back edges (x), thus 
creating an illusion of perspective. 
• Perspective can be used in constructing block 
diagrams (Figure 9).
FFiigguurree 0099
In perspective blocks, all parallel lines with a 
component in the y direction converge to a vanishing 
point on the horizon. 
Sets of parallel lines with different orientations 
converge to different vanishing points. 
The cross section on the front face of the block is 
usually left undistorted by perspective. It is possible 
both to rotate the block about the z axis or to display 
it at different elevations relative to the horizon. Again, 
the choice of block orientation is made to emphasize 
the important features of the diagram.

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07 2 chapter7-cross-section diagrams in 3 dimentions part 2-2

  • 1. CCrroossss--sseeccttiioonn ddiiaaggrraammss iinn 33 DDiimmeennttiioonnss ((CChhaapptteerr 77 CCoonntt..)) FFeennccee DDiiaaggrraammss IInn ppeettrroolleeuumm eexxpplloorraattiioonn,, tthhee ddeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff aa pprroossppeecctt iiss aa tthhrreeee--ddiimmeennssiioonnaall pprroobblleemm.. OOnnee ooff tthhee ddrraawwbbaacckkss ooff ccrroossss sseeccttiioonnss iiss tthhaatt tthheeyy aarree lliimmiitteedd ttoo ttwwoo ddiimmeennssiioonnss.. HHooww ccaann wwee iilllluussttrraattee tthhee tthhrreeee--ddiimmeennssiioonnaall ggeeoollooggyy ooff aann aarreeaa?? TThhee mmoosstt ccoommmmoonn ttyyppee ooff ddiiaaggrraamm sshhoowwiinngg ggeeoollooggiiccaall rreellaattiioonnsshhiippss iinn tthhrreeee ddiimmeennssiioonnss iiss aa ffeennccee ddiiaaggrraamm (( FFiigguurree 11)).. FFeennccee ddiiaaggrraammss ccoonnssiisstt ooff aa tthhrreeee-- ddiimmeennssiioonnaall nneettwwoorrkk ooff ggeeoollooggiiccaall ccrroossss sseeccttiioonnss ddrraawwnn iinn ttwwoo ddiimmeennssiioonnss.. TThhee ddiiaaggrraamm iiss bbuuiilltt oonn aa mmaapp bbaassee wwhhiicchh iiss sseeeenn iinn ppllaann vviieeww..
  • 3. FFeennccee DDiiaaggrraammss IInn ccoonnssttrruuccttiinngg aa ffeennccee ddiiaaggrraamm,, tthhee ppllaannee ooff tthhee mmaapp bbaassee ccoorrrreessppoonnddss ttoo tthhee cchhoosseenn ddaattuumm ppllaannee,, aanndd tthhee wweellll llooccaattiioonn oonn tthhee mmaapp iiss ttaakkeenn ttoo bbee tthhee ppooiinntt wwhheerree tthhee wweellll iinntteerrsseeccttss tthhee ddaattuumm ppllaannee.. TThhee wweellllss aarree hhuunngg oonn tthhee ddaattuumm aanndd tthheenn iinnddiivviidduuaall ccrroossss sseeccttiioonn ppaanneellss aarree ffiilllleedd iinn,, bbeeggiinnnniinngg aatt tthhee ffrroonntt ooff tthhee ddiiaaggrraamm.. IInn ffeennccee ddiiaaggrraammss,, oonnee mmuusstt ccoonnssiiddeerr tthhee oovveerraallll oorriieennttaattiioonn ooff tthhee ffiigguurree,, bbeeaarriinngg iinn mmiinndd tthhaatt ppaanneellss oorriieenntteedd ppaarraalllleell ttoo tthhee vviieewwiinngg ddiirreeccttiioonn wwiillll aappppeeaarr oonnllyy aass ssttrraaiigghhtt lliinneess.. SSuucchh ppaanneellss aarree uussuuaallllyy oommiitttteedd ffrroomm tthhee ddiiaaggrraamm.. IIff iimmppoorrttaanntt ppaanneellss aarree nnoott ddiissppllaayyeedd ttoo tthhee bbeesstt aaddvvaannttaaggee,, tthhee vviieewwiinngg ddiirreeccttiioonn ccaann bbee cchhaannggeedd ssoo tthhaatt tthhee ffeeaattuurreess ooff iinntteerreesstt aarree pprreesseenntteedd iinn tthhee mmoosstt eeffffeeccttiivvee wwaayy..
