Published in The Lancet in November 2018, GBD 2017 provides for the first time an independent estimation of population, for each of 195 countries and territories and the globe, using a standardized, replicable approach, as well as a comprehensive update on fertility. GBD 2017 incorporates major data additions and improvements, using a total of 68,781 data sources in the estimation process.
The Burden of Disease ( BOD) analysis describes in details the uses and effects of BOD. How to measure it. Special emphasis has been given in understanding HALY, DALY and QALY.
N.B: 1. Please download the ppt first, as the animations will act better then
2. There are few hidden slides in the presentation, which you may explore too.
Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
The Burden of Disease ( BOD) analysis describes in details the uses and effects of BOD. How to measure it. Special emphasis has been given in understanding HALY, DALY and QALY.
N.B: 1. Please download the ppt first, as the animations will act better then
2. There are few hidden slides in the presentation, which you may explore too.
Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
The general shift from acute infectious and deficiency diseases characteristic of underdevelopment to chronic non-communicable diseases characteristic of modernization and advanced levels of development is usually referred to as the "epidemiological transition".
Globalization, Global Health and Public Health.
Changing Concepts of Public Health.
Causes, Aspects and Types of Globalization.
Social Changes due to Globalization.
How Globalization affects Public Health.
Globalization of Public Health.
Threats to Global Health.
Understanding the concept of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and how can we reach it, both globally and also in India. The presentation also includes HLEG report , which is the proposed architecture for India's guide to reach UHC.
Universal health coverage (UHC) is a vision where all people and communities have access to quality health services where and when they need them, without suffering financial hardship. It includes the full spectrum of services needed throughout life—from health promotion to prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care—and is best based on a strong primary health care system.
Decentralization
Tools of Policy making
Financing Health care
Public-Private Partnership
Health Research
International Organizations
Equity
Health Reforms in Developing Countries
Stake Holders
Global health is the health of populations in the global context;
It has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being in which disease and infirmity are absent. Global health practices can respond to some of the major health responsibilities such as non-communicable diseases (heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases) or injuries that occur in varying degrees in many countries, no matter how advanced.
The guidelines set out the principles and practices that government can look at when making laws and regulating food programs. Inequality affects the health of the world.
The future of global health is at risk and needs urgent strategies. Also, technology is contributing at a vast pace to overcome the various health challenges all over the world.
For prevention of non-communicable diseases(NCD):
Ban all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship.
Restrictions on the availability of retailed alcohol.
Replacement of trans fats with polyunsaturated fats.
Scale-up early detection and coverage starting with very cost-effective, high-impact interventions.
Dr Yousef Elshrek is One co-authors in this study >>>> Global, regional, and...Univ. of Tripoli
Global, regional, and national age–sex specifi c all-cause and cause-specifi c mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators*
Dr. Yousef Elshrek is Coauthors in this study
The general shift from acute infectious and deficiency diseases characteristic of underdevelopment to chronic non-communicable diseases characteristic of modernization and advanced levels of development is usually referred to as the "epidemiological transition".
Globalization, Global Health and Public Health.
Changing Concepts of Public Health.
Causes, Aspects and Types of Globalization.
Social Changes due to Globalization.
How Globalization affects Public Health.
Globalization of Public Health.
Threats to Global Health.
Understanding the concept of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and how can we reach it, both globally and also in India. The presentation also includes HLEG report , which is the proposed architecture for India's guide to reach UHC.
Universal health coverage (UHC) is a vision where all people and communities have access to quality health services where and when they need them, without suffering financial hardship. It includes the full spectrum of services needed throughout life—from health promotion to prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care—and is best based on a strong primary health care system.
Decentralization
Tools of Policy making
Financing Health care
Public-Private Partnership
Health Research
International Organizations
Equity
Health Reforms in Developing Countries
Stake Holders
Global health is the health of populations in the global context;
It has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being in which disease and infirmity are absent. Global health practices can respond to some of the major health responsibilities such as non-communicable diseases (heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases) or injuries that occur in varying degrees in many countries, no matter how advanced.
