The 2009 flu outbreak in humans is due to a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 that derives in part from human influenza, avian influenza, and two separate strains of swine influenza.
The 2009 flu outbreak in humans is due to a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 that derives in part from human influenza, avian influenza, and two separate strains of swine influenza.
Providing care at home for a person sick with COVID-19? Or caring for yourself at home? Understand when emergency care is needed and what you can do to prevent the spread of infection.
Providing care at home for a person sick with COVID-19? Or caring for yourself at home? Understand when emergency care is needed and what you can do to prevent the spread of infection.
Dengue & Chikungunya - All You Need To Know!Akshit Arora
A presentation on Dengue & Chikungunya and preventive measures! Received via one Instant Messenger application. Don't know about the credibility whether it's actually from the WHO or not! But good enough for education.
All of you are well aware about the drastic rise in the number of dengue fever cases reported in Delhi since August this year. It has reached epidemic proportions in the capital and thus it has witnessed the worst outbreak in the past six years.
Dengue Final.pptx viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of i...ssuser77fe3b
Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes.
About half of the world's population is now at risk of dengue with an estimated 100–400 million infections occurring each year.
Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas.
While many dengue infections are asymptomatic or produce only mild illness, the virus can occasionally cause more severe cases, and even death.
Prevention and control of dengue depend on vector control. There is no specific treatment for dengue/severe dengue, and early detection and access to proper medical care greatly lower fatality rates of severe dengue.Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes.
About half of the world's population is now at risk of dengue with an estimated 100–400 million infections occurring each year.
Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas.
While many dengue infections are asymptomatic or produce only mild illness, the virus can occasionally cause more severe cases, and even death.
Prevention and control of dengue depend on vector control. There is no specific treatment for dengue/severe dengue, and early detection and access to proper medical care greatly lower fatality rates of severe dengue.Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes.
About half of the world's population is now at risk of dengue with an estimated 100–400 million infections occurring each year.
Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas.
While many dengue infections are asymptomatic or produce only mild illness, the virus can occasionally cause more severe cases, and even death.
Prevention and control of dengue depend on vector control. There is no specific treatment for dengue/severe dengue, and early detection and access to proper medical care greatly lower fatality rates of severe dengue.Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes.
About half of the world's population is now at risk of dengue with an estimated 100–400 million infections occurring each year.
Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas.
While many dengue infections are asymptomatic or produce only mild illness, the virus can occasionally cause more severe cases, and even death.
Prevention and control of dengue depend on vector control. There is no specific treatment for dengue/severe dengue, and early detection and access to proper medical care greatly lower fatality rates of severe dengue.Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes.
About half of the world's population is now at risk of dengue with an estimated 100–400 million infections occurring each year.
Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates
Dengue has become a global problem since the Second World War and is common in more than 110 countries, mainly in Asia and South America. Each year between 50 and 528 million people are infected and approximately 10,000 to 20,000 die. The earliest descriptions of an outbreak date from 1779. Its viral cause and spread were understood by the early 20th century. Apart from eliminating the mosquitos, work is ongoing for medication targeted directly at the virus. It is classified as a neglected tropical disease.
Arthropod-borne diseases are transmitted by arthropods, members of the invertebrate phylum Arthropoda, which includes insects, spiders, and crustaceans (Tortoise, crabs).
Arthropod vector can cause a variety of human diseases, including malaria, yellow fever, chikunguniya, and dengue fever.
It brings to life the fascinating connections between structure and function in the human body and explores the health and disease continuum in detail, including teaching on how medical therapies act to treat or even prevent disease. Human health, defined as the complete state of physical, social, and mental well-being and not merely the absence of illness, disease, or infirmity, is as vital a resource as water, food, or energy.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Dengue Fever
♦ What is it ?
Dengue fever is a common communicable disease characterized by
occurrence of high fever, severe body aches and intense headache. It is a
very common disease that occurs in epidemic form from time to time.
Delhi and parts of North India experienced a large number of
cases of Dengue in 1996, 2003 and 2006. The disease is quite severe in
young children as compared to adults.
