The document discusses classifications, causes, severity assessment, and first aid for burns. It also covers rabies transmission, snake and insect bites, allergic reactions including anaphylaxis, and types and first aid for different kinds of poisoning including ingested, inhaled, injected, and absorbed poisons.
What are Animal Bites?
An animal bite is a wound, caused by the teeth usually results in a break in the skin due to the excessive pressure on body tissue from the bite. It also involves the contusions which can occur without a break in the skin. Bites can be provoked or unprovoked. Other bite attacks may be in fact unprovoked. Animal bites mostly cause a serious infections and even death.
Animal bites include injuries not only from the teeth of reptiles, mammals but fish and amphibians. Arthropods can also bite and leave injuries. Cat and human bites can carry a higher risk of infection. If the bitten animal has an identifiable owner, ask whether it is vaccinated currently against rabies. If it is a stray animal, call the police.
What are Animal Bites?
An animal bite is a wound, caused by the teeth usually results in a break in the skin due to the excessive pressure on body tissue from the bite. It also involves the contusions which can occur without a break in the skin. Bites can be provoked or unprovoked. Other bite attacks may be in fact unprovoked. Animal bites mostly cause a serious infections and even death.
Animal bites include injuries not only from the teeth of reptiles, mammals but fish and amphibians. Arthropods can also bite and leave injuries. Cat and human bites can carry a higher risk of infection. If the bitten animal has an identifiable owner, ask whether it is vaccinated currently against rabies. If it is a stray animal, call the police.
This presentation was given at the 2010 IASA Annual Conference. It details the basics of personal branding, how the world of work is changing, the basics of social media and social networking and using these new tools for career development.
Q&A document from State of Hawaii • Department of Land and Natural Resources relating to new regulation requiring boater education course for boat operators
"Venomous Encounters: Understanding the Physiology, Treatment, and Prevention...krjx9cpvdg
Snake bites epitomize a multifaceted intersection between humans and reptiles, often culminating in dire consequences. The intricate dynamics of venom delivery mechanisms and their intricate interplay with the human physiology underscore the urgency of comprehensively understanding and addressing this complex issue.
Venomous snakes, equipped with specialized fangs honed by evolution, wield venom as a potent weapon. This venom, a sophisticated blend of toxins, serves diverse purposes, including immobilizing prey, aiding in digestion, and self-defense. The composition of snake venom varies markedly across species, each venom boasting a unique concoction of enzymes, peptides, and proteins meticulously tailored to disrupt physiological functions in their unsuspecting victims.
The ramifications of a snake bite can be profound and diverse, spanning from localized tissue damage and systemic toxicity to potentially life-threatening complications. The severity of envenomation hinges on myriad factors, including the potency of the venom, the volume injected, the site of the bite, and the health status of the victim. Neurotoxic venoms, for instance, can precipitate paralysis and respiratory failure, while hemotoxic venoms may induce extensive tissue necrosis and coagulopathies, underscoring the pernicious diversity of snakebite outcomes.
Timely recognition and appropriate management are pivotal in mitigating the impact of snake bites. Immediate implementation of first aid measures, such as immobilizing the affected limb, maintaining the victim's composure, and promptly seeking medical assistance, can substantially ameliorate outcomes. In regions where venomous snakes hold sway, access to antivenom and proficient healthcare professionals assumes paramount importance for efficacious treatment.
Nonetheless, the challenges posed by snake bites transcend the confines of mere medical intervention. Socioeconomic determinants, encompassing factors like limited healthcare accessibility, inadequate infrastructure, and geographical remoteness, can markedly exacerbate the burden of snakebite-related morbidity and mortality, particularly among marginalized populations.
Preventive strategies wield considerable influence in curtailing the incidence of snake bites and attenuating their repercussions. Educational initiatives geared toward disseminating knowledge about snake behavior, imparting proficiency in first aid techniques, and advocating preventive measures like donning protective attire and circumventing high-risk locales constitute indispensable pillars of snakebite prevention.
Furthermore, endeavors aimed at conserving snake habitats and fostering cohabitation between humans and serpents are pivotal for long-term snakebite mitigation. By fostering an understanding of the ecological roles of snakes and championing their conservation, societies can engender an environment conducive to harmonious coexistence between humans and reptiles.
It's all about the Animal(Snake,Scorpion,Spider)Plant(Mushroom).In our basic need we will face this type of animal and plant that's why the general people should knows about it.
all about rabies
epidemiology of rabies,
pathogenesis of rabies,
clinical features of rabies,
treatment of rabies,
prevention of rabies,
rabies virus,
post exposure prophylaxis,
rabies in dogs
An allergy is an immune system response to a foreign substance that’s not typically harmful to your body. These foreign substances are called allergens. They can include certain foods, pollen, or pet dander. the presentation deals with the precautions to take, the preventive measures and the types of allergies. Causes of allergy and the common symptoms priovide the awareness whilst diagnosis of allergy is the preventive process.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. Burns
Classifications According to DEPTH
• 1st degree redness, epidermis
• 2nd degree blisters, dermis
• 3rd degree charred, subcutaneous
Determine the depth!!
What are the causes?
3.
4. Burn Severity
Determine extent of burned area!!