The guidelines set out the principles and practices that government can look at when making laws and regulating food programs. Inequality affects the health of the world.
The future of global health is at risk and needs urgent strategies. Also, technology is contributing at a vast pace to overcome the various health challenges all over the world.
For prevention of non-communicable diseases(NCD):
Ban all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship.
Restrictions on the availability of retailed alcohol.
Replacement of trans fats with polyunsaturated fats.
Scale-up early detection and coverage starting with very cost-effective, high-impact interventions.
Dr Yousef Elshrek is One co-authors in this study >>>> Global, regional, and...Univ. of Tripoli
Global, regional, and national age–sex specifi c all-cause and cause-specifi c mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators*
Dr. Yousef Elshrek is Coauthors in this study
Demography and family planning lecture of Commmunity Medicine and or Preventive Medicine lecture by Dr. Farhana Yasmin,MBBS;MPH;Phd Fellow of Rajshahi University .
Causes and consequences of mortality decline in less developed countries, Sa...Nishat Zareen
Causes and consequences of mortality decline in the less developed countries by Samuel H. Preston. This article is presented in the context of Bangladesh. The sole purpose of this paper is to identify the factors responsible for the dramatic decline of mortality rates in the less developed countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. These factors were broadly termed as 'social and economic development' and 'technical changes'.
Ageing: fiscal implications and policy responses -- Chris James, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Chris James, OECD, at the 6th meeting of the joint OECD DELSA-GOV network on fiscal sustainability of health systems held in Paris, on 18-19 September 2017
Ageing: Fiscal implications and policy responses -- Chris James, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Chris James, OECD Secretariat, at the 6th Meeting of the Joint OECD DELSA-GOV Network on Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems, held at the OECD Conference Centre, Paris, on 18-19 September 2017
Verbal autopsy interviews were conducted with caretakers for all deaths of children under the age of 5 in Yucatán, Mexico during 2015-2016. Results from the verbal autopsy were triangulated with data from vital registration systems and medical records to check for concordance at both the individual and population level. Findings suggest that overall the vital registration system for deaths of children under 5 is strong, however concordance between vital registration systems and medical records varies based on cause of death and age of the deceased (neonatal vs. child). This presentation summarizes methods and results for the quality of mortality statistics analysis and was presented at the 2019 Instituto Nacional de Salud Public Conference in Cuernavaca, Mexico in March 2019.
The first phase of the “Under-5 Child Health and Mortality Statistics Project” sough to strengthen the evidence and understanding of key factors related to under-5 mortality in Yucatán, Mexico using Verbal Autopsy data collection tools with an added battery on search for care processes for U5 deaths which occurred in Yucatán during 2015-2016, and the triangulation of Verbal Autopsy reports with data from vital registration systems and medical records. This presentation, presented to stakeholders at a results dissemination workshop in October 2017 in Mérida, Yucatán, provides an overview of the project and summarizes key results and learnings from the research.
The second phase of the “Under-5 Child Health and Mortality Statistics Project” sough to strengthen the evidence and understanding of key factors related to under-5 mortality in Yucatán, Mexico through the implementation and evaluation of both community and facility-based interventions, aimed at improving recognition of alarm signs among mothers and caretakers for common causes of death in children and improving the quality of cause of death certification for deaths of children under 5, respectively. This presentation, presented virtually to stakeholders at a results dissemination workshop in January 2021, provides an overview of the project and summarizes key results and learnings from the research.
The Prospective Country Evaluation is an embedded mixed-methods evaluation platform designed to examine the Global Fund business model, investments and contribution to disease program outcomes and impact in eight countries. Findings were synthesized across the 8 countries to provide timely and actionable recommendations to support program improvements and accelerate progress towards the objectives of the Global Fund 2017-2022 Strategy.
In “Measuring human capital: a systematic analysis of 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016” IHME provides the first internationally comparable index of human capital. Building on past efforts, the study offers a measure of expected human capital that incorporates educational attainment, education quality or learning, functional health status, and survival for 195 countries, from 1990 to 2016.
