This rectangular microstrip patch antenna was designed using both multi-slotted patch and partial grounding techniques to enhance both gain and bandwidth. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved an improved gain of 8.06 dB across an ultra-wide bandwidth of 19.7 GHz, ranging from 3.15 to 22.85 GHz. The antenna also exhibited high efficiency of 96.83% and return loss of -28.35 dB, with directivity of 9.39 dB across the entire frequency range. These results demonstrated that using multi-slotted patches and partial grounding is effective for improving the performance of rectangular microstrip patch antennas.
A compact UWB monopole antenna with penta band notched characteristicsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A modified rectangular monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with penta notched frequency bands is presented. An inverted U shaped and slanted U-shaped on the radiating patch are inserted to achieve WiMAX and ARN bands rejection respectively, two mirrored summation Σ-shaped and four mirrored 5-shaped slots are inserted on the partial ground to achieve WLAN and X-band bands rejection respectively, finally rectangular shaped slot with partially open on the feed is inserted to achieve ITU-8 band rejection. The proposed antenna which was simulated has a compact size 30×35×1.6 m3. It is operated with impedance bandwidth 2.8-10.6 GHz at |S11| < −10 dB, that supported UWB bandwidth with filtering the five narrowbands that avoid the possible interference with them. The simulated resonant frequency for notched filters received 3.55, 4.55, 5.53, 7.45, 8.16 GHZ, for WiMAX, ARN, WLAN, X-Band, ITU-8 respectively. The proposed antenna is suitable for wireless communication such as mobile communication and internet of everything (IoE). Throughout this paper, CST-EM software package was used for the design implementation. Surface current distributions for all notched filters were investigated and shown that it is concentrated around the feeding point and the inserted notched slots proving that there is no radiation to the space due to maximum stored electromagnetic energy around each investigated notch slot, proving that the slots play a role of a quarter wavelength transformer which generates for each notched band, maximum gain, and radiation pattern are also investigated.
IRJET-Design and Fabrication of Ultra Wide Band Antenna with Band Notching Pr...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of ultra-wide band antennas with band-notching properties. It discusses how defected ground structures can be used to achieve band notching at specific frequencies like the WLAN band, in order to avoid interference with other wireless systems. Various antenna geometries and feeding techniques that have been studied for achieving ultra-wide bandwidth are summarized. The document reviews several previous studies on microstrip-fed patch antennas, monopole antennas, and defected ground structure antennas designed for ultra-wide bandwidth with frequency band rejections.
Microstrip Rectangular Monopole Antennas with Defected Ground for UWB Applica...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of new compact antennas for ultra wide band applications. Each antenna consists of a rectangular patch fed by 50Ω microstrip transmission line and the ground element is a defected ground structure (DGS). The aim of this study is to improve the bandwidth of these antennas by using DGS and the modification geometry of rectangular structure, which gives new compact antennas for UWB applications. The input impedance bandwidth of the antennas with S11<-10dB is more than 10GHz, from 3GHz to more than 14 GHz. The proposed antennas are investigated and optimized by using CST microwave studio, they are validated by using another electromagnetic solver Ansoft HFSS. The measured parameters present good agreement with simulation. The final antenna structures offer excellent performances for UWB system.
Ultra-Wideband Monostatic Antenna for behind the Wall Detection IJECEIAES
This document describes a simulation study of an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna designed for behind-the-wall detection using ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology. A shifted arc antenna was designed on a Rogers RT-5880 substrate with a bandwidth of 12.8 GHz ranging from 2.8-15.6 GHz and a gain of 6.05 dB achieved using defected ground structure. A simulation experiment was conducted using the antenna as a monostatic transceiver to transmit and receive signals penetrating a concrete wall to detect a human skin target. Time domain analysis of the received reflections showed responses from the antenna, wall and target that could be used to detect buried targets through distance calculation.
IRJET - Design and Simulation of Multiband Microstrip AntennaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a multiband microstrip antenna. It begins with an abstract describing how fractal geometries have been used to improve antenna features like bandwidth. It then provides background on previous research using fractal shapes to design wideband and multiband antennas. This project aims to enhance bandwidth by combining different geometries into a hybrid fractal antenna. The antenna is analyzed using CST Microwave Studio software. Various feeding techniques and fractal geometries are tested to optimize parameters like efficiency and bandwidth. The document concludes the antenna has a wider bandwidth than regular antennas and further optimization of parameters could increase bandwidth for multiple applications.
The effect of changing the formation of multiple input multiple output anten...IJECEIAES
The document summarizes research on modifying the formation of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennas to improve gain. It investigates different 2x1 and 2x2 MIMO antenna configurations by changing substrate shapes and patch placement. The best 2x1 configuration was an inverted design with high gain up to 6.51 dB and 40 GHz bandwidth. Eight 2x2 configurations were also tested, with the plus-shaped, loop, and chair-shaped designs showing maximum gain improvements of 2.73 dB, 1.17 dB, and 0.92 dB respectively, compared to a single antenna. The proposed MIMO antennas could provide high gain without increasing transmitter power for applications like wireless networks and satellite communication.
