There are two main ways that variation can occur in bacteria: evolution and genetic mutations. Evolution occurs over many generations as genetic mutations arise and natural selection favors some mutations over others, allowing populations to adapt to their environments. Genetic mutations can be caused by errors during DNA replication or through horizontal gene transfer between bacteria. These genetic changes introduce variations within bacterial populations that natural selection can then act upon.
an ordered slides of the different kingdom classification including the three domains of life and tree of life by Dr. tithi parija (asst professor) in biology from KIIT school of biotechnology
Evolutionary Genetics by: Kim Jim F. Raborar, RN, MAEd(ue)Kim Jim Raborar
This presentation was created as a partial fulfillment of the requirements in the subject Advanced Genetics. Everything that was here were kinda symbolic. I mean, you could recognize that this was a product of so much data interpretation. I therefore suggest you read and read a lot first before you go back to this presentation. Or you could just contact me so i could send you the key-pointers.
Have a super nice day.
Kimy
its deals with the general basic ideas of gene and evolutions.different types of examples are used to explain the gene and evolutions.the origin of basic genetics and their ideas are also formulated in this presentation
Natural selection script and answer keyAdam Simpson
Today I’m talking to Doctor James Smith, who will be discussing the subject of natural selection. Dr. Smith, can you please explain what it’s all about?
an ordered slides of the different kingdom classification including the three domains of life and tree of life by Dr. tithi parija (asst professor) in biology from KIIT school of biotechnology
Evolutionary Genetics by: Kim Jim F. Raborar, RN, MAEd(ue)Kim Jim Raborar
This presentation was created as a partial fulfillment of the requirements in the subject Advanced Genetics. Everything that was here were kinda symbolic. I mean, you could recognize that this was a product of so much data interpretation. I therefore suggest you read and read a lot first before you go back to this presentation. Or you could just contact me so i could send you the key-pointers.
Have a super nice day.
Kimy
its deals with the general basic ideas of gene and evolutions.different types of examples are used to explain the gene and evolutions.the origin of basic genetics and their ideas are also formulated in this presentation
Natural selection script and answer keyAdam Simpson
Today I’m talking to Doctor James Smith, who will be discussing the subject of natural selection. Dr. Smith, can you please explain what it’s all about?
The Development of Evolutionary TheoryAnthropology 1 Fall.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The Development of Evolutionary Theory
Anthropology 1: Fall 2016
Religion and science concern different aspects of
the human experience, and they are not
inherently mutually exclusive categories.
Belief in God does not exclude the possibility of
biological evolution; acknowledgement of
evolutionary processes doesn't preclude the
existence of God.
Evolutionary theories are not rejected by all
religions or by most forms of Christianity.
A substantial majority of Americans (about 7 in 10)
believe the scientific Theory of Evolution is
compatible with a belief in God – one does not
preclude the other.
◦ “Evolution and Creationism in Public Education” People For the American Way Foundation
Evolution is the most fundamental of all biological
processes, but one of the most misunderstood.
Humans evolved from a species that lived some 6-8
million years ago (mya), not monkeys or chimpanzees.
Humans do share a recent common ancestor with other
primates
Evolution takes time; hence, the appearance of a new
species is rarely witnessed
The theory has been tested and subjected to
verification through accumulated evidence (and has
not been disproved)
The theory of evolution has been supported by a
mounting body of genetic evidence.
The theory has stood the test of time.
The theory continues to grow.
Evolutionary principles were developed in
western Europe, made possible by scientific
thinking dating to the 16th century.
Western science, however, borrowed ideas from
Arab, Indian, and Chinese cultures where notions
of biological evolution had already developed.
By the 19th century, evolution wasn’t a new
concept, but Natural Selection was a new theory
The notion that species,
once created, can never
change
An idea diametrically
opposed to theories of
biological evolution.
To challenge the idea
was to challenge the
Argument from Design
(life engineered by a
purposeful God).
Came with the discovery of the New World,
introducing new ideas and challenging
fundamental views about the planet.
Exposure to new plants and animals
increased awareness of biological diversity.
Brave new thinkers began to challenge long held
church doctrine and belief
◦ Aristotle taught that the sun and planets existed in a
series of concentric spheres that revolved around the
sun.
◦ Copernicus challenged the idea that the earth was the
center of the universe.
◦ Galileo’s work supported the idea that the universe was
a place of motion.
John Ray, developed the concept of species.
Groups of plants and animals could be
differentiated from other groups by their ability
to mate with one another and produce offspring.
He placed such groups of reproductively isolated
organisms into a single category, which he called
the species.
Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish naturalist who
developed a method of classifying plants and
animals.
