1. This document summarizes the methods and key findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010. It describes how risk factors were selected, exposures estimated, effect sizes determined, and attributable burden calculated.
2. The top 25 risk factors accounted for over 50% of global disease burden in 2010. Leading risks included high blood pressure, tobacco smoking, dietary risks, high BMI, and air pollution. There was significant regional and national variation in risk factors.
3. Key findings showed a shift from communicable to noncommunicable disease risks. Understanding diet and developing interventions for high BMI and glucose were highlighted as research priorities given the growing burden.
Penetapan Area Beresiko Sanitasi Permukimaninfosanitasi
Dokumen ini membahas tentang penetapan area berisiko berdasarkan tingkat risiko sanitasi di suatu wilayah. Proses penetapannya melibatkan pengumpulan data sekunder dan primer, analisis data, penentuan indeks risiko, dan diskusi untuk menetapkan skor akhir area berisiko. Hasil akhir dituangkan dalam peta area berisiko beserta deskripsi alasan pemilihan area-area berisiko.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pembekalan tim kesehatan lingkungan yang mencakup penjelasan mengenai kontribusi faktor lingkungan terhadap penyakit, pelayanan kesehatan lingkungan, indikator kinerja program kesehatan lingkungan, dan pentingnya sanitasi total berbasis masyarakat untuk mencegah penyakit."
This document discusses occupational health and toxicology. It defines occupational health as promoting worker well-being in all occupations. Occupational safety aims to control workplace hazards and their impact. The document outlines several occupational diseases caused by exposure to substances like asbestos, silica, coal dust, heavy metals and industrial chemicals. It describes symptoms, exposure sources and prevention methods for conditions like pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, silicosis, and poisonings from lead, nickel, manganese, chromium, carbon monoxide and ammonia. The objectives of occupational health services are to prevent diseases and injuries, adapt work environments, and promote worker efficiency and wellness.
Analisis Dampak Kesehatan Lingkungan (ADKL) adalah pendekatan untuk melihat dampak kesehatan masyarakat dari rencana pembangunan dengan mempertimbangkan parameter lingkungan, proses pemajanan, dan sumber daya kesehatan. ADKL digunakan untuk menilai dokumen AMDAL dan UKL-UPL serta menyiapkan program kesehatan.
Human Health Risk Assessment Training ModuleJason Suwala
The document provides an overview of the risk assessment process, which includes problem formulation, exposure and toxicity analysis, and risk characterization. It discusses key components like identifying hazards, receptors, and pathways. Environmental and human samples are collected to quantify exposure. Toxicity values are used to evaluate hazards. The risk assessment process is iterative, starting with preliminary assessments and becoming more refined in site-specific assessments to accurately characterize risk.
Dokumen tersebut membahas standar kualitas air bersih meliputi parameter fisika, kimia, mikrobiologi dan radioaktivitas. Parameter tersebut mencakup kekeruhan, suhu, pH, logam berat, zat organik serta bakteri penyebab penyakit."
Penetapan Area Beresiko Sanitasi Permukimaninfosanitasi
Dokumen ini membahas tentang penetapan area berisiko berdasarkan tingkat risiko sanitasi di suatu wilayah. Proses penetapannya melibatkan pengumpulan data sekunder dan primer, analisis data, penentuan indeks risiko, dan diskusi untuk menetapkan skor akhir area berisiko. Hasil akhir dituangkan dalam peta area berisiko beserta deskripsi alasan pemilihan area-area berisiko.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pembekalan tim kesehatan lingkungan yang mencakup penjelasan mengenai kontribusi faktor lingkungan terhadap penyakit, pelayanan kesehatan lingkungan, indikator kinerja program kesehatan lingkungan, dan pentingnya sanitasi total berbasis masyarakat untuk mencegah penyakit."
This document discusses occupational health and toxicology. It defines occupational health as promoting worker well-being in all occupations. Occupational safety aims to control workplace hazards and their impact. The document outlines several occupational diseases caused by exposure to substances like asbestos, silica, coal dust, heavy metals and industrial chemicals. It describes symptoms, exposure sources and prevention methods for conditions like pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, silicosis, and poisonings from lead, nickel, manganese, chromium, carbon monoxide and ammonia. The objectives of occupational health services are to prevent diseases and injuries, adapt work environments, and promote worker efficiency and wellness.
Analisis Dampak Kesehatan Lingkungan (ADKL) adalah pendekatan untuk melihat dampak kesehatan masyarakat dari rencana pembangunan dengan mempertimbangkan parameter lingkungan, proses pemajanan, dan sumber daya kesehatan. ADKL digunakan untuk menilai dokumen AMDAL dan UKL-UPL serta menyiapkan program kesehatan.
Human Health Risk Assessment Training ModuleJason Suwala
The document provides an overview of the risk assessment process, which includes problem formulation, exposure and toxicity analysis, and risk characterization. It discusses key components like identifying hazards, receptors, and pathways. Environmental and human samples are collected to quantify exposure. Toxicity values are used to evaluate hazards. The risk assessment process is iterative, starting with preliminary assessments and becoming more refined in site-specific assessments to accurately characterize risk.
Dokumen tersebut membahas standar kualitas air bersih meliputi parameter fisika, kimia, mikrobiologi dan radioaktivitas. Parameter tersebut mencakup kekeruhan, suhu, pH, logam berat, zat organik serta bakteri penyebab penyakit."
Water Safety Plans - Pengalaman dari Kawasan Selatan AsiaOswar Mungkasa
Dokumen tersebut membahas pengalaman negara-negara di Asia Selatan dalam menerapkan Rencana Pengamanan Air Minum (Water Safety Plans/WSP) untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan keamanan air minum. WSP telah terbukti mengurangi penyakit akibat air dan biaya operasional di Bangladesh, Bhutan, dan India dengan melibatkan masyarakat dan memperbaiki infrastruktur air.