New microstrip patch antenna array design at 28 GHz millimeter-wave for fift...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a study and an array design consisting of two microstrip patch antennas connected in series in a 2×1 form. This antenna provides better performance for the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication system. The microstrip line feeding technique realizes the design of this antenna. This feed offers the best bandwidth, is easy to model, and has low spurious radiation. The distance between the feed line and the patch can adapt to the antenna’s impedance. In addition, the antenna array proposed in this paper is designed and simulated using the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) simulation software at the operating frequency of 28 GHz for the 5G band. The support material used is Rogers RT/duroid® 5880, with relative permittivity of 2.2, a thickness of h=0.5 mm, and a loss tangent of 0.0009. The simulation results obtained in this research paper are as: reflection coefficient: -35.91 dB, standing wave ratio (SWR): 1.032, bandwidth: 1.43 GHz, gain: 9.42 dB, directivity: 9.47 dB, radiated power: 29.94 dBm, accepted the power: 29.99 dBm, radiation efficiency: 29.95, efficiency: 99.83%. This proposed antenna array has achieved better performance than other antenna arrays recently published in scientific journals regarding bandwidth, beam gain, reflection coefficient, SWR, radiated power, accepted power, and efficiency. Therefore, this antenna array will likely become an important competitor for many uses within the 5G wireless applications.
Design and Analysis of MIMO Patch Antenna for 5G Wireless Communication SystemsIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
A compact UWB monopole antenna with penta band notched characteristicsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A modified rectangular monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with penta notched frequency bands is presented. An inverted U shaped and slanted U-shaped on the radiating patch are inserted to achieve WiMAX and ARN bands rejection respectively, two mirrored summation Σ-shaped and four mirrored 5-shaped slots are inserted on the partial ground to achieve WLAN and X-band bands rejection respectively, finally rectangular shaped slot with partially open on the feed is inserted to achieve ITU-8 band rejection. The proposed antenna which was simulated has a compact size 30×35×1.6 m3. It is operated with impedance bandwidth 2.8-10.6 GHz at |S11| < −10 dB, that supported UWB bandwidth with filtering the five narrowbands that avoid the possible interference with them. The simulated resonant frequency for notched filters received 3.55, 4.55, 5.53, 7.45, 8.16 GHZ, for WiMAX, ARN, WLAN, X-Band, ITU-8 respectively. The proposed antenna is suitable for wireless communication such as mobile communication and internet of everything (IoE). Throughout this paper, CST-EM software package was used for the design implementation. Surface current distributions for all notched filters were investigated and shown that it is concentrated around the feeding point and the inserted notched slots proving that there is no radiation to the space due to maximum stored electromagnetic energy around each investigated notch slot, proving that the slots play a role of a quarter wavelength transformer which generates for each notched band, maximum gain, and radiation pattern are also investigated.
IRJET-Design and Fabrication of Ultra Wide Band Antenna with Band Notching Pr...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of ultra-wide band antennas with band-notching properties. It discusses how defected ground structures can be used to achieve band notching at specific frequencies like the WLAN band, in order to avoid interference with other wireless systems. Various antenna geometries and feeding techniques that have been studied for achieving ultra-wide bandwidth are summarized. The document reviews several previous studies on microstrip-fed patch antennas, monopole antennas, and defected ground structure antennas designed for ultra-wide bandwidth with frequency band rejections.
Microstrip Rectangular Monopole Antennas with Defected Ground for UWB Applica...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of new compact antennas for ultra wide band applications. Each antenna consists of a rectangular patch fed by 50Ω microstrip transmission line and the ground element is a defected ground structure (DGS). The aim of this study is to improve the bandwidth of these antennas by using DGS and the modification geometry of rectangular structure, which gives new compact antennas for UWB applications. The input impedance bandwidth of the antennas with S11<-10dB is more than 10GHz, from 3GHz to more than 14 GHz. The proposed antennas are investigated and optimized by using CST microwave studio, they are validated by using another electromagnetic solver Ansoft HFSS. The measured parameters present good agreement with simulation. The final antenna structures offer excellent performances for UWB system.
Ultra-Wideband Monostatic Antenna for behind the Wall Detection IJECEIAES
This document describes a simulation study of an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna designed for behind-the-wall detection using ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology. A shifted arc antenna was designed on a Rogers RT-5880 substrate with a bandwidth of 12.8 GHz ranging from 2.8-15.6 GHz and a gain of 6.05 dB achieved using defected ground structure. A simulation experiment was conducted using the antenna as a monostatic transceiver to transmit and receive signals penetrating a concrete wall to detect a human skin target. Time domain analysis of the received reflections showed responses from the antenna, wall and target that could be used to detect buried targets through distance calculation.