It is a disease which occurs throughout the world except in Europe and
affects a large number of people. For example, it is estimated that every
year, 2 crore cases of Dengue fever occur in the world. Death rate varies
from 5 per 100 cases to 30 per 100 cases.
♦ Cause ?
It is caused by a virus (Dengue Virus) which has got four different
types (Type 1,2,3,4). Common name of the disease is ‘break-bone fever’
"(Haddi Tod Bukhar)" because of severe body and joint pains produced.
♦ Spread
Just like in Malaria, Dengue fever is also spread by bites of mosquitoes.
In this case, the mosquitoes are “Aedes” mosquitoes which are very tough
and bold mosquitoes and bite even during day time.
This disease occurs more frequently in the rainy season and
immediately afterwards (July to October) in India.
The Dengue virus is present in the blood of the patient suffering from
Dengue fever. Whenever an Aedes mosquito bites a patient of Dengue
fever, it sucks blood and along with it, the Dengue virus into its body. The
virus undergoes further development in the body of the mosquito for a few
days. When the virus containing mosquito bites a normal human being, the
virus is injected into the person’s body and he/she becomes infected and
can develop symptoms of Dengue fever.
1
3. ♦ Incubation Period : It means the time between bite of an infected
mosquito and appearance of symptoms of dengue fever in the bitten
person. Commonly, it is 5-6 days. However it can vary from 3-10 days.
♦ Symptoms of the disease
Symptoms depend upon the type of Dengue fever. There are three types
of Dengue fever-
1. Classical (Simple) Dengue Fever
2. Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF)
3. Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)
The classical (Simple) Dengue fever is a self-limiting disease and
does not kill. However, the other types (i.e. DHF & DSS) can prove fatal
if prompt treatment is not started.
It is important to recognise whether Dengue Fever is Simple or DHF
or DSS. The following symptoms will help in diagnosis –
1. Classical (Simple) Dengue Fever :
• Sudden onset of high fever with feeling of chills (“Thandi Lagna”).
• Severe Headache, Pains in muscles and joints.
• Pain behind the eyeballs especially on pressing the eyes or on
moving the eyeballs.
• Extreme weakness, loss of appetite, feeling of nausea.
• Change in taste sensations in
mouth.
• Pain in abdomen by itself or
on touching.
• Mild pain in throat.
• Patient feels generally
depressed and very sick.
2
4. • Rash on the skin : Pinkish red rash appears on the skin in the form
of diffuse flushing, mottling or pinhead eruptions on the face, neck
and chest. Later on, the rash may become more prominent.
The entire duration of Classical Dengue fever lasts for about 5-7 days
and the patient recovers.
2. Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever – (DHF) –
It should be suspected if with above mentioned symptoms of
Classical (Simple) Dengue Fever, one or more of the following
symptoms appear –
• Bleeding (haemorrhagic) manifestations : Bleeding from
nose, gums, blood in the stools or in vomiting, bleeding spots on
the skin which are seen as dark bluish-black, small or large patches.
If a health worker carries out a Tourniquet Test, it is positive.
Certain laboratory investigations carried out on a blood sample
also confirm DHF.
3. Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)
All symptoms as mentioned above in DHF are present plus
the patient also develops a condition called ‘shock’. Symptoms of shock in
a Dengue Fever case are –
• The person is very restless and the skin feels cold and clammy
despite high fever.
• The person may start losing consciousness.
• If you examine the pulse rate of the patient, it is weak and rapid.
Similarly, blood pressure will be low.
♦ Treatment
If it is classical (simple) Dengue Fever, the patient can be managed at
home. As it is a self-limiting disease, the treatment is purely supportive
3
5. and symptomatic –
e.g. –
• Keep the fever low by giving paracetamol tablet or syrup as per
health worker’s advise.
• Avoid giving Aspirin or Dispirin tablets to the patient
• If fever is more than 102°F, carry out hydrotherapy to bring down
the temperature.
• Give plenty of fluids water, shikanji etc. to the patient.
• Continue normal feeding. In fever, the body, infact, requires more
food.
• Allow the patient to rest.