The document discusses various common soil pollutants including those from agriculture, landfills, industrial processes, mining, oil and gas wells, radioactive waste, and household hazardous waste. It also discusses point source pollutants that come from identifiable sources like factories, landfills, and waste water treatment facilities, as well as nonpoint source pollutants carried by rain and snow runoff from various sources like farms, construction sites, and faulty septic systems. Finally, it mentions how biodiversity and species are affected by human activities like pollution, habitat loss from sprawl and logging/mining, and disruption of natural cycles through fire suppression.
This document discusses human health risk assessment. It defines risk assessment as having two main types - quantitative risk assessment and environmental risk assessment. Environmental risk assessment includes human health risk assessment, where risk is defined as hazard times exposure. The document outlines the process of human health risk assessment, including determining exposure through intake calculations, establishing toxicity values from animal studies with uncertainty factors, and characterizing risk for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals by calculating hazard quotients and risk levels. The goal of risk assessment is to properly assess and manage risks to avoid health effects.
Phosphorous from detergents, fertilizers, and animal waste can cause eutrophication when it enters lakes and streams, making the water unsuitable for recreation and fish. High levels of phosphorous promote toxic algae growth and can cause digestive problems in people and animals. Over time, continued phosphorous loading accelerates the aging of water ecosystems and causes fluctuations in water quality. Biological removal of phosphates using floating plants like water hyacinths is an effective treatment method that ensures environmental sustainability with fewer chemical impacts.
Environmental problems and human health, risk assessment and risk managementMd Fahimuzzaman
Environmental problems and human health, risk assessment and risk management
The process of estimating the potential impact of a chemical, physical, microbiological or psychosocial hazard on a specified human population or ecological system under a specific set of conditions and for a certain time frame.
The five stages of environmental health risk assessment:
1. Issue identification
2. Hazard assessment
3. Dose-response
4. Exposure
5. Risk characterisation
Arsenic is commonly found in groundwater and can cause serious health effects. The document discusses arsenic's properties, major sources like groundwater, and health impacts like skin lesions and cancers. It also provides information on limits and standards, noting the WHO drinking water guideline of 10 μg/L, as well as strategies for control and prevention like installing arsenic removal systems and educating the public.
SNI 6989.57.2008 Metode Pengambilan Contoh Air Permukaannyampling.com
Dokumen tersebut menjelaskan standar nasional Indonesia tentang metode pengambilan contoh air permukaan, termasuk peralatan, lokasi pengambilan contoh, cara pengambilan contoh, dan persyaratan wadah penyimpanan contoh."
The document discusses water quality monitoring standards and procedures. It outlines the importance of water quality for human health and consumption. Key points covered include factors that influence water source selection, the roles and responsibilities of different organizations in water quality monitoring, guidelines for laboratory infrastructure and types, objectives and factors affecting water quality sampling. The document also provides detailed guidance on sample collection, preservation, storage and transportation techniques as well as recommended sampling frequencies. It discusses Indian drinking water quality standards and specifications.
The document discusses the definition and types of pollution. It defines pollution as an undesirable change in the environment that harms human or ecosystem health. It then summarizes the main sources and types of pollution, including air, water, soil, and waste pollution. The document also discusses waste generation processes and the waste management hierarchy of reduce, reuse, recycle. It provides examples of point and non-point pollution sources. The majority of the document then focuses on defining and describing various forms of water pollution in more detail, including physical, chemical, and biological indicators and impacts.
How toxicity can be occur from agricultural chemicals? What type of toxic compounds are present in pesticides? What are organochlorine compounds? What are organophosphorus compounds? How accidental toxicity can occur? What will be the prevention from these agricultural chemicals? How toxicity can be occur from fertilizers?
- Water is essential for life but only a small fraction of Earth's water is readily available for human use. Humans currently use about 54% of available freshwater runoff.
- Water is used for agriculture, industry, domestic purposes, transportation, and more. However, water pollution from various sources threatens available water supplies and ecosystems. The lecture discusses different types of water pollutants including organic, inorganic, microbiological and thermal pollutants. It emphasizes the importance of addressing water pollution to protect water resources and public health.
This presentation discusses water chemistry and drinking water quality in India. It provides background on water sources in rural India and key water quality issues. These issues include overextraction of groundwater leading to shortages, and contamination putting millions of people at health risks. The presentation then examines the critical water quality parameters to test like alkalinity, hardness, arsenic, chloride, coliform, pH, fluoride, iron and turbidity. It describes the testing methods and instruments used and health impacts of parameter levels outside acceptable limits. The goal is to assess water quality and safety for drinking.
Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects that occur in living organisms due to chemicals. It involves observing and reporting symptoms that arise following exposure to toxic substances.
Climate change and emerging infectious and vector diseasesShisam Neupane
The document discusses the relationship between climate change and emerging infectious diseases. It begins by defining climate and climate change, then outlines some of the main causes of climate change, including both natural factors and human activities like deforestation. It also lists some of the consequences of climate change, such as changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. The document then examines how climate change can directly impact human health by altering exposure to weather extremes and increasing air and water pollution. Finally, it explores how climate change may affect infectious and vector-borne diseases by influencing the distribution and lifecycles of disease-carrying organisms like mosquitoes and pathogens.
