9. • Sad expressions are often conceived as opposite to
happy ones, but this view is too simple, although
the action of the mouth corners is opposite. Sad
expressions convey messages related to loss,
bereavement, discomfort, pain, helplessness.
• Weeping and tears are common relatedness of sad
expressions, tears are not indicative of any
particular emotion, as in tears of joy.
10. • Anger expressions are seen increasingly often in modern
society, as daily stresses and frustrations underlying anger
seem to increase, but the expectation of revenges decrease
with the higher sense of personal security.
• Anger’s expression conveys messages about hostility,
opposition, and potential attack. Sometimes anger is
probably the most socially constructive emotion as it often
underlies the efforts of individuals to shape societies into
better, more just environments, and to resist the burden of
injustice and tyranny.
11. • Fear expressions are not often seen in societies where
good personal security is typical.
• Fear expressions convey information about imminent
danger, a nearby threat, a disposition to flee, or likelihood
of bodily harm.
• Anxiety is related to fear, and may involve some of the
same bodily responses, but is a longer term mood and the
elicitors are not as immediate. Both are associated with
unhealthy physical effects if prolonged.
12. • Disgust expressions are often part of the body's responses to
objects that are revolting and nauseating, such as rotting
flesh, fecal matter and insects in food, or other offensive
materials that are rejected as suitable to eat.
13. • Surprise expressions are momentary, and difficult to detect or
record in real time. They almost always occur in response to
events that are unanticipated, and they convey messages about
something being unexpected, sudden, novel, or amazing. The
brief surprise expression is often followed by other expressions
that reveal emotion in response to the surprise feeling or to the
object of surprise, emotions such as happiness or fear.
15. EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL
WELL BEING
Altruism can build relationships, reduce stress, and
bring many benefits to life. It’s often been said that it’s
better to give than to receive, but did you know that
this cliché (کالم )تکیه is actually backed by research? While
many of us feel too stressed and busy to worry about
helping others with their burdens, or would like to think
about doing good deeds when we have more ‘spare’
time, energy and money, altruism is its own reward,
and can actually help you relieve stress. Altruistic acts
can improve your quality of life in several ways, and
are absolutely worth the effort. Here are some ways that
helping others helps you.
16. ALTRUISM AND INCREASED SOCIAL SUPPORT
Studies also show that what goes around
generally does come around. More specifically,
when people make altruistic personal sacrifices,
they end up reaping what they sow in the form of
favors from others. These individuals earn the
reputation as altruistic people and end up receiving
favors from others who they may not have even
directly helped. The favors and social support you
‘earn’ through altruism, combined with the good
feelings you get from helping others, more than
make up for sacrifices made in the name of altruism.
17. KEEPING THINGS IN PERSPECTIVE/GIVING YOU POSITIVE
OUTLOOK
Many people don’t realize the strong impact that their
comparisons have on their outlook. However, your expectations
of life and the people you compare yourself to can make a real
difference in your level of life satisfaction. For example, your
home may seem untidy to you if you’re comparing it to the living
rooms you see in the pages of decorating magazines, or it may
seem palatial and magnificent compared to the structures
inhabited by people in impoverished countries. Helping others
in need, especially those who are less fortunate than you, can
provide you with a sense of perspective on how fortunate you are
to have what you do in life -- be it health, money, or a safe place
to sleep, and help you focus less on the things you feel you
lack. Helping others with their problems can also help you gain
a more positive perspective on the things in life that causes you
stress.
18. BUILDING A BETTER COMMUNITY
When you do something nice for someone else, often
the positive effects go beyond just you and that other
person, influencing your whole community. One of my
favorite illustrations of this phenomenon is in the movie
Pay It Forward where one boy’s good deeds have far-
reaching positive consequences. When you do nice
things for others, you often enable them to do nice
things for others, and the phenomenon grows. Your
children and your friends may see your good example
and behave in more altruistic ways as well. As Ghandi
said, “You must be the change you want to see in the world,"
and you can contribute to a more positive community.
19. ALTRUISM AND STRESS RELIEF
Acts of altruism can be a great form of stress
relief. Studies have shown that the act of giving
can activate the area of the brain associated with
positive feelings, lifting your spirits, and making
you feel better the more you give. And given that
altruism can lead to lasting emotional well-being,
a more positive perspective, a positive effect on
others, and better social standing, altruism
certainly does the job as a healthy means for
relieving stress and increasing life satisfaction.