If any of the symptoms indicative of DHF or DSS develop, rush the
patient to the nearest hospital at the earliest where appropriate investigations
will be carried out and necessary treatment instituted, e.g., transfusion of
fluids or platelets (a kind of blood cells which become low in DHF and
DSS). Please remember that every patient does not require blood
platelet transfusion.
Please remember :
Even DHF and DSS can be managed successfully if a correct
diagnosis is made and the treatment is started early.
4
6. 4 . Prevention
Prevention of Dengue Fever is easy, cheap and better. What is required
are some simple measures for –
• Preventing breeding of Aedes mosquitoes
• Protection from Aedes mosquitoes’ bites.
For protection against mosquitoes –
1. Mosquitoes breed only in water sources such as stagnant water in
drains and ditches, room air coolers, broken bottles, old discarded tyres,
containers and similar sources.
• Don’t allow water to remain stagnant in and around your house.
Fill the ditches. Clean the blocked drains. Empty the room air
coolers and flower vases completely atleast once in seven days
and let them dry. Dispose off old containers, tins and tyres etc.
properly.
• Keep the water tanks and water containers tightly covered so
that the mosquitoes can not enter them and start breeding.
• Wherever it is not possible to completely drain the water off from
room cooler, water tanks etc., it
is advised to put about two
tablespoons (30 ml.) of petrol or
kerosene oil into them for each
100 litres of water. This will
prevent mosquito breeding.
Repeat it every week.
• You can also put some types of
small fish (Gambusia, Lebister)
which eat mosquito larvae into
these water collections. These fish can be obtained from the local
administrative bodies (e.g., Malaria Officer’s office in the area).
5
7. • Wherever possible, practicable and affordable, prevent entry of
mosquitoes into the house by keeping wire mesh on windows and
doors.
• Use mosquito repellent sprays, creams, coils, mats or liquids to
drive away/ kill the mosquitoes. Use of googal smoke is a good
indigenous method for getting rid of mosquitoes.
• Wear clothes which cover the body as much as possible. This is
more relevant in case of children. Nickers and T-shirts are better
avoided during the season of Malaria and Dengue fever, i.e., from
July to October.
• Don’t turn away spray workers whenever they come to spray your
house. It is in your own interest to get the house sprayed.
• Use insecticidal sprays in all
areas within the house atleast
once a week. Don’t forget to spray
behind the photo-frames, curtains,
calendars; corners of house,
stores.
• Keep the surroundings of your
house clean. Don’t litter garbage.
Don’t allow wild herbs etc. to
grow around your house (atleast
in a radius of about 100 metres
around your house). They act as
hiding and resting places for
mosquitoes.
• Do inform and take help from your
local health centre, panchayat or municipality in case you notice
abnormal density of mosquitoes or too many cases of fever are
occurring in your area.
6
8. It is good to remember that Aedes mosquitoes bite even during
daytime and hence you should take precautions against their
bite during day time also.
• If fencing of the doors and windows is not possible due to any
reason, spray the entire house daily with pyrethrum solution.
• Dengue fever occurs most frequently in India in the months of
July to October because this season provides very suitable conditions
for breeding of mosquitoes. Hence all these preventive steps must
be taken during the season.
• Lastly, it is advisable to always keep the patient of Dengue fever
under a mosquito net in the first 5-6 days of the illness so that
mosquitoes don’t have an access to him/her. This will help in
reduction in spread of Dengue fever to other persons in the
Community.
If you ever notice that many persons have
suffered from an illness which may appear to
be Dengue Fever, please inform this to the local
health authorities at the earliest. This will help
in preventing the disease acquiring epidemic
proportions.
Source : "Diseases and Conditions with Epidemic Potential"
by
Dr. Bir Singh
Published by : VHAI, 2000
7
9. Chikungunya Fever
What is chikungunya fever? Chikungunya fever is a viral disease transmitted to
humans by the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes.
What type of illness does chikungunya virus cause? This infection can cause a
debilitating illness, most often characterized by fever, headache, fatigue, nausea,
vomiting, muscle pain, rash, and joint pain.
The incubation period (time from infection to illness) can be 2-12 days, but is
usually 3-7 days.
Acute chikungunya fever typically lasts a few days to a couple of weeks, but as
with dengue, some patients have prolonged fatigue lasting several weeks.
