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01 begin & chapter1
1. PPEETTRROOLLEEUUMM GGEEOOLLOOGGYY
((ÑÑÒÒAA CCHHAAÁÁTT DDAAÀÀUU KKHHÍÍ))
• BEGINNING
• Chapter 1: ORIGIN & PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBON (Nguoàn goác vaø
tính chaát daàu khí)
• Chapter 2: RESERVOIR (Taàng chöùa )
• Chapter 3: TRAP (Baãy)
• Chapter 4: SEAL (Taàng chaén)
• Chapter 5: GENERATION AND MIGRATION OF HYDROCARBON (Söï
hình thaønh vaø di cö cuûa HC)
• Chapter 6: THE SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENT (Moâi tröôøng ngaàm)
• Chapter 7: SUBSURFACE MAPPING AND CROSS SECTION (Baûn ñoà vaø
maët caét taàng ngaàm)
• Chapter 8: THE HABITA OF HYDROCARBONS IN SEDIMENTARY BASINS (Cö
truù cuûa HC trong caùc boàn traàm tích)
• Chapter 9: DRILLING AND WELL COMPLETION (Coâng ngheä khoan-hoaøn
taát gieáng vaø khai thaùc DK)
• Chapter 10: PPEETTRROOLLEEUUMM EEXXPPLLOORRAATTIIOONN--EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN MMEETTHHOODDSS ((Caùc phöông
phaùp tìm kieám thaåm löôïng DK)
2. TTAAØØII LLIIEEÄÄUU TTHHAAMM KKHHAAÛÛOO
1. Baøi giaûng ñòa chaát daàu khí (Tieáng Anh),
nguoàn töø boä 56 ñóa CD veà daàu khí-
IHRDC, Houston, USA.
2. Basic petroleum geology, Peter K. Link, OGCI
publications (Oil and Gas Consultants
International, Inc.), 1987, Tulsa, Oklahoma,
USA.
3. Petroleum Geology, F. K. North, 1990, Unwin
Hyman Inc., London, UK.
4. Geochemistry in petroleum exploration, 1985,
D. W. Waples, International Human Resources
Development Coporation, Boston, USA
3. • CAÙC TAÏP CHÍ ÑÒA CHAÁT DAÀU
– Taïp chí daàu khí, Toång coâng ty daàu khí
Vieät Nam;
– American Association of petroleum geologist
(AAPG);
– Journal of petroleum geology (England)
– The Australian petroleum exploration
association (APEA)
• CAÙC TAÏP CHÍ LIEÂN QUAN ÑEÁN ÑÒA
CHAÁT DAÀU
– Taïp chí ñòa chaát
– Sedimentology (Traàm tích hoïc)
– Sedimentary geology (Ñòa chaát traàm tích)
– Journal of sedimentary petrology (Taïp chí
thaïch hoïc TT)
8. HHiissttoorriiccaall
• Petroleum products have been used for at least
8000 years
• Herodotus 450 BC – natural seeps
• Egyptians – mummification/ Victorian medication
• Ancient Greece everlasting flame in the sacred
Oracle (thaùnh ñòa) at Delphi
• Persian Temples built around natural gas sources
9. HHiissttoorriiccaall ((ccoonntt))
• Early uses:
– medication, waterproofing, warfare
• Up to Mid. 19th century: all oil produced from seeps,
shallow pits and hand dug shafts
• James Young: extracted oil from carboniferous
shales, Scotland 1847: “oil-shales”
• 1st Natural gas: Sichuan Province -China several
thousand years ago
– Bamboo tools and pipes – salt production
• 1st oil-seeking well = Pechelbronn, France, 1745
• 1st well to produce oil: Oil creek, Pennsylvania by
“Colonel” Drake
10. TThhee DDeemmaanndd ffoorr OOiill PPrroodduuccttss
• Increased greatly by WWI (1914-18)
• By 1920 the oil industry dominated by the
“seven sisters”
• Post WWII, oil companies began to risk
profits from one productive area to explore
for another.