  • 4. FFeennccee DDiiaaggrraammss FFrroonntt ppaanneellss ssoommeettiimmeess oobbssccuurree ppaarrttss ooff rreeaarr ppaanneellss iinn ffeennccee ddiiaaggrraammss.. WWhheerree ttwwoo ppaanneellss oovveerrllaapp,, tthhee ccoorrrreellaattiioonnss oonn tthhee ffrroonntt ppaanneell aarree ddrraawwnn iinn wwiitthh ssoolliidd lliinneess aanndd hhiigghhlliigghhtteedd wwiitthh ccoolloorrss,, wwhhiillee tthhee ccoorrrreellaattiioonnss oonn tthhee oovveerrllaappppeedd ppaarrtt ooff tthhee rreeaarr ppaanneell aarree ssiimmppllyy ddaasshheedd iinn.. WWhheenn tthhee vveerrttiiccaall ssccaallee iiss ttoooo llaarrggee oorr tthhee ssppaacciinngg ooff sseeccttiioonnss iiss ttoooo cclloossee,, vveerryy llaarrggee ppaarrttss ooff tthhee rreeaarr ppaanneellss mmaayy bbee oobbssccuurreedd (( FFiigguurree 22))..
  • 6. FFeennccee DDiiaaggrraammss UUssuuaallllyy,, tthhiiss pprroobblleemm ccaann bbee mmiinniimmiizzeedd iiff tthhee vveerrttiiccaall ssccaallee aanndd tthhee ppaanneell ssppaacciinngg aarree ccaarreeffuullllyy cchhoosseenn.. HHoowweevveerr,, iitt iiss nnoott aallwwaayyss ppoossssiibbllee ttoo cchhaannggee tthhee ssccaallee oorr ssppaacciinngg wwiitthhoouutt lloossiinngg iimmppoorrttaanntt ddeettaaiillss iilllluussttrraatteedd bbyy tthhee ddiiaaggrraamm.. IInn ssuucchh aa ccaassee,, oonnee ccaann ccoonnssttrruucctt aann iissoommeettrriicc pprroojjeeccttiioonn ooff tthhee ffeennccee ddiiaaggrraamm (( FFiigguurree 44 ,, oonnllyy lliinneess ppaarraalllleell ttoo tthhee NNoorrtthh--SSoouutthh aanndd EEaasstt--WWeesstt aaxxeess aarree uunnddiissttoorrtteedd)).. TThhee mmaapp bbaassee iinn aann iissoommeettrriicc pprroojjeeccttiioonn iiss sshhoowwnn aass iiff iitt wwaass ttuurrnneedd aatt aann aannggllee aanndd ttiilltteedd ttoowwaarrdd tthhee vviieewweerr.. TThhee ccoonnvveerrssiioonn iiss aaccttuuaallllyy aa ttrraannssffoorrmmaattiioonn ffrroomm oorrtthhooggoonnaall ttoo nnoonnoorrtthhooggoonnaall aaxxeess.. AA rreeccttaanngguullaarr mmaapp bbaassee wwiillll bbeeccoommee aa ppaarraalllleellooggrraamm iinn aann iissoommeettrriicc pprroojjeeccttiioonn (( FFiigguurree 33 aanndd FFiigguurree 44))..
  • 7. • All lines that were parallel to the original horizontal and vertical axes remain parallel to the corresponding new axes, and the scale along these lines also remains unchanged. However, lines which were not parallel to the original axes will be distorted. Points along such lines must be transferred onto the projection by coordinates relative to the new axes. A grid system is helpful in this process.
  • 10. BBlloocckk DDiiaaggrraammss • Along with the fence diagram, another type of diagram illustrating three- dimensional geological relationships is a block diagram (Figure 5). • This type of figure is a two-dimensional representation of a rectangular block. Two intersecting cross sections often form the sides of the block; the top of the block shows either a mapped surface or relief on the uppermost geological boundary shown in the cross sections. The block may be rotated to achieve the most effective viewing angle, and it may be drawn with or without the use of perspective.
  • 12. BBlloocckk DDiiaaggrraammss • Isometric block diagrams do not employ perspective. opposite sides of the block remain parallel, making the distant end of the diagram appear to be larger (Figure 6 , Figure 7, and Figure 8). The top of this type of block diagram may be given any degree of tilt toward the viewer.
  • 16. • A large amount of tilt emphasizes features on the top surface of the block; a smaller degree of tilt brings out details on the sides of the block. Scales along the x, y, and z axes need not be equal. • The scale along the sides of the figure (y) is sometimes chosen to be smaller than the scale across the front and back edges (x), thus creating an illusion of perspective. • Perspective can be used in constructing block diagrams (Figure 9).
  • 18. In perspective blocks, all parallel lines with a component in the y direction converge to a vanishing point on the horizon. Sets of parallel lines with different orientations converge to different vanishing points. The cross section on the front face of the block is usually left undistorted by perspective. It is possible both to rotate the block about the z axis or to display it at different elevations relative to the horizon. Again, the choice of block orientation is made to emphasize the important features of the diagram.