This document describes the design and testing of wideband and multiband antennas for modern wireless communications. Wideband antenna design used a circular patch with a circular cut to achieve a return loss of less than -10 dB from 2.3 to 6 GHz. Multiband antenna design added a rectangular slot to the circular patch to create a stop band, resulting in a triple band of 2.3-2.8 GHz, 3.3-3.8 GHz, and above 4.6 GHz. Fabricated prototypes were measured and found to validate the simulated return loss, gain, and radiation patterns within acceptable variations.
Design of Compact Monopole Antenna using Double U-DMS Resonators for WLAN, LT...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
In this research, a novel wide-band microstrip antenna for wideband applications is proposed.
The proposed antenna consists of a square radiating patch and a partial ground plane with a smal
rectangular notch-shape. Two symmetrical U-slots are etched in radiating patch. The defected microstrip
U-shapes and the small notch improve the antenna characterestics such impedance wideband and the
gain along the transmission area. The proposed antenna is simulated on an FR4 substrate of a dielectric
constant of 4.3, thickness 1.6 mm, permittivity 4.4, and loss tangent 0.018. The simulation and optimization
results are carried out using CST software.The antenna topology occupies an area of 30 ร 40 ร 0.8 mm3
or about 0.629ฮปg ร 0.839ฮปg ร 0.017ฮปg at 3 GHz (the centerresonance frequency). The antenna covers the
range of 2.1711 to 4.0531 GHz, which meet the requirements of the wireless local area network (WLAN),
worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) band
applications. Good VSWR, return loss and radiation pattern characteristics are obtained in the frequency
band of interest. The obtained Simulation results for this antenna depict that it exhibits good radiation
behavior within the transmission frequency range.
Design & Simulation of E-Shaped Micro Strip Patch Antenna for GPS ApplicationIJERA Editor
ย
Micro strip antennas are widely used in many applications due to their low Profile, low cost and ease of fabrication. In some applications it is desired to have a dual band or multiband characteristics. This paper presents the design and simulation of E-shape micro strip patch antenna with wideband operating frequency for wireless application. The shape will provide the broad bandwidth which is required in various application like remote sensing, biomedical application, mobile radio, satellite communication etc. The antenna design is an improvement from previous research and it is simulated using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) version 13.0 software. GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed with a GPS receiver enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time. Coaxial feed or probe feed technique is used. Parametric study was included to determine affect of design towards the antenna performance. Radiation performance of the designed antenna is simulated using the HFSS software version 13.0. The performance of the designed antenna was analyzed in term of bandwidth, gain, return loss, VSWR, and radiation pattern. The design was optimized to meet the best possible result. Substrate used was air which has a dielectric constant of 1.0006. The results show the wideband antenna is able to operate from 8.80 GHz to 13.49 GHz frequency band with optimum frequency at 8.73 GHz. Due to the compact area occupied. The pro-posed antenna is promising to be embedded within the different portable devices employing GPS applications.
A Multiband Printed Antenna Suitable for Wireless ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
This study deals with a new research work on a low cost multiband printed antenna
which can be used for three operating frequency bands GSM900/PCS/WIFI/Bluetooth. The
achieved antenna is mounted on an FR-4 substrate. In this study, the solts technique is used to
obtain the multiband behavior. The different solts are inserted in the radiator face and the back
face that is the ground. The whole circuit is optimized taking into account the good matching of
the input impedance in the operating frequency bands with a stable radiation pattern. In order to
optimize the proposed antenna structure we have used CST-MW and to compare the obtained
simulation results we have conducted another electromagnetic simulation by using HFSS
solver. The final circuit validated into simulation has been fabricated and tested which permits to
validate the proposed multiband antenna.
A small H-shaped microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with enhanced bandwidth is presented. The H-shaped antenna is first studied and then fully simulated by HFSS. A dual U slot H patch configuration is proposed to increase the narrow bandwidth, radiation efficiency and directivity. A novel H-shaped patch antenna suitable for wireless and satellite communications is presented. This paper presents the dual U slot H-shaped microstrip patch antenna feed by transmission line. The decrease in the prices of handheld devices and services has made available on the move internet and web services facility to the customers, small antennas requirement are increasing. In this paper H-shaped patch antenna is designed using FR4 substrate. The proposed modified H shaped antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS and caters to various wireless applications such as WiMAX, Wi-Fi, UMTS and Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) e.g. T V, etc.
Rectangular microstrip antenna design with multi-slotted patch and partial g...IJECEIAES
ย
This paper presents design of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna by using multi-slotted patch and partial grounding plane techniques for both the gain and bandwidth enhancement at the same time. The antenna is designed and simulated for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications using a high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) on FR4_epoxy substrate having a size of 30ร20 mm with a dielectric permittivity of 4.4, a tangent loss of 0.02, and a thickness of 0.8 mm and excited by a simple 50 ฮฉ microstrip feed line. The simulation results show that the antenna attains an improved gain of 8.06 dB with a wider impedance bandwidth of 19.7 GHz ranges from 3.15 to 22.85 GHz. The antenna also achieves an efficiency of 96.83% with a return loss of -28.35 dB, and a directivity of 9.39 dB within the entire frequency range. These results imply that the deployment of multi-slotted patch and partial grounding techniques in designing a rectangular microstrip patch antenna is effective in improving its performance.