• 1960: Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) formed in Baghdad (Iraq)
– Objective: control the power of the
independent oil companies by price
control & appropriation of company
assets
12. B¶N § å VÞ Tr Ý Bå N TRòNG CöU LONG
B¶ N VÏ Sè :01 N¡ M 2003
Topa z
01
04.2 04.1
05.1A
05.3 05.2 BP
128
129
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Kim Cuong Ta y
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05-1
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133
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134
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AEDC
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135
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07
Da i Bang - Ung Trang
Thien Nga
Ha i Au
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Bo Ca u
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Ra ng Dong
Rong
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RUBY
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CON SON IS
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Bå n c ö u l o n g
- CÊu t¹ o triÓn väng
- Má dÇu
- Má khÝ
- Má dÇu - khÝ
KÝ hiÖu
13. The science ooff ppeettrroolleeuumm ggeeoollooggyy
• Chemistry
– Geochemistry is a major component of
petroleum geology
• Detailed knowledge of the mineralogical composition
of rocks – reservoir quality
• Pore-fluid chemistry – reservoir degradation/
enhancement
• Organic geochemistry: biomarkers, fingerprinting
14. The science ooff ppeettrroolleeuumm ggeeoollooggyy
((ccoonntt))
• Physics
– Geophysics contribute to
• Understanding the earth’s crust
• Understanding the structures involved in trapping:
folds, faults
• Identifying the position of such traps: magnetics,
gravity, seismics
• Understanding the wells: wireline logs, lithology,
porosity.
• Understanding the production status: Production
Logging Tool.
15.
16. The science ooff ppeettrroolleeuumm ggeeoollooggyy
((ccoonntt))
• Biology
– Study of fossil life: Palaeontology contributes
• Dating/ stratigraphic characterization
• Environmental characterization (fossil environments,
palaeoecology)
• Biochemistry: transformation of plant and animal
tissues into kerogen and through to oil and gas.
17.
18. CCHHAAPPTTEERR 11
OORRIIGGIINN && PPRROOPPEERRTTIIEESS OOFF HHYYDDRROOCCAARRBBOONN
1. THE ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON
2. REQUIREMENTS FOR PETROLEUM
ACCUMULATION
3. PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
4. PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
CRUDE OIL
5. CLASSIFICATION AND OCCURRENCES OF
CRUDE OIL
6. ALTERATION OF CRUDE OIL
7. GAS PROPERTIES AND CLASSIFICATION
19. TTHHEE OORRIIGGIINN OOFF
PPEETTRROOLLEEUUMM HHYYDDRROOCCAARRBBOONN
• THEORIES OF INORGANIC ORIGIN
– Hypothesis of Dimitri Mendeleev
– Hypothesis of Sokoloff
• THEORY OF ORGANIC ORIGIN
• Analogy with organic matter
• Biomarker
• The present of porphyrins
• The polarization of ray-light
• Evidence of carbon isotopes
20. Requirements ffoorr PPeettrroolleeuumm AAccccuummuullaattiioonn
The task of finding a petroleum field is not a simple one.
• First, there must be a rock containing original organic
matter-a source rock . Usually this is a mudrock or shale,
which is a very common rock type and makes up about 80%
of the world's sedimentary rock volume. However, even an
average shale contains only about 1% to 2% organic matter,
and this number can vary widely. Many shales have very low
organic content and make poor source rocks.
• Then, the source rock must be buried deeply so that
temperature and time can cause the organic matter to mature
into petroleum. This usually requires deposition into
sedimentary basins, depressed areas thickly filled by
sediments. Our search for petroleum is further limited, since
over half of the world's continental areas and adjacent marine
shelves have sediment covers either too thin or absent.
21. Requirements ffoorr PPeettrroolleeuumm AAccccuummuullaattiioonn
((ccoonntt))
• Even where the organic matter can become
mature, not all of it becomes petroleum. In a
typical example (Figure 1) a normal marine
shale with only 1% original organic matter
will have less than a third of it converted to
the hydrocarbon molecules that make up oil
and natural gas (Waples, 1981). The rest
remains behind as an insoluble organic
residue.
23. Requirements ffoorr PPeettrroolleeuumm AAccccuummuullaattiioonn
• Five factors, therefore, are the critical risks to
petroleum accumulation (Figure 2): (1) a mature
source rock, (2) a migration path connecting source
rock to reservoir rock, (3) a reservoir rock that is
both porous and permeable, (4) a trap, and (5) an
impermeable seal.
• If any one of these factors is missing or inadequate,
the prospect will be dry and the exploration effort will
be unrewarded. Not surprisingly then, less than half
of the world's explored sedimentary basins have
proved productive, (Huff, 1980) and typically only a
fraction of 1% of the petroleum basin's area, and at
most 5% to 10%, is actually prospective (Weeks,
1975).