“Follow the money” in order to better understand the framework for global health governance: this presentation by Dr. Tim Mackey employs IHME-coordinated research while teaching the evolution of global health financing.
SM2015 is an ambitious project with the Ministry of Health and local support. This presentation outlines the design and activities around the data collection and analysis of the evaluation, as well as the results, conclusions, and future activities.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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2. 2
1. Main findings
2. Definitions: GBD and DALYs
3. Population/fertility
4. Mortality
5. Life expectancy
6. Healthy life expectancy (HALE)
7. Years lost due to death and disability (DALYs)
8. Causes of death (YLLs)
9. Morbidity (YLDs)
10. Risk factors
11. SDGs
Outline
3. Main findings
3
1. In 2017, the top three countries in life expectancy were Singapore
(84.8 years), Japan (84.2 years), and Switzerland (84.0 years); lowest
were Central African Republic (51.9 years), Lesotho (54.7 years), and
Mozambique (58.4 years).
However, the question is whether additional years are spent in good health or poor health –
global trends in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) indicate that more effort is needed to
increase healthy life expectancy.
2. Fertility: In 2017, 91 countries have total fertility rates below the
replacement rate of 2.05, while the opposite is true in 104 countries
where higher total fertility rates which may drive population increases.
3. While females tend to live longer than males, many of these additional
years are spent in poor health.
4. An unintended consequence of greater access to health care globally is
increases in mortality from diseases and disorders linked to antibiotic
resistance.
4. Main findings (continued)
4
5. Among age groups, the under-5 age group experienced huge
reductions in mortality between 1950 and 2017, while adults
have made much less progress, particularly adult males.
6. HIV remains a massive public health threat, particularly
because global financing has plateaued, domestic health
spending has stayed low among high-burden countries, and its
incidence has not declined as quickly in younger as in older
populations.
7. Risk factors: high blood pressure and smoking are leading
global risk factors linked to early death and disability at all ages.
8. SDGs: Despite progress, achievement of SDGs by 2030 is in
doubt.
To meet SDGs, there is a need to increase progress on health-related
indicators between 2017 and 2030.
5. What’s new in GBD 2017
5
Improved statistical methods, new and more data sources
1. For the first time, a comprehensive series of population
and fertility estimates were produced
2. Nineteen new causes of death and disability were added, for
a total of 359 causes
3. Mortality
• New population estimates led to substantial changes
in mortality estimates in many countries
• The analysis was extended to start in 1950
6. 5. SDGs: added four new indicators, producing estimates for
41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators
• Subnational analyses of SDGs for subset of countries
and analysis of trends by sex for select indicators
6. Risk factors:
• Bullying victimization added as new risk factor
• Examines how risks change according to level
of development
• More accurate method of estimating smoking risk
What’s new in GBD 2017 (continued)
6
7. 7
What is the Global Burden of Disease?
A systematic, scientific effort to
quantify the comparative magnitude of
health loss due to diseases, injuries,
and risk factors by age, sex, and
geographies for specific points in time.
8. What is a disability-adjusted life year
(DALY)?
8
9. Important new feature of GBD: comprehensive population
and fertility estimates produced for the first time.
The GBD study’s new estimates improve upon previously
available estimates in three key ways:
1. Precision. Current standard for population estimates is five-year
age groupings, but GBD estimates are for single years.
2. Standardization. GBD uses the same methodology to estimate
populations across locations, ensuring valid comparisons.
3. Transparency. All data sources/methods are published,
publicly accessible, and free.
Population/fertility
9
10. Population growth rate, 2010–2017
Recent population growth has been
highest in Africa, Asia, and South America
10
• Global population increased from 2.6 billion in 1950 to 7.6 billion in 2017.
• Despite growth, approximately half of 195 countries recorded total fertility
rates below the replacement rate of approximately 2.05 in 2017.
11. 11
• Immigration can also drive increases in
population despite total fertility rates
below replacement level. This is the
case in several countries in the Middle
East (see top-left quadrant of figure).