In Systema Naturae, first .
Name __________________________________________Date ___________.docxrosemarybdodson23141
Name __________________________________________ Date _______________
Chapter 5 Reading Questions
1. Explain the biological significance of the Dung of the Devil.
Extracts from the plant have strong antiviral properties that are very helpful for fighting disease.
2. Give 2 reasons conservation of biodiversity may be beneficial to our health.
There may be some organisms that can provide health benefits, such as the Dung of the Devil. Also, greater biodiversity allows for greater stabilization of the climate, which is necessary for our well-being.
3. Give 3 examples of how natural substances have been used to treat disease.
The rosy periwinkle is used to treat childhood leukemia and Hodgkin’s disease. The mayapple is the source of two anti-cancer drugs. Other medicines come from invertebrates such as sponges, corals, and sea squirts.
4. Which has more biodiversity a carefully tended lawn or a small plot of untended land? Explain.
A small plot of untended land has greater biodiversity, since there is a greater variety of species there than on the well-kempt and uniform lawn.
5. Define species.
A species is a group of organisms that is distinct from other groups in terms of characteristics, and that can breed with each other.
6. Approximately how many species have scientists named? How many species are estimated to live on Earth?
About 2 million have been named, and about 10 million are thought to live on Earth.
7. Compare and contrast species richness and species evenness. Use an example to explain.
Species richness – the number of species in a given area, such as a pond or a tree
Species evenness – the proportion of the number of species in an ecosystem
Two communities may have an equal species richness, but one community may be dominated by one species, while the other may have an equal number of each species.
8. How are species phylogenies determined?
They are determined by the similarity of different species (morphology and behavior)
9. List the classification system from the most broad to the most specific.
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
10. Speciation is an example of microevolution or macroevolution? Explain.
Speciation is an example of macroevolution. Both result in the creation of new species. Microevolution is small-scale changes in a species that may eventually result in speciation.
11. Explain 2 ways mutations may occur. Are they good or bad? Explain.
Mutations may occur by UV radiation. It can also occur through mistakes made while DNA is copied.
12. Explain how recombination occurs.
It is the switching of one small part of a chromosome with another during meiosis.
13. Give 2 examples of how humans are purposefully or inadvertently directing evolution of organisms.
The breeding of plants and animals for human use is done purposefully. The evolution of weeds after being sprayed with herbicides is inadvertent.
14. List the 5 key ideas of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.
1. Individuals.
It states that the present day complex plants and animals have evolved from earlier simpler forms of life by gradual changes. SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION ,DIVERGENT EVOLUTION, Theories of evolution.
Overview
In simpler terms, Evolutionary Genetics is the study to understand how genetic
variation leads to evolutionary change.
Evolutionary Genetics attempts to account for evolution in terms of changes in gene
and genotype frequencies within populations and the processes that convert the
variation with populations into more or less permanent variation between species.
The central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics is to describe how the evolutionary
forces shape the patterns of biodiversity.
Evolutionary Genetics majorly deals with;
a. Evolution of genome structure
b. The genetic basis of speciation and adaptation
c. Genetic change in response to selection within populations
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Mission to Decommission: Importance of Decommissioning Products to Increase E...
5.4 5.5
1. 5.4: What are the two ways that variation can occur in bacteria?
I. Evolution
a. At the age of 22 Charles Darwin set out on the HMS Beagle for a scientific experiment in
1831 that lasted for 5 years where he came up with the theory of evolution by natural
selection.
b. Evolution: The process of cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a
population.
c. Over time, if enough changes occur in a population, a new species can arise. If this
happens, then the new species will not be able to interbreed with the species that they
diverged from.
II. Evidence for Evolution
1. Fossil Record
a. Paleontologists: people who collect and classify fossils to help show Earth’s
evolutionary past. They have found that:
Life which existed more than 500 million years ago was very different than
life today.
Although Earth has had extensive oceans for most of its existence, fish fossils
have only been found in rocks 500 million years old or younger (less than
15% of the history of life).
Although most of the predators today are mammals such as bears, orca
whales, big cats, wolves, etc., none existed at the time of the dinosaurs or
before.
Apart from organisms such as certain types of sharks, cockroaches or ferns,
many living organisms today have no identical form in the fossil record.
2. Artificial Selection
a. Artificial selection: the art and science of breeding domesticated animals provides a
good record of recent changes in heritable characteristics. This is evidence that
evolution is happening today due to small changes over time, although it is not the
driving force of evolution in natural ecosystems.
3. Homologous Anatomical Structures
a. Homologous Anatomical Structures: structures that are similar in function but are
found in seemingly dissimilar species that suggest that the different species share a
common ancestor. Ex: Pentadactyl limbs (5 fingers) that are found in bat wings and
whale fins.