GHME 2013 Conference
Session: Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010: workshop on methods and key findings
Date: June 18 2013
Presenter: Sarah Wulf
Institute:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), University of Washington
Water Safety Plans - Pengalaman dari Kawasan Selatan AsiaOswar Mungkasa
Dokumen tersebut membahas pengalaman negara-negara di Asia Selatan dalam menerapkan Rencana Pengamanan Air Minum (Water Safety Plans/WSP) untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan keamanan air minum. WSP telah terbukti mengurangi penyakit akibat air dan biaya operasional di Bangladesh, Bhutan, dan India dengan melibatkan masyarakat dan memperbaiki infrastruktur air.
The document discusses various common soil pollutants including those from agriculture, landfills, industrial processes, mining, oil and gas wells, radioactive waste, and household hazardous waste. It also discusses point source pollutants that come from identifiable sources like factories, landfills, and waste water treatment facilities, as well as nonpoint source pollutants carried by rain and snow runoff from various sources like farms, construction sites, and faulty septic systems. Finally, it mentions how biodiversity and species are affected by human activities like pollution, habitat loss from sprawl and logging/mining, and disruption of natural cycles through fire suppression.
This document discusses human health risk assessment. It defines risk assessment as having two main types - quantitative risk assessment and environmental risk assessment. Environmental risk assessment includes human health risk assessment, where risk is defined as hazard times exposure. The document outlines the process of human health risk assessment, including determining exposure through intake calculations, establishing toxicity values from animal studies with uncertainty factors, and characterizing risk for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals by calculating hazard quotients and risk levels. The goal of risk assessment is to properly assess and manage risks to avoid health effects.
Phosphorous from detergents, fertilizers, and animal waste can cause eutrophication when it enters lakes and streams, making the water unsuitable for recreation and fish. High levels of phosphorous promote toxic algae growth and can cause digestive problems in people and animals. Over time, continued phosphorous loading accelerates the aging of water ecosystems and causes fluctuations in water quality. Biological removal of phosphates using floating plants like water hyacinths is an effective treatment method that ensures environmental sustainability with fewer chemical impacts.
Environmental problems and human health, risk assessment and risk managementMd Fahimuzzaman
Environmental problems and human health, risk assessment and risk management
The process of estimating the potential impact of a chemical, physical, microbiological or psychosocial hazard on a specified human population or ecological system under a specific set of conditions and for a certain time frame.
The five stages of environmental health risk assessment:
1. Issue identification
2. Hazard assessment
3. Dose-response
4. Exposure
5. Risk characterisation
Arsenic is commonly found in groundwater and can cause serious health effects. The document discusses arsenic's properties, major sources like groundwater, and health impacts like skin lesions and cancers. It also provides information on limits and standards, noting the WHO drinking water guideline of 10 μg/L, as well as strategies for control and prevention like installing arsenic removal systems and educating the public.
SNI 6989.57.2008 Metode Pengambilan Contoh Air Permukaannyampling.com
Dokumen tersebut menjelaskan standar nasional Indonesia tentang metode pengambilan contoh air permukaan, termasuk peralatan, lokasi pengambilan contoh, cara pengambilan contoh, dan persyaratan wadah penyimpanan contoh."
The document discusses water quality monitoring standards and procedures. It outlines the importance of water quality for human health and consumption. Key points covered include factors that influence water source selection, the roles and responsibilities of different organizations in water quality monitoring, guidelines for laboratory infrastructure and types, objectives and factors affecting water quality sampling. The document also provides detailed guidance on sample collection, preservation, storage and transportation techniques as well as recommended sampling frequencies. It discusses Indian drinking water quality standards and specifications.
The document discusses the definition and types of pollution. It defines pollution as an undesirable change in the environment that harms human or ecosystem health. It then summarizes the main sources and types of pollution, including air, water, soil, and waste pollution. The document also discusses waste generation processes and the waste management hierarchy of reduce, reuse, recycle. It provides examples of point and non-point pollution sources. The majority of the document then focuses on defining and describing various forms of water pollution in more detail, including physical, chemical, and biological indicators and impacts.
How toxicity can be occur from agricultural chemicals? What type of toxic compounds are present in pesticides? What are organochlorine compounds? What are organophosphorus compounds? How accidental toxicity can occur? What will be the prevention from these agricultural chemicals? How toxicity can be occur from fertilizers?
- Water is essential for life but only a small fraction of Earth's water is readily available for human use. Humans currently use about 54% of available freshwater runoff.
- Water is used for agriculture, industry, domestic purposes, transportation, and more. However, water pollution from various sources threatens available water supplies and ecosystems. The lecture discusses different types of water pollutants including organic, inorganic, microbiological and thermal pollutants. It emphasizes the importance of addressing water pollution to protect water resources and public health.
This presentation discusses water chemistry and drinking water quality in India. It provides background on water sources in rural India and key water quality issues. These issues include overextraction of groundwater leading to shortages, and contamination putting millions of people at health risks. The presentation then examines the critical water quality parameters to test like alkalinity, hardness, arsenic, chloride, coliform, pH, fluoride, iron and turbidity. It describes the testing methods and instruments used and health impacts of parameter levels outside acceptable limits. The goal is to assess water quality and safety for drinking.
Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects that occur in living organisms due to chemicals. It involves observing and reporting symptoms that arise following exposure to toxic substances.
Climate change and emerging infectious and vector diseasesShisam Neupane
The document discusses the relationship between climate change and emerging infectious diseases. It begins by defining climate and climate change, then outlines some of the main causes of climate change, including both natural factors and human activities like deforestation. It also lists some of the consequences of climate change, such as changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. The document then examines how climate change can directly impact human health by altering exposure to weather extremes and increasing air and water pollution. Finally, it explores how climate change may affect infectious and vector-borne diseases by influencing the distribution and lifecycles of disease-carrying organisms like mosquitoes and pathogens.