25. PPEETTRROOLLEEUUMM CCHHEEMMIISSTTRRYY ((sseellff
rreeaaddiinngg iinn PPeettrroolleeuumm ggeeoocchheemmiissttrryy))
• Strictly speaking, hydrocarbons are
compounds that contain only two elements,
hydrogen and carbon. Consequently,
petroleum is quite simple in its elemental
composition. It contains relatively few
impurities, mainly atoms of nitrogen, sulfur,
and oxygen. Table 1, shows the average
composition of petroleum in all three of its
natural states of matter, as natural gas,
liquid crude oil and solid or semi-solid
asphalt.
28. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
CRUDE OIL (Cont)
• Oil at the surface tends to be more viscous, most oils are
less dense than water: generally measured as the
difference between its density and that of water
• The specific gravity of crude oil generally ranges from
0.780 (500 API) to 1.000 (100 API);
°API =
141.5
SG 60/60°F
- 131.5
Thus light oils have API < 10° (!!!)
29. The pphhyyssiiccaall aanndd cchheemmiiccaall
pprrooppeerrttiieess ooff ooiill aanndd ggaass
Hydrocarbon: composed of H and C
Gases Liquid
Oil, Crude
Plastic
Asphalts,
Coals,
Kerogen
Wet
ethane,
propane
Dry
methane
30. SSPPEECCIIFFIICC GGRRAAVVIITTYY OOFF OOIILLSS
• European Beaume’ scale;
• API scale (American Petroleum Institute)
API gravity
> 40 Light crude oils
25 – 40 Medium crude oils
< 25 Heavy crude oils
• The relation between API gravity and density
API 30 33 36 LPG
0.876 0.860 0.845 0.570
31. VVIISSCCOOSSIITTYY ((m)) OOFF OOIILLSS
• A measure of the internal resistance or friction of
a fluid to flow or stress/rate of shear;
• The viscosity of crude oil depends on the
molecular composition of oil, the amount of
dissolved gas and temperature;
• Unit Measurement CSG – Centipoises, cP
• A drilling mud has a viscosity of about 15 cp.,
water at 200C has a viscosity of 1.005 cp., crude
oil has a viscosity of 1 to 3 cP At reservoir
conditions.
32. The chemistry of ppeettrroolleeuumm ddeetteerrmmiinneess tthhee ttyyppeess
aanndd aammoouunnttss ooff rreeffiinneedd HHCCss pprroodduucceedd..
Table 01
33. CLASSIFICATION AND OCCURENCIES OF
CRUDE OIL
• Although the elemental composition of
hydrocarbons is relatively simple, there are a
vast number of ways in which the atoms can be
arranged
• Types of hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil are
paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and
asphaltics; (Table 2)
• Crude oil are divided into sweet and sour crudes
based on their sulfur content.
• The smell ranges from gasoline (normal, sweet
crude) to foul (normal, sour crude) to fruity
(aromatic crude);
• Crude oil often contains significant amount of
dissolved natural gas;
34. CCrruuddee OOiill CCllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonnss
• Crude oils may be classified by their
relative enrichment in the four primary
hydrocarbon groups. One method,
proposed by Tissot and Welte (1978) plots
paraffins, naphthenes and the
combination of aromatic and NSO
compounds as three axes of a triangular
graph and divides the graph into fields that
represent six crude oil classes (graph 1).
36. • Most normal crude oils fall within only three of
these fields.
• They can be either:
(1) rich in paraffins (paraffinic oil);
(2) they can have nearly equal amounts of
paraffins and naphthenes which together make
up more than 50% of the crude (paraffinic-naphthenic
oil); or
(3) they can have subequal amounts of paraffins
and naphthenes, which total less than 50%,
and the composition is dominated by the
aromatics, resins and asphaltenes (aromatic
intermediate oil).
37. • Oil may degrade into heavy oil and tar as a result of
bacterial action and of flushing by fresh meteoric
waters of surface origin.
• This oil falls into one of two classes (aromatic-asphaltic
or aromatic-naphthenic), both of which are
enriched in aromatics.
• Some may contain naphthenes (aromatic-naphthenic
oil) but the paraffin content is always very low.