III. Mechanism for Evolution
1. Too Many Offspring
2. a. Struggle for Survival: Many organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
There is high demand for water, space, nutrients, and sunlight, but there is a limited
supply. The consequence is high competition for resources in order to stay alive.
b. Competition for resources such as food can lead to adaptive behaviors by
organisms. Ex: chicks will push other eggs out of the nest so that they can eat, a tree
will have a growth spurt so as to get more sunlight than its neighbors, and
deforestation by humans.
2. Variations within Populations
a. Organisms that reproduce sexually can have many DNA variations that make them
unique.
3. Variation and Success
a. Variation is closely related to how successful an organism is. Ex: colors for
camouflage, beak shape, flower color, etc.
IV. Causes of Variety
a. Besides choice of mate, there are two main reasons why organism show variation:
Mutations in DNA
Sexual reproduction greatly promotes variation within a species
1. Mutations
a. Mutations can cause diseases, but can also sometimes produce a characteristic
which is advantageous.
2. Sexual Reproduction
a. In sexual reproduction there are two way in which genes are mixed:
Meiosis
Fertilization
b. When an egg cell is made during meiosis, it receives 50% of the mother’s genetic
material and 50% of the father’s. When the cell splits, chromosomes are distributed
randomly so each egg cell has a different combination of chromosomes.
V. Natural Selection
a. Evolution is not solely based on chance. Exactly which animals will survive and which
ones will not is determined by their surroundings and the compatibility if their
characteristics with those surroundings. The steps of evolution by natural selection are:
Overproduction of offspring and, in those offspring, natural variation due to
genetic differences (e.g. body size, morphology pigmentation, visual acuity,
resistance to disease.) In the offspring:
- Useful variations allow an individual to have a better chance of survival
(e.g. hiding from predators, fleeing danger, and finding food.)
- Harmful variations make it difficult to survive (e.g. inappropriate color
fur for camouflage, heavy bones for birds, having such a big body size
that there isn’t enough food to survive.)
3. Individuals with genetic characteristic that are poorly adapted for their
environment tend to be less successful at accessing resources and have less of a
chance of surviving to maturity.
Individuals with genetic characteristics that are well adapted for their
environment tend to be more successful at accessing resources and have a
better chance to survive to maturity.
Over many generations, the accumulation of changes in the heritable
characteristics of a population results in evolution – the gene pool has changed.
b. Darwin adopted the idea of ‘survival of the fittest.’
VI. Examples of Natural Selection
1. Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
a. Antibiotics: medications such as penicillin which kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
b. Overuse of antibiotics can lead to the production of resistant strains of bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria develops in several steps:
A person gets sick from a bacterial infection such as tuberculosis.
Her doctor gives her an antibiotic to kill the bacteria.
She gets better because the bacteria are largely destroyed.
By a modification of its genetic makeup, however, one bacterium is resistant
to the antibiotic.
That bacterium is not killed by the antibiotic and it later multiplies in the
patient’s body to make her sick again.
She goes back to the doctor and uses the same antibiotic.
This time, no results – she is still sick and asks her doctor what is wrong.
The doctor prescribes a different antibiotic which (hopefully) works.
But if the bacterium continues to change its genetic makeup, it could
become resistant to all the antibiotics available.
c. Bacteria reproduce asexually, so there is not often a genetic change. There are two
ways that can change the genetic makeup of bacteria:
Mutations
Plasmid transfer – One bacterium donates genetic information to another in
ring of nucleotides called a plasmid. Both the donating and receiving cells
open their cell walls to pass the genetic material from one donor to the
receiver.
2. Pesticide Resistance in Rats
a. The following example illustrates how a population can adapt to its environment
and how humans can be responsible for creating super-resistant creatures. Consider
the following:
Once applied in the fields, pesticides kill all the rats… or so the farmer thinks.
4. Due to natural variations, a few rats are slightly different and aren’t affected
by the poison.
The resistant rats survive and reproduce, making a new population in which
some or all of the members possess the genetic resistance.
Seeing rats again, the farmer puts out more poison; this time fewer rats die,
To kill the resistant rats, a new pesticide must be used.
5.5 Name the seven levels of classification from smallest to largest.
Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification. There are seven levels of classification:
(Domain), Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species. This system allows to group
organisms while also assigning them unique species names. Species is a group of organism which can
interbreed and produce fertile offspring. In order to assign a name to an organism we use the binomial
nomenclature (genus & species). In addition, by using a dichotomous key (a series of binary questions),
we can identify an organism.