GHME 2013 Conference
Session: Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010: workshop on methods and key findings
Date: June 18 2013
Presenter: Sarah Wulf
Institute:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), University of Washington
Módulo i presentación introductoria para el análisis teloméricoLife Length
El documento discute la longitud de los telómeros, las secciones de ADN en los extremos de los cromosomas que se acortan con la edad. Explica que una longitud de telómero más corta se asocia con un envejecimiento más rápido y mayor riesgo de enfermedad. El documento también proporciona rangos de longitud de telómero considerados muy cortos, cortos, normales, largos y muy largos y compara la longitud del telómero de un individuo con una base de datos para determinar valores extremos.
This document provides an overview of non-Roman Italy between 900-700 BC, focusing on the Greeks and Etruscans. It describes the establishment of Greek colonies in Magna Graecia and Sicily, including important cities like Cumae, Naxos, Selinus, Akragas, and Paestum. Greek architectural styles and temple forms are examined. For the Etruscans, it outlines the Orientalizing period and notable tombs from Caere and Tarquinia, including the Regolini-Galassi tomb and its artifacts. Key Etruscan architectural features are compared to Greek styles.
Lec 8 nutrition for health promotion and disease prevention 2Siham Gritly
Improving diets and increasing physical activity can reduce risks of death and disability from chronic diseases according to WHO. A document discusses how chronic diseases like heart disease, cancer and diabetes are linked to dietary and lifestyle factors. It recommends improving intake of fruits and vegetables while limiting foods high in saturated fat, sugar and salt to help prevent chronic diseases. Maintaining a healthy diet and active lifestyle are important for reducing risk factors and promoting overall health.
Chronic illnesses like heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD, and diabetes are generally incurable and worsen over time. They are the major causes of death and health care costs in the US. Risky behaviors in youth and middle age such as smoking, poor diet, physical inactivity, obesity, and alcohol abuse put people at higher risk of developing chronic conditions. Adopting a healthy lifestyle through not smoking, eating well, exercising regularly, and limiting alcohol can help prevent chronic diseases and reduce their impact on one's health as they age.
The Chronic Care Model provides a framework to improve care for patients with chronic illnesses. It emphasizes productive interactions between informed, activated patients and prepared practice teams. The model includes six core elements: community resources, self-management support, delivery system design, decision support, clinical information systems, and organized healthcare systems. Studies show practices that more fully implement the model through interventions experience improved quality of care and patient outcomes. Randomized controlled trials demonstrate the Chronic Care Model is effective across different chronic conditions. While implementation presents challenges, the evidence indicates the Chronic Care Model can successfully redesign care for chronic illness.
Component separation technique for a very large abdominal wall herniaSanjiv Haribhakti
Component separation technique is an excellent technique for large ventral central defects which can allow a medial shift of approx. For More information visit at Gisurgery.info
Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity are major global health problems. Nutrition plays an important role in both the prevention and management of chronic diseases. Unhealthy diets high in saturated fat, sugar and refined carbohydrates are contributing to increased rates of obesity and related conditions. Lifestyle interventions including healthier eating, physical activity and weight management can help delay or prevent chronic disease. Nutrition recommendations focus on increasing intake of fruits, vegetables and whole grains while limiting saturated fat, sugar and sodium.
The document outlines India's National Programme for Control and Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases (NPCDCS) such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and stroke. It aims to integrate NCD prevention and control with primary healthcare and improve early diagnosis, management and treatment of NCDs. Key objectives include preventing NCDs through lifestyle changes and screening, building healthcare capacity for NCDs, and improving access to treatment. The program promotes healthy behaviors and screens for NCDs opportunistically. It also works to establish NCD clinics and strengthen infrastructure for NCD care.
There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. It accounts for 5-10% of diabetes cases and treatment requires lifelong insulin administration via injections or pump. Psychological impacts of Type 1 diabetes can include depression, stress, low self-esteem, and social anxiety. Higher levels of depression, stress, and social anxiety are associated with poorer diabetes management and control. Social support from family, friends, and medical providers is important for helping adolescents cope with Type 1 diabetes.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and spread. Some key points:
- Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men and breast cancer is most common in women.
- Risk factors include tobacco use, obesity, viruses, chemicals, radiation, and genetic mutations.
- Prevention focuses on healthy behaviors like not smoking, diet, exercise and limiting sun exposure.
- Treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and other approaches depending on cancer type and stage. Combined therapies are often used but all treatments can cause side effects.
This document discusses chronic illness management. It defines a chronic illness as a condition lasting 3 months or longer that can be unpredictable. Common chronic illnesses include heart disease, cancer, diabetes and arthritis. Risk factors include behaviors like smoking, poor diet and lack of exercise, as well as genetic predisposition. Chronic diseases account for most American deaths each year. Health psychology examines the biological, psychological and social factors related to illness and health. Clinical health psychologists help patients manage chronic conditions through cognitive and behavioral therapies.
Chronic illnesses are health conditions that last over six months. Examples include cancer, heart disease, and arthritis. Factors that contribute to chronic illnesses include heredity, lifestyle, and environment. People with chronic illnesses have ongoing needs related to employment, financial support, health care, housing, and self-esteem. Their socioeconomic status, age, and any disabilities can impact their ability to access resources to manage their condition.
Lifestyle diseases are caused partly by unhealthy behaviors and partly by other factors. They include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, and musculoskeletal disorders. Many lifestyle diseases can be prevented or managed by maintaining a healthy diet, being physically active, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol, managing stress levels, and getting adequate sleep. Preventive measures also include keeping vaccinations up to date, practicing sun protection, and attending regular medical screenings.
This document summarizes the findings of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Comparative Risk Assessment. It analyzed the burden of disease attributable to 67 risk factors across 21 regions for 1990, 2005, and 2010. Key findings include that noncommunicable disease risks have overtaken communicable disease risks in children. High BMI and glucose emerged as major risks with a need for effective interventions. Diet and air pollution burdens were revised upwards. Risks varied regionally, with poverty-related factors dominating in sub-Saharan Africa. Limitations included data gaps and an inability to assess risk factor interactions.