Additionally, some patients have reported incapacitating joint pain, or arthritis
which may last for weeks or months.
How do humans become infected with chikungunya virus? Chikungunya fever is
spread by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito.
How is chikungunya virus infection treated? No vaccine or specific antiviral
treatment for chikungunya fever is available. Treatment is symptomatic—rest,
fluids, and ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, or paracetamol may relieve
symptoms of fever and aching. Aspirin or Dispirin should be avoided during the
acute stages of the illness.
What can people do to prevent becoming infected with chikungunya virus? The
best way to avoid Chikungunya infection is to prevent mosquito bites. There is no
vaccine or preventive drug. Prevention tips are similar to those for Dengue.
Malaria
• What is it?
Caused by a parasite “Plasmodium”, this disease is spread by bite of
Anopheles mosquitoes that usually breed in clean water around our homes.
• Symptoms :
High Fever, headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, body pains. If malaria affects
brain )”cerebral Malaria”), the person becomes drowsy, loses consciousness
and gets convulsions. Cerebral Malaria can cause death if not treated on time.
• Treatment :
Please get a blood slide made and take treatment from a doctor. Keep the fever
down by giving paracetamol. Drink lots of fluids.
• Prevention :
Prevent mosquito breeding and mosquito bites. Please see previous pages
for these tips.
8
10. Precautions for Preventing Diseases
that usually occur in Summer &
Monsoon Months
The months of May, June July and August are the months when diseases like
diarrhea (loose motions), gastro-enteritis, cholera (“Haiza”), typhoid fever and
Jaundice (“Peeliya”, Hepatitis) occur more frequently. Heat Stoke ("Loo Lagna")
occurs when someone gets exposed to severe heat for a long time without proper
protection.
They occur because of
1. Consumption of unclean water and food.
2. Eating stale food/ food sold in open
3. Dirty hands and nails.
4. Flies and dirty surroundings.
5. Heat Stroke occurs due to exposure to severe heat for a long time.
Prevention
You can prevent almost all these
diseases by following some simple
precautions. These are specially
important for young children.
1. Please drink only that water which
has been properly chlorinated/ boiled/
filtered through instruments such as Aquaguard, R.O.system etc.
Boiling is the best method to purify water.
2. If you have to boil water at home, keep boiling the water for 15-20 minutes after
boiling starts.
3. Don’t drink water from road side water sellers or dhabas or dirty hotels etc.
They don’t use clean glasses .
9
11. 4. Always wash hands with soap and water :-
• Before eating anything with hands.
• After going to the toilet.
• After playing
5. Never eat food items that are sold in open (such as
cut fruits, sweets) etc.
6. Avoid drinking roadside sugarcane juice. Don’t drink
any liquid in which commercial ice has been added
directly.
7. Don’t bottle feed young babies. Use katori / glass
and spoon.
8. Keep your house and surroundings clean because
garbage breeds flies.
9. Avoid eating chaat, golgappa, kulfi and "Jal Jeera"
etc. from roadside vendors. They are usually unclean.
10. If some one has loose motions/ vomiting, please start
giving lots of fluids (lassi, ORS, sugar-salt shinkanji,
water, Daal Ka paani) etc. to such patients. Very
10
12. young children should be specially taken care of in such a situation. Kept
feeding them normally (don’t stop breast feeding/ normal feeding).
If some one has too many loose motions/ vomiting, he / she should report
immediately to the casualty. Specially, don’t ignore loose motions in children
and babies.
11. Avoid eating salads in parties/ functions
12. Always wash raw vegetables
(e.g. carrot, radish, cucumber)
and fruits (e.g., apples, mangoes,
watermelon etc.) in running water
before eating.
13. Don't expose yourself to hot sun
for a long time. Always use cap,
umbrella, sunglasses etc. Keep
drinking a lot of water.
O.R.S.
If you wish to hear all this information at
any time, please dial 011-26589712.
This helpline service is brought to you by
D.O.R.C. and
Centre for Community Medicine, AIIMS
Acknowledgement : Illustrations by : Mr. Ramchandra Pokale, CCM