Design of Compact Monopole Antenna using Double U-DMS Resonators for WLAN, LT...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
In this research, a novel wide-band microstrip antenna for wideband applications is proposed.
The proposed antenna consists of a square radiating patch and a partial ground plane with a smal
rectangular notch-shape. Two symmetrical U-slots are etched in radiating patch. The defected microstrip
U-shapes and the small notch improve the antenna characterestics such impedance wideband and the
gain along the transmission area. The proposed antenna is simulated on an FR4 substrate of a dielectric
constant of 4.3, thickness 1.6 mm, permittivity 4.4, and loss tangent 0.018. The simulation and optimization
results are carried out using CST software.The antenna topology occupies an area of 30 ร 40 ร 0.8 mm3
or about 0.629ฮปg ร 0.839ฮปg ร 0.017ฮปg at 3 GHz (the centerresonance frequency). The antenna covers the
range of 2.1711 to 4.0531 GHz, which meet the requirements of the wireless local area network (WLAN),
worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) band
applications. Good VSWR, return loss and radiation pattern characteristics are obtained in the frequency
band of interest. The obtained Simulation results for this antenna depict that it exhibits good radiation
behavior within the transmission frequency range.
Design & Simulation of E-Shaped Micro Strip Patch Antenna for GPS ApplicationIJERA Editor
ย
Micro strip antennas are widely used in many applications due to their low Profile, low cost and ease of fabrication. In some applications it is desired to have a dual band or multiband characteristics. This paper presents the design and simulation of E-shape micro strip patch antenna with wideband operating frequency for wireless application. The shape will provide the broad bandwidth which is required in various application like remote sensing, biomedical application, mobile radio, satellite communication etc. The antenna design is an improvement from previous research and it is simulated using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) version 13.0 software. GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed with a GPS receiver enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time. Coaxial feed or probe feed technique is used. Parametric study was included to determine affect of design towards the antenna performance. Radiation performance of the designed antenna is simulated using the HFSS software version 13.0. The performance of the designed antenna was analyzed in term of bandwidth, gain, return loss, VSWR, and radiation pattern. The design was optimized to meet the best possible result. Substrate used was air which has a dielectric constant of 1.0006. The results show the wideband antenna is able to operate from 8.80 GHz to 13.49 GHz frequency band with optimum frequency at 8.73 GHz. Due to the compact area occupied. The pro-posed antenna is promising to be embedded within the different portable devices employing GPS applications.
A Multiband Printed Antenna Suitable for Wireless ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
This study deals with a new research work on a low cost multiband printed antenna
which can be used for three operating frequency bands GSM900/PCS/WIFI/Bluetooth. The
achieved antenna is mounted on an FR-4 substrate. In this study, the solts technique is used to
obtain the multiband behavior. The different solts are inserted in the radiator face and the back
face that is the ground. The whole circuit is optimized taking into account the good matching of
the input impedance in the operating frequency bands with a stable radiation pattern. In order to
optimize the proposed antenna structure we have used CST-MW and to compare the obtained
simulation results we have conducted another electromagnetic simulation by using HFSS
solver. The final circuit validated into simulation has been fabricated and tested which permits to
validate the proposed multiband antenna.
A small H-shaped microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with enhanced bandwidth is presented. The H-shaped antenna is first studied and then fully simulated by HFSS. A dual U slot H patch configuration is proposed to increase the narrow bandwidth, radiation efficiency and directivity. A novel H-shaped patch antenna suitable for wireless and satellite communications is presented. This paper presents the dual U slot H-shaped microstrip patch antenna feed by transmission line. The decrease in the prices of handheld devices and services has made available on the move internet and web services facility to the customers, small antennas requirement are increasing. In this paper H-shaped patch antenna is designed using FR4 substrate. The proposed modified H shaped antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS and caters to various wireless applications such as WiMAX, Wi-Fi, UMTS and Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) e.g. T V, etc.
Rectangular microstrip antenna design with multi-slotted patch and partial g...IJECEIAES
ย
This paper presents design of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna by using multi-slotted patch and partial grounding plane techniques for both the gain and bandwidth enhancement at the same time. The antenna is designed and simulated for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications using a high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) on FR4_epoxy substrate having a size of 30ร20 mm with a dielectric permittivity of 4.4, a tangent loss of 0.02, and a thickness of 0.8 mm and excited by a simple 50 ฮฉ microstrip feed line. The simulation results show that the antenna attains an improved gain of 8.06 dB with a wider impedance bandwidth of 19.7 GHz ranges from 3.15 to 22.85 GHz. The antenna also achieves an efficiency of 96.83% with a return loss of -28.35 dB, and a directivity of 9.39 dB within the entire frequency range. These results imply that the deployment of multi-slotted patch and partial grounding techniques in designing a rectangular microstrip patch antenna is effective in improving its performance.