This document summarizes key concepts about risks, toxicology, and human health from Chapter 19 of G. Tyler Miller's Living in the Environment textbook. It discusses types of hazards people face, methods of assessing chemical and biological hazards, and estimating and managing risks. Risk is defined as the likelihood of harm from a hazard. Risk assessment involves identifying hazards, estimating risks, and comparing risks. The document also outlines approaches to risk analysis, management, and reduction.
Applied toxicology chemical risk assessmentAsif Yahya
The document discusses risk assessment for toxicology. It begins with definitions of key terms from toxicology like hazard identification, hazard characterization, and risk characterization. It then explains the four main steps of risk assessment: hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Various data sources and approaches for each step are provided like using epidemiological, animal, and in vitro studies to identify hazards. The risk characterization step integrates the previous steps to provide advice for risk managers. The document provides several examples of chemicals and how their risks were assessed and characterized.
Roles of genetic and environmental factors in disease causationBarshaHalder2
This document discusses the roles of genetic and environmental factors in disease causation. It presents Dever's epidemiological model, which categorizes factors affecting disease into human biology, lifestyle, environment, and health systems. Diseases can develop from complex interactions between these factors over time, like links in a chain. The document then covers the role of genetic factors like single-gene disorders, chromosomal abnormalities, and high/low heritability multi-factorial diseases. Environmental factors influencing health are also examined, including biological, physical, chemical, and occupational exposures. Learning family health histories and creating healthy environments can help prevent disease.
This document discusses several topics related to environmental health and toxicology, including infectious diseases, antibiotic and pesticide resistance, toxic chemicals, and policies around hazardous waste. It covers how toxins move through and impact the environment, human exposure and susceptibility, mechanisms for reducing toxicity, measuring toxicity through testing and risk assessment, and legislation like CERCLA and RCRA for hazardous waste disposal and superfund site cleanups.
Toxicological risk assessment of chemicals Biplab Sikdar
This document presents an overview of toxicological risk assessment of chemicals. It discusses the key international and federal bodies involved in chemical risk assessment like WHO, EPA, and OECD. The risk assessment process involves five steps - hazard identification, hazard evaluation/dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Various factors in risk perception and comparative analyses of risk are also reviewed. The goal of risk assessment is to balance risks and benefits of chemicals and set safety limits to protect public health.
Risk factors in Multiple Sclerosis: Detection and Treatment in Daily Life
Caroline Pot and Patrice Lalive
Unit of Neuroimmunology and Multi Sclerosis Geneva University Hospital
The presentation provided an overview of the burden of disease in Pakistan across three key areas:
1) Pakistan's health status, both currently and projections for the future. High disease burdens were seen from communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases.
2) The top 20 risk factors contributing to poor health in Pakistan, including issues like tobacco use, unhealthy diets, limited access to healthcare, and environmental risks.
3) A framework for comparing Pakistan's disease burden and risk factors to other countries, focusing on analyzing differences in disease prevalence, mortality rates, life expectancy, and key risk factors like smoking rates or obesity levels between populations. Comparisons could help identify priority areas for improving public health.
Spontaneous Reporting and Prescription Event Monitoring.pptxDrRajeshHadia
This document discusses pharmacovigilance and post-marketing drug safety monitoring. It defines key terms like adverse drug reaction and signal. It explains limitations of pre-approval clinical trials in detecting all ADRs. Various pharmacovigilance strategies are outlined like spontaneous reporting, prescription event monitoring, and case studies. Reporting procedures and timelines are provided. The national pharmacovigilance program in India is described with its structure and operations. Benefits and limitations of spontaneous reporting are highlighted. Prescription event monitoring is explained as a form of post-marketing surveillance.
This document discusses cancer prevention and screening. It provides information on lifestyle and environmental factors that can increase cancer risk, such as smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption, certain chemicals and radiation. Maintaining a healthy diet, being physically active, avoiding tobacco and excessive sun exposure can help prevent some cancers. Screening guidelines and key websites for cancer information are also listed. The document emphasizes that prevention through modifying risk factors is the best approach to reducing the cancer burden.
According to the document, in 2005 about 42 million people worldwide were infected with HIV/AIDS. There is no vaccine for HIV/AIDS and if contracted, it will eventually lead to death, though drugs can help some infected people live longer. AIDS has reduced life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa significantly. Common risks to human health include biological, chemical, physical, and cultural hazards. Major infectious diseases disproportionately impact the poor in developing nations.
Some chemicals can cause harm to human health. Toxic chemicals include carcinogens that cause cancer, mutagens that cause genetic mutations, and teratogens that cause birth defects. Many chemicals also affect the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems. The toxicity of a chemical depends on factors like dose, route of exposure, and individual susceptibility. Scientists use animal testing and epidemiological studies to estimate toxicity, but these have limitations. More research is needed to understand the health impacts of many chemicals, especially at low exposure levels. Efforts to reduce chemical pollution and require safety testing aim to apply the precautionary principle.
Environmental Pollutants and Disease in American: Children: Estimates of Morbidity, Mortality, and Costs for Lead Poisoning, Asthma, Cancer, and Developmental Disabilities
SAMS EBM Online Course: Observational Study DesignsAhmad Al-Moujahed
This document discusses various observational study designs used in epidemiology, including cohort and case-control studies. It provides details on how to design, conduct, and analyze these types of studies. For cohort studies, it explains how to select the cohort population and comparison groups, and describes examples like the Framingham Heart Study and Nurses' Health Study. For case-control studies, it outlines how to select cases and controls and discusses potential biases. The document emphasizes the importance of temporal sequence between exposure and outcome and minimizing biases and confounding when using these observational study designs.
