Classical conditioning involves learning through association. Ivan Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell with food. They began to salivate in response to the bell alone. Operant conditioning is learning through consequences. B.F. Skinner studied how responses are controlled by their outcomes using devices like the Skinner box. Reinforcement increases behaviors by adding or removing stimuli, while punishment decreases behaviors through similar means.

2. Psychology
Chapter
No : 04

4. • The Process of acquiring modifications in existing knowledge, skills, habits, or tendencies
through experience, practice, or exercise.
• Learning is a change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.
• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov for the first time studied dogs in detail in classical
conditioning. “respondent conditioning” or “Pavlovian conditioning,” that his dogs drooled
every time he gave them food. Then he noticed that if he sounded a tone every time he fed
them, the dogs soon started to drool at the sound of the tone, even if no food followed it. The
dogs had come to associate the tone, a neutral(Conditioned) stimulus, with food, a non-neutral
(Unconditioned) stimulus.

5. • Phase 1st --Food--------Salivation----Unconditioned Stimulus------Unconditioned Response
• Phase 2nd --Bell----Food-----Salivation---Conditioned Stimulus-------Conditioned Response
• Phase 3rd -------Bell alone.----------Salivation------
• In Pavlov’s experiment, salivation was the unconditioned response, which is a response
that occurs naturally. Food was the unconditioned stimulus, the stimulus that naturally
evoked salivation. The tone was the conditioned stimulus, the stimulus that the dogs
learned to associate with food. The conditioned response to the tone was salivation. The
conditioned response is usually the same as the unconditioned response.

6. • Albert Bandura and the Bobo Dolls (inflatable plastic toy shaped like Bobo
Clown)
• Observation
• Imitation
• Modelling
• Landmark experiments showing that children who watched adults behaving
aggressively were more likely to behave aggressively themselves

7. COGNITIVE LEARNING
• Cognitive learning is defined as the acquisition of knowledge and skill by mental or cognitive
processes, the procedures we have for influencing information 'in our heads'. Cognitive processes
include creating mental representations of physical objects and events, and other forms of
information processing.
In cognitive learning, the individual learns by listening, watching, touching, reading, or
experiencing and then processing and remembering the information. Cognitive learning might
seem to be passive learning, because there is no motor movement. However, the learner is quite
active, in a cognitive way, in processing and remembering newly incoming information.
Cognitive learning enables us to create and transmit a complex culture that includes symbols,
values, beliefs and norms.

8. OPERANT CONDITIONING
• Edward Thorndike proposed the law of effect. The law of effect states that any behavior that has
good consequences will tend to be repeated, and any behavior that has bad consequences will
tend to be avoided. In the 1930s, B. F. Skinner, extended this idea and began to study operant
conditioning. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which responses come to be controlled
by their consequences. Operant responses are often new responses.
• Skinner’s fame stems from his experiments with animal boxes. Skinner used a device called the
Skinner box to study operant conditioning. A Skinner box is a cage set up so that an animal can
automatically get a food reward if it makes a particular kind of response. The box also contains an
instrument that records the number of responses an animal makes.

10. REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT
• Reinforcement is provision of a consequence that increases the probability that a response
will occur.
• Positive reinforcement means adding a stimulus, and negative reinforcement means
removing a stimulus.
• Punishment is the delivery of a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a response
will occur.
• Positive punishment is the presentation of a stimulus after a response so that the response
will occur less often. Negative punishment is the removal of a stimulus after a response so
that the response will occur less often.
• Reinforcement helps to increase a behavior, while punishment helps to decrease a
behavior.