Semi-circular compact CPW-fed antenna for ultra-wideband applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
This paper presents a simple structure and small size antenna design with dimensions of 43ร47 mm2 to perform an ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range using a semicircular co-planar waveguide (CPW). This antenna has been designed and simulated by the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio suit. In this work, we design an ultra-wideband antenna (about 2 GHz to 10 GHz) by feeding a semi-circular compact antenna via a co-planar waveguide for input impedance of 50 โฆ. The CST simulation results show that our designed antenna has a very good impedance and radiation characteristic within the intended ultra-wideband. Because of the small size and the suitable shape, this antenna can be used in many wireless communication applications, such as a radio frequency identifier (RFID), indoor wireless local area network or wireless fidelity (WiFi), internet of things (IoT), millimeter waves communications (mmWave), global positioning system (GPS), and many applications of 6G systems.
Design LTE Microstrip Antenna Rectangular Patch with Beetle-Shaped SlotTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
In this paper, the microstrip antenna rectangular patch with beetle shaped slot is presented. The
characterization results of the proposed antenna obtained by changing the dimensions of the ground
plane. CST software is used to design and analyze this proposed antenna. The simulated results of
proposed antenna show that the antenna works at the frequency of 2.1 GHz while the return loss of -32.18
dB with the bandwidth reaches 155.19 MHz and the gain of 3.895 dBi.
New Miniature Planar Microstrip Antenna Using DGS for ISM ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
The aim of this paper is to use defected ground structures (DGS) in order to miniaturize a
microstrip patch antenna. The DGS structure is integrated in the ground plane to improve the performance
of the planar antenna, and shifted the resonance frequency from 5.8 GHz to 2.5 GHz, with a
miniaturization up to 83%. The antenna is designed, optimized, and miniaturized by using the CST MWstudio,
mounted on an FR-4 substrate having a dielectric constant 4.4, a loss tangent tan (ษธ)=0.025,
thickness of 1.6 mm with the whole area of 34X34 mm2.The proposed antenna is suitable for ISM
(Industrial, Scientific and Medical) applications at 2.5 GHz with S11 โค(-10) dB. The antenna is fed by
50ohm input impedance and it has good performances in terms of matching input impedance and radiation
pattern. The proposed antenna was fabricated and tested.Simulation and measurement results are in good
agreement.
Dual-band aperture coupled antenna with harmonic suppression capabilityTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
The paper presents an aperture-coupled dual-band linearly-polarized antenna with harmonic suppression capability, operating at frequency 2.45 GHz and 5.00 GHz. In purpose of improving the directivity of antenna at the operating frequency of 2.45 GHz and 5.00 GHz, a modified inverted ฯ-shaped slot-etched patch on the lower layer of the stacked antenna is introduced alongside the 50 ฮฉ feed line. The harmonic suppression capability is achieved by the introduction of U-slot and asymmetrical left-right-handed stub at the transmission feed line, suppressing unwanted harmonic signals from 6.00 GHz up to 10.00 GHz. The final design of the antenna has produced very good reflection coefficient of -18.87 dB at 2.45 GHz and -19.57 dB at 5.00 GHz with third and higher order harmonic suppression up to -4 dB.
Design of Compact Tri-Band Fractal Antenna for RFID Readers IJECEIAES
ย
In this paper, a multiband and miniature rectangular microstrip antenna is designed and analyzed for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) reader applications. The miniaturization is achieved using fractal technique and the physical parameters of the structure as well as its ground plane are optimized using CST Microwave Studio. The total area of the final structure is 71.6 x 94 mm 2 . The results show that the proposed antenna has good matching input impedance with a stable radiation pattern at 915 MHz, 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz.
Modified e-slotted patch antenna for WLAN/Wi-Max satellite applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
A low profile modified e-slotted microstrip antenna is proposed for multiple wireless communication applications. The performance of antenna is measured in terms of return loss, current distribution. The effect of variation of height of substrate on antenna impedance bandwidth is also studied. The antenna with overall size 30ร50ร.8m.m.3 resonates at eight frequencies which covers some important applications like GPS, wireless local area network (WLAN), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMax), Satellite communication etc. The proposed antenna structure offers great advantages due to compact size, simple structure and multiple applications. The multi band antenna was designed and optimized using ansoft HFSS v13 simulator. The simulated result is good agreement with measured result.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3 , besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2 , to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2 . The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2
. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation
millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and
height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3
, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6
mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2
, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more
square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2
. The obtained return losses of
the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a
lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head
model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard
limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation
wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
One kind of slot antenna design utilised to make the antenna wideband is the E cut slot.
A rectangular waveguideโs wide wall, which serves as the electromagnetic wavesโ
resonant cavity, is where the slot is carved. The width of the slot controls the bandwidth
of the antenna, and the shape of the slot is such that it provides a resonance at a specific
frequency.
The reason the slot is called the โE cut slotโ is since it resembles the letter โE.โ
The slot lies perpendicular to the direction of the electric field and is centred along
the waveguideโs wide wall. In order to achieve the desired resonance frequency and
bandwidth, the slotโs size are carefully selected.