• Of the 60 countries with a total fertility
rate of 3.0 or greater in 2017, most are
in sub-Saharan Africa, where the
proportion of women whose
contraceptive needs are being met is
46.5%.
Countries plotted by total fertility rate and population growth rate, 2017
12. 12
Fertility rates for females under 25, by number of countries, 2017
Fertility in females under 25 varies widely by country
• Among countries, total
fertility under age 25 ranged
from a low of 0.08 births to a
high of 2.4 births.
• Since 1990, countries have
achieved nearly universal
declines in fertility under age
25, which is a key indicator
for Sustainable
Development Goal 3.
• Still, in 50 countries, total
fertility was higher in
females younger than 25
than in those 30 or older.
13. Highlights
1. Rapid progress in life expectancy from 1950 to 2017:
• Males, up from 48 years in 1950 to 71 years in 2017
• Females, up from 53 years in 1950 to 76 years in 2017
2. Among age groups, the under-5 age group experienced huge
reductions in mortality between 1950 and 2017, while adults
have made much less progress, particularly adult males.
3. While females tend to live longer than males, the gap in life
expectancy between them varies substantially by level of
socioeconomic development.
13
Mortality
14. 14
Total number of global deaths, 1950–2017
• The proportion of deaths in
those over age 75 increased
from 12% of total deaths in
1950 to 39% in 2017.
• There have been dramatic
declines in under-5 mortality,
but there were still 5.4 million
deaths among children under
5 worldwide in 2017.
15. 15
*SDI captures three different
aspects of development:
income, education, and fertility
Under-5 mortality by level of socioeconomic development, 1990–2017
• Declines in under-5 mortality
were fastest among countries
in the lowest quintile of
Socio-demographic Index
(SDI)*
16. 16
Life expectancy: Number of years a person is expected to live
based on their present age.
Healthy life expectancy (HALE): the number of years that a
person at a given age can expect to live in full health, taking into
account mortality and disability.
Highlights:
1. In 2017 globally, life expectancy at birth was 73 years,
but healthy life expectancy at birth was only 63 years.
• This means on average, 10 years of life were
spent in poor health in 2017.
2. While females tend to live longer than males, the gap in life
expectancy between them varies substantially by level
of socioeconomic development.
Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy
17. 17
Life expectancy at birth, both sexes, 2017
Life expectancy
There was rapid progress in life expectancy from 1950 to 2017:
• Males, up from 48 years in 1950 to 71 years in 2017
• Females, up from 53 years in 1950 to 76 years in 2017
18. 18
Life expectancy at birth by sex and level of socioeconomic development, 2017
Disparities in life expectancy
between males and females
were greatest in countries at
the high-middle and middle
levels of development.
19. 19
Healthy life expectancy at birth, both sexes, 2017
Healthy life expectancy (HALE)
• Globally, in 2017, life expectancy was 73 years, but HALE was only
63 years – on average, 10 years of life were spent in poor health in 2017.
20. 20
Performance in healthy life expectancy across regions
Healthy life expectancy
above or below expected
amount based on level of
development, GBD super-
regions, 2017
21. 21
Extra years lived by females compared to males
in good health versus poor health, 2017
While females tend to live
longer than males, many of
these extra years are spent in
poor health.
22. 22
Early death and disability is measured in terms of
disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).
Highlights
1. From 1990 to 2017, 41% decrease in
communicable diseases and neonatal disorders
2. From 1990 to 2017, 40% increase in
non-communicable diseases
3. Large disparities persist in health and disease
burden by sex and level of development
Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
23. 23
‡Ranking based on number of
all-ages DALYs
§SDI captures three different
aspects of development:
income, education, and fertility
COPD = chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
Leading causes of early death and disability‡ at
lowest and highest levels of development, 2017
24. 24
Highlights
1. Between 1990 and 2017, early death from enteric infections,
respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and
neonatal disorders dropped, with the greatest declines in the
least developed countries.