Remember the Rule of Nines
Adult Child
Anatomic structure Surface area Anatomic structure Surface area
Head 9% Head 18%
Anterior Torso 18% Anterior Torso 18%
Posterior Torso 18% Posterior Torso 18%
Each Leg 18% Each Leg 14%
Each Arm 9% Each Arm 9%
Perineum 1% Perineum 1%
6. Burn Severity
Look for complicating factors!!
• Below 5 years old (fluid loss)
• Above 55 years old (delayed healing)
• Diabetes (delayed healing)
• CVD (hypoperfusion)
7. BURN SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION
CRITICAL
• 3rd degree burn involving hands, feet, face, or genitals
• 3rd degree burns covering more than 10%
• 2nd degree burns covering more than 20%
• burns encompassing a body part
MODERATE
• 3rd degree burns covering 2%-10%
• 2nd degree burns covering 10%-20%
• 1st degree burns greater than 50%
8. FIRST AID
• Stop the burning process (HOW?)
• Remove clothing / jewelry
• Transport if critical / moderate
• Do not drain the blisters
• Take analgesic
• Cover with “burn sheet”
10. Epidemiology (Rabies)
• Incidence rate:
– 5–7/million
– Average cases: 326 annually (Phil.)
– Philippine is 4th worldwide
– San Lazaro Hospital:
• Pet dogs – 88% of cases
• Stray dogs – 10% of cases
• Cats – 2% of cases
11. Transmission
• Incubation periods (Human):
– 1 days to 5 yrs. (average 8wks)
– Variations:
1. Severity of the bite
2. Site of bite in relation to nerve supply and
distance from CNS
3. Size of innoculum, protection offered by
clothing and other factors
4. Age and immune status of the host
12. Transmission
• Virus stays in:
1. CNS
2. Liver
3. Salivary gland
• Travels thru the nerve
• Incubation periods:
– 1 days to 5 yrs. (average 8wks)
13. Snake Bites? . . . Look for . . .
• Check the puncture marks
• Pain, redness, swelling at bite mark
• Breathing difficulty
• Blurred vision
• Numbness
14. What next?
• Keep the victim still and calm
• Decrease blood flow to bitten area
• Wash the wound and cover
• Transport the victim
• Keep the victim awake
• Apply a tourniquet when necessary
• Do not suck out the venom
16. Antivenin Therapy
• Antivenin dose depends on the severity of
envenomation and administered over 2-
4hrs.
Grade I = No antivenin
Grade II = 3-4 amp. in 500ml
Grade III = 5-15amp. in 500ml
• Pt re-evaluated every 2hrs and if
necessary a repeat dose of antivenin
should be evaluated and given.
17. Antivenin Therapy
• Children: antivenin be increased by
50% bec. of higher rate of venom to
body mass.
• Pregnancy is not contraindicated
• Antivenin for coral snake bite should be
initiated even if envenomation is only
suspected for there are frequently no local
manifestation
18. Insect Stings
Bees and wasp stings
contain chemicals
such as histamine and
other enzymes that
destroy collagen fibres
and tissue death!
19. Marine Stings
The most common form
of envenomation is
through stinging cells
called nematocysts.
The deadliest of such
animals are the box
jellyfish and the man-o-
war.
20. What to do with stings?
• redness
• pain
For Mild Allergic Reaction,
• swelling take anti-histamine and put
• itching a cold pack on the skin.
• nausea
• allergic reaction
** worst case scenario is anaphylaxis
21. Allergy is an exaggerated immune
response to a foreign substance which has
been introduced through the skin, GI tract,
or the respiratory tract.
Sometimes (around
5%) people would
exhibit severe
allergic reactions
which is called
anaphylaxis.
22. Anaphylactic Reaction
• Itching and
burning
• Widespread
urticaria
• Swelling of the
lips and tongue
• Bronchospasm
• Hypotension
Anaphylaxis is a life threatening condition!!
23. First Aid for Anaphylaxis
Inject EPINEPHRINE immediately - it will
buy you 15-20 minutes then transport to
nearest hospital.
28. Ingested Poison
• Food Poisoning
– Shellfish
– E. Coli
– Salmonella
– Botulism
– Heavy Metal
• Household Chemicals
• OTC Drug Overdose
• Alcohol
29. First Aid for Ingested Poison
• Get critical info
1. age / weight
2. type of poison
3. dose and time
• Assess ABCs
• Lie on left side
• Give activated
charcoal if instructed
30. Inhaled Poisons
Carbon Monoxide
- tasteless, colorless, odorless
- binds to hemoglobin
Signs to look for . . .
- altered state of consciousness
- pink/rosy skin complexion
What is the appropriate first aid?
31. Injected Poisons
• Envenomation
- stings
Transport to closest
- snake bites medical facility!!
• Drug Overdose
- narcotics Check vital signs
- stimulants frequently!
- hallucinogens
32. Absorbed Poisons
Look for . . . In June 2004, 25 Russian soldiers
- powder on the skin became ill from thalliumof
when they found a can
exposure
- burns mysterious white powder in a
rubbish dump on their base.
- itching / irritation Oblivious to the danger of misusing
- redness and rashes an unidentified white powder from
a military dump site, they added it
to tobacco, and used it as a
substitute for talcum powder on
What to do? their feet.