The E cut slot allows for a wide variety of frequenciesto be sent or received, making
it a useful method for creating a wideband antenna. This is because, unlike other types
of antennas that are created to work at a certain frequency, the slot antenna operates
over a variety of frequencies as opposed to justAnother slot antenna design that can be applied to make the antenna broad is a U cut
slot. The U cut slot is comparable to the E cut slot in that it is also carved into a
rectangular waveguideโs broad wall. The U cut hole, on the other hand, is formed
differently; it resembles the letter โUโ rather than the letter โE.โ
The U cut slotโs width controls the antennaโs bandwidth and is also intended to
create resonance at a specific frequency. The U cut slot is positioned on the waveguideโs
narrow wall perpendicular to the electric fieldโs direction.
Due to its ability to accommodate various resonances, the U cut slot antenna de-
sign is effective in producing a broad antenna. It is therefore helpful in a variety of
applications where high-frequency transmission is necessary, such as in satellite com-
munication, radar systems, and wireless networking. This means that it can operate over
a range of frequencies.
Similar to the E cut slot, the U cut slotโs dimensions are set with care to produce the
ideal resonance frequency and bandwidth. To improve its radiation characteristics, the
U cut slot can be utilized as a stand-alone antenna or as a component of an array. one.
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLANIOSR Journals
ย
Abstract : The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2 and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR less than 2. So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating software used is IE3D. Keywords - V-shape slot, RT duroid, Dual band, WLAN, WiMAX,
Semi-circular compact CPW-fed antenna for ultra-wideband applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
This paper presents a simple structure and small size antenna design with dimensions of 43ร47 mm2 to perform an ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range using a semicircular co-planar waveguide (CPW). This antenna has been designed and simulated by the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio suit. In this work, we design an ultra-wideband antenna (about 2 GHz to 10 GHz) by feeding a semi-circular compact antenna via a co-planar waveguide for input impedance of 50 โฆ. The CST simulation results show that our designed antenna has a very good impedance and radiation characteristic within the intended ultra-wideband. Because of the small size and the suitable shape, this antenna can be used in many wireless communication applications, such as a radio frequency identifier (RFID), indoor wireless local area network or wireless fidelity (WiFi), internet of things (IoT), millimeter waves communications (mmWave), global positioning system (GPS), and many applications of 6G systems.
Design LTE Microstrip Antenna Rectangular Patch with Beetle-Shaped SlotTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
In this paper, the microstrip antenna rectangular patch with beetle shaped slot is presented. The
characterization results of the proposed antenna obtained by changing the dimensions of the ground
plane. CST software is used to design and analyze this proposed antenna. The simulated results of
proposed antenna show that the antenna works at the frequency of 2.1 GHz while the return loss of -32.18
dB with the bandwidth reaches 155.19 MHz and the gain of 3.895 dBi.
New Miniature Planar Microstrip Antenna Using DGS for ISM ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
The aim of this paper is to use defected ground structures (DGS) in order to miniaturize a
microstrip patch antenna. The DGS structure is integrated in the ground plane to improve the performance
of the planar antenna, and shifted the resonance frequency from 5.8 GHz to 2.5 GHz, with a
miniaturization up to 83%. The antenna is designed, optimized, and miniaturized by using the CST MWstudio,
mounted on an FR-4 substrate having a dielectric constant 4.4, a loss tangent tan (ษธ)=0.025,
thickness of 1.6 mm with the whole area of 34X34 mm2.The proposed antenna is suitable for ISM
(Industrial, Scientific and Medical) applications at 2.5 GHz with S11 โค(-10) dB. The antenna is fed by
50ohm input impedance and it has good performances in terms of matching input impedance and radiation
pattern. The proposed antenna was fabricated and tested.Simulation and measurement results are in good
agreement.
Dual-band aperture coupled antenna with harmonic suppression capabilityTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
The paper presents an aperture-coupled dual-band linearly-polarized antenna with harmonic suppression capability, operating at frequency 2.45 GHz and 5.00 GHz. In purpose of improving the directivity of antenna at the operating frequency of 2.45 GHz and 5.00 GHz, a modified inverted ฯ-shaped slot-etched patch on the lower layer of the stacked antenna is introduced alongside the 50 ฮฉ feed line. The harmonic suppression capability is achieved by the introduction of U-slot and asymmetrical left-right-handed stub at the transmission feed line, suppressing unwanted harmonic signals from 6.00 GHz up to 10.00 GHz. The final design of the antenna has produced very good reflection coefficient of -18.87 dB at 2.45 GHz and -19.57 dB at 5.00 GHz with third and higher order harmonic suppression up to -4 dB.
Design of Compact Tri-Band Fractal Antenna for RFID Readers IJECEIAES
ย
In this paper, a multiband and miniature rectangular microstrip antenna is designed and analyzed for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) reader applications. The miniaturization is achieved using fractal technique and the physical parameters of the structure as well as its ground plane are optimized using CST Microwave Studio. The total area of the final structure is 71.6 x 94 mm 2 . The results show that the proposed antenna has good matching input impedance with a stable radiation pattern at 915 MHz, 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz.