2. Progress in reducing mortality from some common diseases
has stalled or reversed, primarily for non-communicable
diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers.
3. An unintended consequence of increased access
to health care globally is increases in mortality from diseases
and disorders linked to antibiotic resistance.
Causes of death
25. 25
Leading causes of early death, 1990–2017
**Ranking based on number of years
lived with disability (YLLs) at all ages
26. 26
Change in mortality* due to extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2007–2017
Since 2007, there have been rapid increases in emerging diseases and
disorders due to antibiotic use or resistance, including extensively
drug-resistant tuberculosis, cellulitis, and Clostridium difficile diarrhea.
*Reflects annual rate of change
in all-ages deaths per 100,000
27. 27
**Death rate at all ages
and for both sexes
Global mortality** from cardiovascular diseases, 2007–2017
• Medications that prevent
deaths from cardiovascular
diseases, such as those that
lower blood pressure and
cholesterol, are among the
most cost-effective
interventions available to
health systems.
• Despite this, mortality
from cardiovascular
diseases has increased
since 2007 worldwide.
28. 28
Years lived with disability (YLDs): Years of life lived with any
short-term or long-term health loss
Highlights
1. Globally, the total burden of YLDs increased by 52%
between 1990 and 2017.
2. The burden of disability was driven mainly by non-
communicable diseases (NCDs), which caused 80% of
YLDs in 2017.
3. Disability from metabolic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes
and fatty liver disease, increased around the world and
across levels of development.
Morbidity
29. 29
Number of total YLDs, global, both sexes, by age group and cause, 2017
• The burden of
disability is most
concentrated in
working-age
people.
• Years lived with
disability (YLDs)
represent time
lived in less-than-
ideal health.
30. 30
**Headache disorders mainly include migraine.
†Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Leading causes of global all-age disability, 1990 and 2017
While diabetes emerged as the
fourth-leading cause of disability
globally in 2017, many of the
leading causes of disability in
1990 remain so in 2017, namely
low back pain, headaches, and
depression.
31. 31
Annual change in rate of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
attributable to risk factors, both sexes, age-adjusted, 1990–2017
Risk factors: changes in early death and
disability attributable to risk factors
32. 32
Leading risk factors causing early death and disability, by sex, 2017
Risk factors
Smoking and high systolic
blood pressure are global
leading risk factors
*Rank based on number
of all-ages DALYs
33. 33
Regional** trends in high blood pressure and smoking
The disease burden caused by these two risk factors, compared to the burden expected
based on the level of socioeconomic development, varied considerably by super-region.
**GBD super-regions
High blood pressure Smoking
34. 34
About the SDG Index: The SDG index is a composite
measure, ranging from 0 to 100, of overall progress toward
meeting the SDGs. It takes into account 40 performance
indicators for the health-related SDGs.
This analysis of the health-related SDGs is based on
GBD 2017 estimates.
Highlights
1. Based on past trends, most countries’ SDG index scores
are projected to rise between 2017 and 2030.
2. By 2030, the under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality,
maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the
most countries likely to attain their targets.
Sustainable Development Goals
36. 36
Global rate of new cases
of HIV, 2017**
Global deaths due to
road injuries, 2017
Global prevalence of
alcohol use, 2017
**Median Estimates
†Heavier drinking was weighted more than light drinking
SDGs: Differences by sex in 2017
37. 37
Global under-5 mortality rate
Looking ahead to 2030: despite progress,
achievement of SDGs by 2030 is in doubt
SDG target:
Reduce under-5 mortality to
25 per 100,000 live births or
below by 2030
38. 38
Global maternal mortality ratio
Looking ahead to 2030: despite progress,
achievement of SDGs by 2030 is in doubt
SDG target:
Reduce maternal mortality
ratio to 70 per 100,000 live
births or below by 2030
39. 39
Global prevalence of overweight in children aged 2 to 4
Looking ahead to 2030: despite progress,
achievement of SDGs by 2030 is in doubt
SDG target:
Eliminate child
overweight by 2030
40. Questions?
Media contacts
• Kelly Bienhoff
+1-206-897-2884 (office)
+1-913-302-3817 (mobile)
kbien@uw.edu
• Dean Owen
+1-206-897-2858 (office)
+1-206-434-5630 (mobile)
dean1227@uw.edu
Editor's Notes
Mortality: includes 622 new data sources, for a total of 8,259 data sources
Cause of Death:
Estimated mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries from 1980 to 2017
19 causes added compared to GBD 2017
Numerous data sources, including including 127 country-years of vital registration data and 502 country-years of cancer registry data.