This document provides an overview of case-control study designs in epidemiology. It defines a case-control study as one that selects participants based on disease status, including cases who have the disease and controls who do not. Exposure is then assessed retrospectively. Key strengths are efficiency and ability to study rare diseases, while weaknesses include vulnerability to selection bias and inability to directly estimate incidence. Measures of association from case-control data estimate incidence odds ratios when cases are incident. Recall bias can also influence odds ratio estimates if differential between cases and controls.
This document summarizes the findings of the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study on comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioral, environmental, and metabolic risks. Some key findings include:
- These 79 risks accounted for 57.2% of all deaths and 41.6% of all disability-adjusted life years globally in 2013.
- The six individual risks or risk clusters that caused the most disability-adjusted life years were dietary risks, high blood pressure, childhood malnutrition, tobacco smoke, air pollution, and high BMI.
- Risk patterns varied significantly between regions and countries, with factors like childhood malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water being top risks in sub-Saharan Africa compared to high blood pressure, BMI, and tobacco
Sustained and targeted drug delivery for breast cancer therapy using biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles can:
1) Deliver anti-cancer drugs directly to the tumor site, achieving higher drug concentrations in tumors compared to free drug administration.
2) Provide lowered toxic side effects by reducing the necessary systemic drug dose.
3) Potentially deliver multiple anti-cancer drugs simultaneously or sequentially for improved therapeutic efficacy.
AHS12 Robb Wolf, BS — City Zero: How Markets and Evolution Can Revolutionize ...Ancestral Health Society
Robb Wolf, B.S. presenting at the Ancestral Health Symposium 2012 (AHS12)
City Zero: How Markets and Evolution Can Revolutionize Medicine
Abstract:
An investigation of how markets influence medical innovation and a case history of how the Ancestral Health model has been implemented at the city level.
Bio:
Robb Wolf, a former research biochemist, is the New York Times Best Selling author of The Paleo Solution: The Original Human Diet.
Robb has functioned as a review editor for the Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, is co-founder of the nutrition and athletic training journal, The Performance Menu, and co-owner of NorCal Strength & Conditioning, one of the Men's Health Top 30 Gyms in America.
This presentation outlines the process for dealing with adverse preclinical / nonclinical events in order to 1) optimize the chances of successful drug development, or 2) to create a scientific basis for early termination of drug development. Conclusion: There is no single answer for all problems.
1) The document summarizes preliminary findings from a process evaluation of the Salud Mesoamerica Initiative (SMI) which aims to strengthen health systems in Mesoamerica.
2) Key findings include that SMI has improved health facility management, logistics and medical supply availability, information systems, and human resource training.
3) SMI also influenced policies by changing conversations to focus on results and accelerating policy approval processes in Chiapas, Mexico. However, stakeholders disagreed on whether SMI adequately prioritized the poor.
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1. Comparative risk assessment
June 18, 2013
Stephen Lim
Associate Professor of Global Health
Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors
Study 2010: workshop on methods and key findings
2. Outline
1. Methods for estimating Burden of Disease attributable
to risk factors
2. Summary of key findings
2
3. Outline
1. Methods for estimating Burden of Disease
attributable to risk factors
2. Summary of key findings
3
5. Calculating risk factor burden
1. Select risk-outcome pairs
2. Estimate exposure distributions to each risk factor in the
population
3. Choose a counterfactual exposure distribution: theoretical
minimum risk exposure distribution (TMRED)
4. Estimate cause effect sizes: relative risk per unit of exposure
for each risk-outcome pair
5. Compute attributable burden, including uncertainty
5
6. Risk-outcome pair inclusion criteria
1. Likely importance of a risk factor to disease burden or policy
2. Availability of sufficient data and methods to enable
estimation of exposure distributions by country for at least
one of the study periods
3. Sufficient evidence for causal effect (convincing or probable
evidence) and to estimate outcome-specific effect sizes
4. Evidence to support generalizability of effect sizes to
populations other than those included in epidemiological
studies
6
7. GBD 2010: risks quantified
Unimproved water and sanitation
Unimproved water
Unimproved sanitation
Air pollution
Ambient particulate matter pollution
Household air pollution from solid fuels
Ambient ozone pollution
Other environmental risks
Residential radon
Lead exposure
Child and maternal undernutrition
Suboptimal breastfeeding
Nonexclusive breastfeeding
Discontinued breastfeeding
Childhood underweight
Iron deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency
Zinc deficiency
Tobacco smoking and secondhand smoke
Tobacco smoking
Secondhand smoke
Alcohol and other drugs
Alcohol use
Drug use (opioids, cannabis, amphetamines)
Physical inactivity and low physical
activity
Physiological chronic disease risks
High fasting plasma glucose
High total cholesterol
High systolic blood pressure
High body mass index
Low bone mineral density
Sexual abuse and violence
Childhood sexual abuse
Intimate partner violence
7
8. GBD 2010: risks quantified (cont’d)
Dietary risk factors
Diet low in fruits
Diet low in vegetables
Diet low in whole grains
Diet low in nuts/seeds
Diet low in milk
Diet high in unprocessed red meat
Diet high in processed meat
Sugar-sweetened beverages
Diet low in fiber
Diet low in calcium
Diet low in seafood omega-3
Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
Diet high in trans fatty acids
Diet high in sodium
Occupational exposures
Asbestos
Arsenic
Benzene
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Diesel
Formaldehyde
Nickel
PAHs