Modified e-slotted patch antenna for WLAN/Wi-Max satellite applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
A low profile modified e-slotted microstrip antenna is proposed for multiple wireless communication applications. The performance of antenna is measured in terms of return loss, current distribution. The effect of variation of height of substrate on antenna impedance bandwidth is also studied. The antenna with overall size 30ร50ร.8m.m.3 resonates at eight frequencies which covers some important applications like GPS, wireless local area network (WLAN), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMax), Satellite communication etc. The proposed antenna structure offers great advantages due to compact size, simple structure and multiple applications. The multi band antenna was designed and optimized using ansoft HFSS v13 simulator. The simulated result is good agreement with measured result.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3 , besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2 , to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2 . The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2
. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation
millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and
height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3
, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6
mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2
, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more
square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2
. The obtained return losses of
the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a
lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head
model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard
limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation
wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
ย
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
One kind of slot antenna design utilised to make the antenna wideband is the E cut slot.
A rectangular waveguideโs wide wall, which serves as the electromagnetic wavesโ
resonant cavity, is where the slot is carved. The width of the slot controls the bandwidth
of the antenna, and the shape of the slot is such that it provides a resonance at a specific
frequency.
The reason the slot is called the โE cut slotโ is since it resembles the letter โE.โ
The slot lies perpendicular to the direction of the electric field and is centred along
the waveguideโs wide wall. In order to achieve the desired resonance frequency and
bandwidth, the slotโs size are carefully selected.
The E cut slot allows for a wide variety of frequenciesto be sent or received, making
it a useful method for creating a wideband antenna. This is because, unlike other types
of antennas that are created to work at a certain frequency, the slot antenna operates
over a variety of frequencies as opposed to justAnother slot antenna design that can be applied to make the antenna broad is a U cut
slot. The U cut slot is comparable to the E cut slot in that it is also carved into a
rectangular waveguideโs broad wall. The U cut hole, on the other hand, is formed
differently; it resembles the letter โUโ rather than the letter โE.โ
The U cut slotโs width controls the antennaโs bandwidth and is also intended to
create resonance at a specific frequency. The U cut slot is positioned on the waveguideโs
narrow wall perpendicular to the electric fieldโs direction.
Due to its ability to accommodate various resonances, the U cut slot antenna de-
sign is effective in producing a broad antenna. It is therefore helpful in a variety of
applications where high-frequency transmission is necessary, such as in satellite com-
munication, radar systems, and wireless networking. This means that it can operate over
a range of frequencies.
Similar to the E cut slot, the U cut slotโs dimensions are set with care to produce the
ideal resonance frequency and bandwidth. To improve its radiation characteristics, the
U cut slot can be utilized as a stand-alone antenna or as a component of an array. one.
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLANIOSR Journals
ย
Abstract : The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2 and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR less than 2. So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating software used is IE3D. Keywords - V-shape slot, RT duroid, Dual band, WLAN, WiMAX,
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1. J. ICTRes. Appl., Vo l. 7, No . 2, 2013, 151-163 151
Received October 1st
, 2013, 1st
Revision December 10th
, 2013, 2nd
Revision December 20th
, 2013, Accepted
for publication December 24th
, 2013.
Copyright ยฉ 2013 Published by ITB Journal Publisher, ISSN: 2337-5787, DOI: 10.5614/itbj.ict.res.appl.2013.7.2.4
Wideband and Multiband Antenna Design and Fabrication
for Modern Wireless Communications Systems
Adit Kurniawan & Salik Mukhlishin
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jl. Ganesa 10 Bandung 40135, Indonesia
Email: adit@stei.itb.ac.id
Abstract. One of the major challenges due to spectrum scarcity in modern
wireless communication is on antenna design that can serve a non-contagious
frequency spectrum. In this paper, wideband and multiband design approaches
are proposed to produce antennas that can serve various wireless technologies
using different frequencies from 2.3 to 6.0 GHz, covering WiFi frequencies at
2.4-2.48 GHz, 5,15-5,35 GHz and 5,725-5,825 GHz, as well as WiMax
frequencies at 2.3-2.4 GHz, 2.495-2.695 GHz, 3.3-3.8 GHz, and 5.25-5.85 GHz.
The wideband and multiband antenna were implemented on an 0.8 mm thick of
FR4 epoxy dielectric substrate with permittivity ฮตr=4.3. The return loss of 10 dB
can be achieved for 2.3 to 6 GHz in wideband antenna, and a tripe band of 2.3-
2.8 GHz, 3.3-3.7 GHz, and above 4.6 GHz in multiband antenna. The gain of
both antennas increases almost linearly from 0 dB at 2.3 GHz to around 4.5 dB at
6 GHz, except for the stop band at 2.8-3.3 GHz which has a significant drop of
gain, corresponding to the stop frequency band. Antenna radiation pattern is
bidirectional at x-y plane and nearly omnidirectional at y-z plane, and shows a
similar patern for both wideband and multiband design approaches.