• Deep burial, however, usually has the opposite effect
in altering crude oil. It tends to make an oil less
dense and more paraffinic, through processes
involving both thermal maturation and the
precipitation and removal of asphaltic molecules
38. Four important HC sseerriieess iinn ppeettrroolleeuumm cchheemmiissttrryy
—— tthhee ppaarraaffffiinnss,, nnaapphhtthheenneess,, aarroommaattiiccss,, aanndd
rreessiinnss aanndd aasspphhaalltteenneess
Table 02
39. THE NONHYDROCARBON CCOONNSSTTIITTUUEENNTTSS
OOFF OOIILL AANNDD NNAATTUURRAALL GGAASS
• Sulfur and its compounds
• Nitrogen
• Oxygen compounds
• Organometals in crude oils
– Nikel
– Vanadium
– Argon
– Radon
– Thorium
40. SSUULLFFUURR AANNDD IITTSS CCOOMMPPOOUUNNDDSS
• Crude oil containing detectable amount of H2S are
called “sour crudes” If the sulfur is in other form
than H2S, the oil should be called a high sulfur
crude and not a sour crude.
Sulfur content (%)
< 0.2 Very sweet crudes
0.2 – 0.6 Low sulfur crudes
0.6 – 1.7 Intermediate
> 1.7 High sulfur crudes
41. AALLTTEERRAATTIIOONN OOFF CCRRUUDDEE OOIILL
• THERMAL MATURATION
• DEASPHALTING
• DEGRADATION BY WATER WASHING
• DEGRADATION BY BACTERIAL ACTION
(BIODEGARADATION).
(Figure 04)
42. TTHHEERRMMAALL MMAATTUURRAATTIIOONN
• Alteration of crude oil by thermal maturation takes
place with increasing depth of burial and
increasing time. Crude oils become lighter and
more paraffinic due to the cracking of their heavier
components and increases in their gas content
• Old shallow oils, because of their maturity, are
comparable to young deep crudes both in density,
viscosity and paraffin content. Like young shallow
oils, however, they may have relatively high
sulfur, depending on source environment. Deep
old oils tend to have the lowest viscosity, the
lowest density and the lowest sulfur content.
43. DDEEAASSPPHHAALLTTIINNGG
• Deasphalting, whereby asphaltenes precipitate
by the dissolution of massive amounts of gas
and are left behind as a residue. Deasphalting
primarily occurs in heavy to medium crude oils.
• Gas deasphalting, as in thermal maturation,
results in oils becoming lighter. Gas
deasphalting tends to occur together with
thermal maturation and the two processes are
often difficult to distinguish from each other.
44. DEGRADATION BBYY WWAATTEERR WWAASSHHIINNGG aanndd
BBIIOODDEEGGAARRAADDAATTIIOONN
• Groundwater flushing causes various degrees of
degradation of oils, since flushing removes the
lighter and more mobile components of the oils.
• In addition, oil at the surface and at very shallow
depths may be degraded due to the action of aerobic
bacteria, a process termed "biodegradation".
• Although groundwater flushing and biodegradation
may act independently, they apparently act together
in producing degradation. (Figure 3) , by means of
gas chromatographs, illustrates how the lighter
hydrocarbon compounds in crude oil are broken
down by bacterial oxidation over a 21-day period.
47. NNAATTUURRAALL GGAASS
Natural gases are classified according to their
hydrocarbon composition:
• Gas composed of almost methane is dry gas.
• If the proportion of ethane (C2H6) and heavier
molecules propane, and butane exceeds some
of arbitral values (4 or 5%), the gas is called wet
gas.
Natural gases consisting largely of methane may
have any one of three distinct origins:
– Petroleum gas
– Coal gas
– Bacteria gas
48. HHYYDDRROOCCAARRBBOONN GGAASSEESS
Defined based on their occurrence:
• Free gas is a hydrocarbon gas that exists in the
gaseous phase in a reservoir and remains in the
gaseous phase when produced.
• Dissolved gas is defined as natural gas in solution in
crude oil in a reservoir. The reduction in pressure
when oil is produced from a reservoir often results
in dissolved gas being emitted from oil as free gas.
• Associated gas is natural gas which occurs as a gas
cap which overlies and is in contact with crude oil
within a reservoir. Nonassociated gas is natural
gas in reservoirs that do not contain crude oil (
Figure 05)
50. LLIIQQUUIIFFIIEEDD GGAASSEESS
• NGL, natural gas liquids, are hydrocarbon liquids
separated from the produced gas stream.
Condensates are an important type of natural
gas liquid.
• LPG, liquified petroleum gas, is comprised of
heavier hydrocarbon gases, usually propane
and butane, stored under pressure in a liquid
form.
• LNG, liquified natural gas, is natural gas,
commonly methane, which is compressed into
liquid for storage and transportation.