Secondhand smoke
Silica
Sulfuric acid
Asthmagens
Particulates and gases
Noise
Occupational injury
Low back pain
8
9. Calculating risk factor burden
1. Select risk-outcome pairs
2. Estimate exposure distributions to each risk factor in the
population
3. Choose a counterfactual exposure distribution: theoretical
minimum risk exposure distribution (TMRED)
4. Estimate cause effect sizes: relative risk per unit of exposure
for each risk-outcome pair
5. Compute attributable burden, including uncertainty
9
12. 12
PM2.5 (µg per m3)
Example: ambient PM pollution (cont’d)
• Satellite-based measures of aerosol optical depth (AOD)
• TM5 chemical transport models
• Cross-walk to ground-based PM2.5 sensor data
13. Calculating risk factor burden
1. Select risk-outcome pairs
2. Estimate exposure distributions to each risk factor in the
population
3. Choose a counterfactual exposure distribution:
theoretical minimum risk exposure distribution (TMRED)
4. Estimate cause effect sizes: relative risk per unit of exposure
for each risk-outcome pair
5. Compute attributable burden, including uncertainty
13
14. Calculating risk factor burden
1. Select risk-outcome pairs
2. Estimate exposure distributions to each risk factor in the
population
3. Choose a counterfactual exposure distribution: theoretical
minimum risk exposure distribution (TMRED)
4. Estimate cause effect sizes: relative risk per unit of
exposure for each risk-outcome pair
5. Compute attributable burden, including uncertainty
14
15. Risk-outcome effect sizes
1. Recent or new systematic reviews and meta-analyses
2. New/updated effect size estimates conducted for:
• Water and sanitation
• Dietary risk factors
• Air pollution: integrated exposure response (IERs)
3. Examined validity of single dietary risk factor effect sizes:
• Dietary pattern studies, e.g., Mediterranean diet
• Randomized controlled feeding studies, e.g., DASH, OMNI Heart
15
17. Calculating risk factor burden
1. Select risk-outcome pairs
2. Estimate exposure distributions to each risk factor in the
population
3. Choose a counterfactual exposure distribution: theoretical
minimum risk exposure distribution (TMRED)
4. Estimate cause effect sizes: relative risk per unit of exposure
for each risk-outcome pair
5. Compute attributable burden, including uncertainty
17
18. Population attributable fractions
• Continuous risk factors:
• Categorical risk factors:
• Joint effects of risk factor cluster:
18
R
r
rPAFPAF
1
)1(1
19. Limitations
• Few risks for major communicable diseases
• Exclusion of risk-outcomes based on insufficient
data
• Limited exposure distribution data
• Potential for residual confounding, especially in
the absence of intervention studies
• Uncertainty about generalizability of effect sizes
across populations
• Approximation of joint effects of risk factor
clusters
19
20. Outline
1. Methods for estimating Burden of Disease attributable
to risk factors
2. Summary of key findings
20
21. Burden of Disease attributable to 25 leading risk factors
as a percentage of global DALYs, both sexes, 2010
Residential radon
Ambient ozone pollution
Low bone mineral density
Unimproved water source
Childhood sexual abuse
Zinc deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency
Lead exposure
Unimproved sanitation
Intimate partner violence
Drug use
High total cholesterol
Suboptimal breastfeeding
Iron deficiency
Occupational risks
Physical inactivity and low physical activity
Ambient particulate matter pollution
Childhood underweight
High fasting plasma glucose
High body-mass index
Alcohol use
Household air pollution from solid fuels
Tobacco smoking
High blood pressure
Dietary risks
0 2 4 6 8 10
DALYs (%)
Cancer
Cardiovascular and circulatory
diseases
Chronic respiratory diseases
Cirrhosis
Digestive diseases
Neurological disorders
Mental and behavioural disorders
Diabetes, urogenital, blood, and
endocrine
Musculoskeletal disorders
Other non-communicable diseases
HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis
Diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections,
& other common infectious diseases
Neglected tropical diseases and malaria
Maternal disorders
Neonatal disorders
Nutritional deficiencies
Other communicable diseases
Transport injuries
Unintentional injuries
Intentional injuries
War and disaster
Global, 2010
Leading risk factors, percent of total DALYs
21
22. Global risk factor ranks and percentage change with 95% UI
for all ages and sexes combined, 1990 and 2010
22
25. Key risk factor messages
• Dramatic shift away from communicable disease risks in
children toward noncommunicable disease risks in adults
• Global rise in high BMI and glucose emphasizes research
priorities given the absence of effective interventions
• More nuanced understanding of the role of diet in
preventing chronic disease
• Considerable variation in risk factor burden by region and
country
• In much of sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risks continue
to be those associated with poverty
25
Editor's Notes
Chris (and others) presenting the overall flow chart for estimating the global burden of diseases, injuries and risk factors. I will be covering four steps shown in the bottom left hand corner of the flow chart outlined in green. The first step in computing risk factor burden, however, is not shown on this diagram and that is the selection of risk-outcome pairs to be included in the quantification of risk burden. An example of a risk outcome pair is systolic blood pressure and its effects on ischemic heart disease. Once risk outcome pairs are selected, the next steps are to estimate the current exposure distribution to each risk factor. For blood pressure this would be the mean and standard deviation of systolic blood pressure in the population. The theoretical minimum risk exposure distribution to which the current exposure will be compared to, and the relative risk per exposure unit for each of the risk-outcome pairs. These three steps allow us to calculate the fraction of the disease burden for each of the outcomes that is currently attributable to the risk factor, namely the population attributable fraction or PAF for each risk-outcome pair.PAFs are then multiplied by the corresponding YLL and YLDs for the specific outcome to determine the YLLs, YLDs and DALYs attributable to the risk factor. Uncertainty in the estimation of risk attributable burden is computed by generating a 1,000 draws of each of the corresponding inputs.