Keywords: antenna; microstrip; multiband; wideband; wireless communications.
1 Introduction
Rapid development in wireless communications systems has demanded
multiband or wideband antennas to support different technologies and
standards. Wireless Local Area Network, now has various standards, i.e IEEE
802.11 b/g as one of WLAN standard operating at frequency ranging from 2.4
GHz to 2.48 GHz, while IEEE 802.11a/g is using frequency from 5.15 GHz to
5.35 GHz or 5.725 GHz to 5.825 GHz. Those WLAN standards are designed for
short range of up to approximately one or two hundred meters from the
transmitter (WiFi standard). Other standards, such as IEEE 802.16 d/e is
designed to obtain wider coverage operating at other frequencies, and is known
as WiMax technology. WiMax has various frequency allocations and differs
from country to country. In Indonesia frequency bands of 2.3-2.4 GHz and 3.3-
3.7 GHz have been assigned to support WiMax technology. Therefore, there is a
2. 152 Adit Kurniawan & Salik Mukhlishin
need to produce antennas that can accommodate different frequency bands to
support different technologies and standards.
There are several papers on dual band or multi band antennas to comply with
the 802.11 a/b/g and IEEE 802.16 d/e standards. Liu, et al. [1] proposed
inverted-F antenna that can cover the 2.4/5.2 GHz WLAN bands. Raj, et al. [2]
proposed coplanar antenna printed on FR4 which operates on 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz
bands. Wu, et al. [3] reported dual broadband slot antenna, in which two wide
resonances were obtained by using a U-shaped strip inset at the center of the
slot antenna on a substrate with relative permittivity of 4.7. Another technique
to make a compact microstrip antenna can be found in [4], which also present
many issues related to recent development in designing compact antenna
technologies. Motivated by Chen, et.al [5]-[7] and also by [8], in this paper we
propose to design and fabricate an antenna prototype that has wideband and
multiband charactersitics.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the wideband
and multiband antenna design and simulation. Section 3 describes antenna
fabrication and measurement. Section 4 present analysis and discussion, and
finally, section 5 summarizes and concludes the entire works.
2 Antenna Design and Simulation
2.1 Wideband Design Approach
Wideband antenna in this proposed work constitutes a circular patch
implemented as shown in Figure 1(a), which is then modified by creating a
circular cut to produce the desired wideband characteristics as shown in Figure
1(b). The proposed antenna was designed and implemented using FR4 epoxy
dielectric substrate with dielectric permitivity ฮตr = 4.3 and thickness h = 0.8 mm.
Figure 1(a) shows the basic design of wideband antenna [9]. The antenna
consist of circular patch and a CPW-fed line [10]-[11]. The CPW fed line
consist of a center strip and two finite square patches of the same size that are
situated symmetrically on each side of the center strip acting as groundplane.
To produce a wideband characteristics between 2.3 โ around 6 GHz frequency
band, the circular patch has radius of Q = 16 mm or diameter D = 32 mm, a
center strip width, S = 2.4 mm and a CPW gap, W = 0.2. The other dimension
are P = 50.9 mm, L = 33 mm, GP = 16 mm, GL = 15.1 mm, H1 = 1.3 mm, and H2
= 1.6 mm. This antena has return loss of < -10 dB form 2.1 โ 5.0 GHz showing
a wideband characteristic. However in our case, we need to extend the design
bandwidth of up to 5.9 GHz in order to cover high band WiFi and WiMax
frequencies. To achieve that, we use similar technique with [12]-[13], in that we
first truncate the circular patch by decreasing the length of Q as shown in Figure
1(b). Itโs observed that by cutting the circular patch, the bandwidth becomes
3. Ante nna De sign fo rMo de rn Wire le ss Co mmunic atio ns 153
wider, but it causes shifting the low frequency to a higher frequency limit. By
properly adjusting the length of the cutting edge or decreasing the length Q, a
new wideband frequency from 2.3 GHz to 6 GHz can be obtained.
(a) (b)
Figure 1 Wideband antenna: (a) Circular patch with 2-square ground plane, (b)
Truncated patch to extend antenna bandwidth [13].
(a) Effect of circular cut Q.
(b) Effect of circular cut gap H1.
Figure 2 Return loss characteristic of truncated circular patch antenna.
4. 154 Adit Kurniawan & Salik Mukhlishin
(c) Effect of ground plane gap H2.
(d) Effect of strip line gap W.
Figure 2 Continued. Return loss characteristic of truncated circular patch
antenna.