YLDs/disability
Based on more data than ever before and includes 68,781 data sources used for the analysis of nonfatal causes of disease and injury
GBD 2017 added 19 new causes to its nonfatal analysis, for a total of 354 causes
The study includes a more detailed analysis of disability than previous versions of GBD.
Changes to GBD 2017 Cause list (as of December 2017)
New Causes Added to GBD 2017 Cause List
Non-rheumatic valvular heart disease
Non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease
Child cause of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease
Non-rheumatic degenerative mitral valve disease
Child cause of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease
Other non-rheumatic valve diseases
Child cause of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/Non-alcoholic seatohepatitis (NFLP/NASH)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Poliomyelitis
Invasive Non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS)
Poisoning by carbon monoxide
Poisoning by other means
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Child cause of Stroke
Diabetes mellitus type 1
Child cause of Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus type 2
Child cause of Diabetes mellitus
Myelodysplastic, myeloproliferative, and other hematopoietic neoplasms
Child cause of Other neoplasms
Benign and in situ intestinal neoplasms
Child cause of Other neoplasms
Benign and in situ cervical and uterine neoplasms
Child cause of Other neoplasms
Liver cancer due to NASH
Child cause of Liver cancer
Causes Combined in GBD 2017 Cause List
Autistic spectrum disorders
Combined Autism and Asperger syndrome into one cause
Causes Split in GBD 2017 Cause List
Abortion and miscarriage
Previously maternal abortion, miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy
Split from maternal abortion, miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy
Refraction disorders
Split from refraction and accommodation disorders
Presbyopia
Split from refraction and accommodation disorders
Causes Replaced in GBD 2017 Cause List
Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 1
Replaced CKD due to diabetes mellitus
Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 2
Replaced CKD due to diabetes mellitus
SDGs
Updated and improved analysis of progress toward the SDGs.
Produces estimates for 41 of the 52 health-related SDG indicators, including four new indicators. It also includes subnational analyses of SDG progress for a subset of countries and analysis of trends by sex for select indicators.
Revised methods to project progress between 2017 and 2030.
Risk factors
Based on more data than ever before and includes 46,749 sources used for the analysis of risk factors affecting health
GBD 2017 added one new risk factor (bullying victimization) to the analysis
The study also examines how risks change according to level of development and includes a more accurate method of estimating smoking risk.
Precision. The current standard for population estimates is five-year age groupings (for example, number of 5–9-year-olds in a population), but GBD estimates are for single years (for example, number of 6-year-olds in a population). Converting these five-year groupings into one-year groupings requires mathematical steps that can introduce errors and uncertainty into the one-year estimates. Estimating single-year groupings from the start is more accurate
Standardization. GBD uses same methodology to estimate population for every location and year. Ensures valid comparisons between different places and/or times.
Transparency. All data sources and methods used are published and publicly accessible free of charge.
Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) is the number of years that a person at a given age can expect to live in full health, taking into account mortality and disability.
Lower is better.
From GBD 2017 Collab version of tools
Link: https://collab2017.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/
username: GBDCollaborator
password: GBD2017
From GBD 2017 Collab version of tools
Link: https://collab2017.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/
username: GBDCollaborator
password: GBD2017
For more explanation of SDG methods, please refer to publication “Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017”
The analysis broke down several SDG indicators by sex. Here, we highlight three indicators: rate of new HIV cases, deaths due to road injuries, and prevalence of alcohol use. As shown below, males had worse outcomes for most indicators.