The document discusses the differences between just-in-case learning versus just-in-time learning. It notes that just-in-case learning, where one learns topics they may not need for a long time, leads to high rates of forgetting and is inefficient. In contrast, just-in-time learning, where one learns topics they need immediately, allows them to take immediate action and review, aiding retention. The document advocates for applying the just-in-time approach to learning as an adult, by only learning topics that have a clear, immediate need and value.