Our next step is to improve impedance matching at high frequency, as we can
see from Figure 2 that return loss is still critical at frequencies higher than 3.5
GHz. To do that, we then conducted parametric study by adjusting the gap
width, W, and the length H1 and H2. This process shows that by decreasing W,
impedance matching at frequency higher than 3.5 GHz can improve, while by
increasing H2 return loss in all frequency can improves, but it is accompanied
by shifting the frequency resonance to the higher frequency. In addition,
increasing H1 can deteriorate the return loss and also shifting the resonant
frequency to the lower frequency. Optimum result to produce the desired
frequency band for return loss characteristic less than 10 dB can be obtained
when the dimension of Q = 5.6 mm, H1 = 0.5 mm, and H2 = 1.5 mm, W = 0.3
mm. By setting the overall dimension of P =40 mm and L = 33 mm, we obtain
the dimension of D = 32 mm, GP = 16.1 mm, GL = 15 mm, and S = 2.4 mm. Fig.
2 shows simulation result from this process when we vary the length of Q, H1,
H2, and W.
5. Ante nna De sign fo rMo de rn Wire le ss Co mmunic atio ns 155
From Figure 2 we can see that to cover the lower band of 2.3 GHz, the
dimension of Q = 16 mm shows better performance than other dimensions, the
dimension of H1 is rather loose, but the dimension of H2 = 1.7 mm and W = 0.2
mm exhibit the best lower band characteristics.
2.2 Multiband Design Approach
The multiband antenna design approach was performed by imposing a pair of
rectangular slot onto the circular patch in order to create stop band
corresponding to the undesired frequency in the spectrum of between 2.3 to 6.0
GHz. Then otimizing the desired antenna bandwidth and center frequency was
then performed by varying the dimension of rectangular slot Ls and Ps as shown
in Figure 3. However, the gap of CPW fed line and the ground plane, W, the
length of the circular cut, H1, and the gap between circular patch and the ground
plane, H2 were affected and need to be readjusted.
Figure 3 Design of the multiband antenna.
Figure 4 (a) shows the effect of rectangular slot dimension Ps and Ls, as well as
the length of Xs on VSWR; while the effect of H1 and H2 are shown in Figure 4
(b) and (c) respectively.
From Figure 4 (a) we can see that the rectangular slot dimension to produce stop
band characteristics around 2.8 GHz is better when Ps =17-17.2 mm, Ls = 8-10
mm, and Xs = 6 mm. Then the process is followed by readjusting the gap
dimension of ground plane to obtain the desired pass bands characteristic. By
keeping the dimension of W= 0.2 mm obtained from Figure 2(d), from Figure
4(b) and (c), we can see that the best obtainable pass bands that is most suitable
for the desired frequency bands was found when the dimension H1 = 3.2 mm,
6. 156 Adit Kurniawan & Salik Mukhlishin
and H2 =1.6 mm to produce tripleband characteristics, i.e. 2.3-2,8 GHz, 3.3-3.8
GHz, and the upper band above 4.6 GHz.
(a) Effect of slot dimension (Ps, Ls, Xs).
(b) Effect of circular cut gap (H1, H2, W).
(c) Effect of ground plane H2.
Figure 4 Simulated dimension of the multiband antenna design approach.
As we can see from Figure 4, the multiband antenna characteristics is triple
band with the low band of 2.3-2.8 GHz to accomodate for WiFi/WiMax and
new generation of cellular technology, the midle band of 3.3-3.7 GHz for
7. Ante nna De sign fo rMo de rn Wire le ss Co mmunic atio ns 157
WiMax and extended C band applications, and above 4.6 GHz to provide for
various modern wireless spectrum.
3 Antenna Fabrication and Measurement
The antenna prototypes fabricated using multiband and wideband design
approach are shown in Figure 5(a) and (b), respectively. Antenna characteristics
have been tested by measuring its parameters, particularly VSWR/return loss
and antenna gain, to validate the simulation result as well as to verify the
antenna design specification. Measurement of VSWR or return loss is most
important because our proposed research is to produce wideband and multiband
characteristics with sufficient impedance bandwidth requirement.
(a) (b)
Figure 5 Antenna fabrication: (a) Wideband, (b) Multiband.
Figure 6 shows the measurement results to validate the simulation of VSWR,
return loss, antenna gain, and antenna radiation pattern for wideband type of
antenna.
We can see for the wideband antenna shown in Figure 6 that for VSWR = 2
(equal to return loss of - 9.54 dB), wideband characteristic can be achieved for
frequency that is higher than 2.3 GHz up to 6 GHz from simulation and can go
beyond 6 GHz from measurement results. At frequency between 2.5 to 3.5 GHz
VSWR/return loss is better because our basic design is based on that resonant
frequency [5]. Comparison of VSWR/return loss between simulation and
measurement results exhibit a variation, but both results comply to the required
specification. The gain measurement and simulation shows that the gain
obtained from measurement shows only slightly lower than that obtained from
8. 158 Adit Kurniawan & Salik Mukhlishin
simulation, which increases almost linearly with frequency from 0 dB at lower
band of 2.3 GHz to approximately 4.5 dB at 6 GHz frequency band.
(a) Return loss
(b) VSWR
(c) Gain
Figure 6 Wideband antenna measurement results
9. Ante nna De sign fo rMo de rn Wire le ss Co mmunic atio ns 159
(d) Radiation pattern
Figure 6 Continued. Wideband antenna measurement results
Figure 7 shows the measurement result to validate the simulation of VSWR,
return loss, antenna gain, and antenna radiation pattern for multiband antenna.