For the selection of risk outcome pairs, we used a set of four criteria to guide these choices.
The four risk inclusion criteria for GBD 2010 were :2. For example, while household surveys and censuses routinely collect information on water and sanitation, information on hygiene exposure is extremely limited and it was not subsequently included in the GBD20103. Importantly, we also require sufficient epidemiological evidence to estimate outcome-specific effect sizes. For example, there is a large body of evidence documenting the effect of maternal education on child mortality but the literature is predominantly focused on all-cause child mortality outcomes. 4. For example, we did not include the effects of intimate partner violence on HIV burden as longitudinal evidence is only available from South Africa and there is uncertainty about how the effect sizes might be applied to other populations which may have very different transmission dynamics.
Based on these criteria we included:
-
This flow chart provides a summary of the exposure estimation process, including the types of data sources used which ranged from household surveys, administrative data and censuses as well as trade sales and consumption data and as I will show in a moment satellite imagery. Similar to the previous presentations, we make a number of corrections for representativeness and selection and importantly for risk factors, cross walk between different definitions of risk exposure so that the measure of exposure matches best with the effect size estimates. For example, for computing the burden due to high sodium consumption, we cross walk between dietary based measures of sodium consumption and urinary sodium as a gold standard. We utilize a range of statistical procedures that generate predictions based on time, space and covariates to produce exposures by risk, age, sex, year and country.
A good example of this estimation process is for ambient particulate matter pollution. This map shows the availability of data on particulate matter measures as PM2.5 from ground-based monitoring stations. As you can see data are largely restricted to cities and are unavailable for many populations globally, for example for most parts of Africa.
To estimate exposure distributions for all populations globally, we used sattelite-based measures of aerosol
The third steps is to choose a counterfactual exposure distribution. The choice of the TMRED was guided by the epidemiological literature in terms of how
WASH and seafood omega-3s are posters
For ambient air pollution, as we saw in the previous map there are large populations such as those in East Asia that are exposed to high levels – greater than 80 ug per cubic meter - of PM2.5. The epidemiological studies of the health effects of ambient PM2.5 are largely restricted to North American and European populations with lower levels of exposure. To quantify the health effects of high ambient PM2.5 exposure we integrated evidence across different sources of PM2.5 as shown in this figure. On the y-axis we have the relative risk of lung cancer and on the x-axis we have log-transformed PM2.5. The red circles indicate the various ambient PM2.5 epidemiological studies, green household or indoor air pollution and the blue circles various categories of cigarette consumption. By fitting non-linear functions to this data, we are then able to estimate the health effects of PM2.5 exposure for populations with higher levels of ambient PM exposure, that is, largely between the ambient PM studies shown in red and the green household air pollution studies.
If we focus on the top 25 risk factors and risk factor clusters, in 2010, the cluster of dietary risks were the leading risk factors in terms of global disability adjusted life years, accounting for almost a tenth of global disability adjusted life years, followed by high blood pressure, tobacco smoking, including second hand smoke and HAP. The colors on this figure indicate the underlying cause attributable to the risk factor. For example, the effects of high blood pressure are primarily via cardiovascular disease while the effects of alcohol use are across a more diverse range of outcomes including cancer, cardiovascular disease, injuries, and communicable diseases. Many of the leading risk factors such as high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, physical inactivity, and high total cholesterol have effects on primarily non-communicable disease. Household air pollution and ambient particulate matter pollution which have effects on both communicable disease and non-communicable disease were ranked fourth and 9th, respectivelyThe leading communicable disease risk factors in 2010 were childhood underweight ranked 8th and accounting for more than 3% of total health burden with iron deficiency and suboptimal breastfeeding accounting for more than 2% of health burden.
The picture in 2010 reflects a dramatic shift away from communicable disease risk factors towards non-communicable disease risk factors as shown in this arrow diagram. This diagram depicts the leading risk factors in 1990 on the left and the leading risk factors in 2010 on the right. Risks are color coded according to the cluster of risk factors. For example, red are the maternal and child undernutrition risks and blue are the physiological risks for chronic disease. The lines connect the same risk. Numbers in the right hand most column represent the % change in the risk factor between 1990 and 2010. In 1990 childhood underweight was the leading risk factor accounting for almost 8% of total health burden in 1990; by 2010 it had more than halved and was the 8th ranked risk factor. Similar declines are present for other communicable disease risks as denoted by the dotted lines. These include suboptimal breastfeeding, unimproved sanitation and water as well as micronutrient deficiencies such as Vitamin A and Zinc. Solid lines denote whether the risk increased in rank. For example, high blood pressure was previously the 5th leading risk in 1990 and the 2nd leading risk in 2010. Overall, the burden of non-communicable disease risk factors has increased with the two of the other more notable being high body mass index for which the burden increased by more than 80% and high fasting plasma glucose that increased by more than 50%.
The global results mask considerable variation by region. This heatmap shows the top 25 global risk factors as rows ordered by the global rank and I have included just the Asian regions as columns ordered by the mean age at death, a marker of the epidemiological transition. Cells are shaded according to the rank of the risk factor in the corresponding region with dark red indicating the 5 leading risk factors and green indicating ranks 21-25 or greater. A number of the important patterns to note are:The cluster of dietary risk factors for chronic disease, SBP and Tobacco are generally among the top 5 ranked risk factors for all regions outside of SSA. Alcohol is a leading risk factor in Southern sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe and Latin AmericaHousehold air pollution is an important cause of disease burden in many parts of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Ambient particularly matter pollution is the 4th leading risk factor in East Asia. Despite declines, the cluster child and maternal undernutrition risk factors remain the leading risk factors in Western, Central and Eastern sub-Saharan Africa