(a) Return loss
(b) VSWR
Figure 7 Multiband antenna measurement result.
10. 160 Adit Kurniawan & Salik Mukhlishin
(c) Antenna gain
(d) Radiation pattern
Figure 7 Continued. Multiband antenna measurement result.
Measurement results for multiband antenna shown in Figure 7 exhibit close
agreements with the charactersitics obtained from simulation. We can see from
Figure 7 (c) that the gain measurement varies along the frequency band, but its
average shows only slightly lower than that obtained from simulation, which
increases almost linearly with frequency from 0 dB at lower band of 2.3 GHz to
approximately 4.5 dB at 6 GHz frequency band. However, the multiband
antenna gain shows a significant drop at frequency between 2.8-3.3 GHz, which
corresponds to the stop band between low and midle frequency. Therefore, the
antenna gain exhibits a similar behaviour for both wideband and multiband
antenna, except at the stop band. We can also see from Figure 6 (d) and 7 (d)
that antenna radiation pattern shows a bidirectional horizontal (x-y plane)
pattern, and exhibits near omnidirectional vertical (y-z plane) pattern, which is
not shown in the picture.
11. Ante nna De sign fo rMo de rn Wire le ss Co mmunic atio ns 161
4 Discussion
From extensive simulations of wideband antenna design approach, we have
seen the effect of circular truncation, as well as the effect of other dimension, i.e
the gap between feed line and rectangular ground plane, the gap between
ground plane and circular patch, and dimension of ground plane on the antenna
bandwidth. The resonant (centre) frequency seems to be rather insensitive to
any changes of circular truncation (Q). This can be explained that basic design
of circular patch can be retained. Circular truncation (Q) can change the
behavior of higher frequency above 3.5 GHz. The gap between circular cut and
the edge of the antenna (H1) is insensitive to the behavior of center frequency as
well as to the antenna bandwidth characteristic of higher frequency band.
However the gap between circular patch and the square ground plane (H2) is
sensitive to center frequency as well as to the behavior of higher frequency
bandwidth. The gap between feed line and the square ground plane patch is
most sensitive to center frequency and higher frequency characteristics.
We also have seen that multiband antenna design approach can be conducted by
creating a pair of simetrically rectangular slot on the circular patch to produce
undesired stop band along the frequency spectrum that has been obtained in the
wideband design. Once the stop band is produced, the desired center frequency
and bandwidth can then be obtained by retuning the gap between circular cut
and ground plane, the gap between circular cut and the antenna edge, and the
gap between the fed line and the ground plane. This can be explained that
multiband antenna characteristics can be created by imposing radiaton
perturbation to the patch in order to produce stop bands.
5 Conclusion and Further Study
Antenna prototypes that cover all Wi-Fi,WiMAX, and other upcoming modern
wireless communication system wich occupy frequency bands of between 2.3
and 6 GHz or above have been designed and implemented on FR4 substrate
successfully. The antenna design has been conducted using both wideband and
multiband approaches. The wideband design approach has produced an atenna
characteristic that covers the frequency of 2.3 โ 6 GHz. Wideband characteristic
is produced by modifying a basic circular patch with square ground plane by
cutting the patch and by adjusting the square ground plane to widen the
bandwidth at the higher frequency band.
The multiband design approach has produced a triple band characteristics with
the low band of 2.3-2.8 GHz to accomodate for WiFi/WiMax and new
generation of cellular technology, the midle band of 3.3-3.7 GHz for WiMax
and extended C band applications, and above 4.6 GHz to provide for various
12. 162 Adit Kurniawan & Salik Mukhlishin
upcoming modern wireless applications. The wideband antena gain shows
increasing gain with the frequency from 0 dB at 2.3 GHz to around 4.5 dB at 6
GHz; while the multiband antenna gain shows a very similar result with that of
the wideband, except for the stop band at 2.8-3.3 GHz which has a significant
gain drop, corresponding to the desired stop frequency band. Antenna radiation
pattern is bidirectional at x-y plane and nearly omnidirectional at y-z plane, and
shows a similar patern for both wideband and multiband design approaches.
Antenna measurement results show good agrement with that obtained from
simulation. Slight deviation was found in the measurement of the return loss for
wideband antenna,but still meet the specification requirements. The multiband
antenna requires more complex design compared to that of the wideband type.
However, multiband antennas have an advantage over the wideband antenna in
terms of prefiltering capability, in that any undesired frequency spectrum
coming from other system or spurious emssion can be rejected at the receiving
antenna front end.
In order to obtain more number of frequency bands in the multiband antenna
design, our next study would focus on a more challenging design that can
produce more thatn triple bands antenna, so that the antenna can provide
prefiltering process for more technologies and applications with different
frequency spectrum allocation.
Acknowledgements
This research is supported by the Directorate of Higher Education, Republic of
Indonesia under the scheme of Decentralization Research Grant 2013, and by
the Institute of Technology Bandung under the shceme of Research and
Innovation Grant for Research Division. The authors thank for their financial
support.
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