IRJET - Design and Simulation of Multiband Microstrip AntennaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a multiband microstrip antenna. It begins with an abstract describing how fractal geometries have been used to improve antenna features like bandwidth. It then provides background on previous research using fractal shapes to design wideband and multiband antennas. This project aims to enhance bandwidth by combining different geometries into a hybrid fractal antenna. The antenna is analyzed using CST Microwave Studio software. Various feeding techniques and fractal geometries are tested to optimize parameters like efficiency and bandwidth. The document concludes the antenna has a wider bandwidth than regular antennas and further optimization of parameters could increase bandwidth for multiple applications.
The effect of changing the formation of multiple input multiple output anten...IJECEIAES
The document summarizes research on modifying the formation of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennas to improve gain. It investigates different 2x1 and 2x2 MIMO antenna configurations by changing substrate shapes and patch placement. The best 2x1 configuration was an inverted design with high gain up to 6.51 dB and 40 GHz bandwidth. Eight 2x2 configurations were also tested, with the plus-shaped, loop, and chair-shaped designs showing maximum gain improvements of 2.73 dB, 1.17 dB, and 0.92 dB respectively, compared to a single antenna. The proposed MIMO antennas could provide high gain without increasing transmitter power for applications like wireless networks and satellite communication.
New microstrip patch antenna array design at 28 GHz millimeter-wave for fift...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a study and an array design consisting of two microstrip patch antennas connected in series in a 2×1 form. This antenna provides better performance for the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication system. The microstrip line feeding technique realizes the design of this antenna. This feed offers the best bandwidth, is easy to model, and has low spurious radiation. The distance between the feed line and the patch can adapt to the antenna’s impedance. In addition, the antenna array proposed in this paper is designed and simulated using the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) simulation software at the operating frequency of 28 GHz for the 5G band. The support material used is Rogers RT/duroid® 5880, with relative permittivity of 2.2, a thickness of h=0.5 mm, and a loss tangent of 0.0009. The simulation results obtained in this research paper are as: reflection coefficient: -35.91 dB, standing wave ratio (SWR): 1.032, bandwidth: 1.43 GHz, gain: 9.42 dB, directivity: 9.47 dB, radiated power: 29.94 dBm, accepted the power: 29.99 dBm, radiation efficiency: 29.95, efficiency: 99.83%. This proposed antenna array has achieved better performance than other antenna arrays recently published in scientific journals regarding bandwidth, beam gain, reflection coefficient, SWR, radiated power, accepted power, and efficiency. Therefore, this antenna array will likely become an important competitor for many uses within the 5G wireless applications.
Design and Analysis of MIMO Patch Antenna for 5G Wireless Communication SystemsIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MIMO PATCH ANTENNA FOR 5G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless
communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to
enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the
performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as
substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has
obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA
and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative
analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system
compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
The Design of Capacitive Slit on Improving the Antenna Gain of Binomial Doubl...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The capacitive slit is a method of making the impedance value to be resistive. To achieve this goal is a challenge in addition to the slit antenna and gives impact to gain as one of the important parameters in antenna design. The antenna gain in a particular direction is defined as 4π times the ratio of radiation intensity in that direction to the power received by the transmitter antenna. In this research, the proposed capacitive slit method was tested on the hexacula omnidirectional broadband antenna operating on frequency 0.85-3 GHz and gain 4.8 dBi. The testing was conducted to obtain the gain improvement of the hexacula omnidirectional broadband antenna. The placement of the capacitive slit was implemented on a double strip antenna with 4 times experiments. The best experiment result was obtained when three capacitive slits were placed on different strips. The capacitive slit was designed by analyzing the average value of input impedance before calculating the dimension of the capacitive slit that applied to the antenna. The experiment result shows that the best value of the antenna gain is 7.196 dBi. The gain increment is linear to the number of capacitive slits applied to the antenna.
Bandwidth enhancement of compact microstrip rectangular antennas for UWB appl...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes the design and simulation of compact microstrip rectangular patch antennas for ultra-wideband applications. The antennas were designed to have good impedance matching over the FCC-defined UWB frequency band of 3.1-10.6 GHz. Defected ground structures were used to improve the bandwidth of the rectangular patch antennas. Simulation results showed the antennas achieved an impedance bandwidth of 133.33% from 3-15 GHz with stable radiation patterns and gains up to 4.9 dBi. Measurements agreed well with simulations and validated the antennas' wide bandwidth performance from 3.1-14.5 GHz, covering the FCC UWB band. The compact antennas are suitable for UWB applications including WLAN, WiMAX
This document presents a wideband deltoid leaf fractal antenna designed for 5.8 GHz WLAN applications. A leaf-shaped microstrip patch antenna is designed with a circular ring slot and triangular fractal slots etched inside to miniaturize the antenna. The fractal slots help enhance the bandwidth of the antenna. Simulation results show the antenna operates from 5.36 GHz to 7.62 GHz with a reflection coefficient less than -10 dB and a gain of 4.2 dBi at 5.8 GHz. The fabricated antenna is measured and shows good agreement with the simulation results. The proposed antenna design achieves a wide bandwidth suitable for 5.8 GHz WLAN applications.
A Compact Wideband Monopole Antenna using Single Open Loop Resonator for Wire...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A novel single layer, microstrip line fed compact wideband monopole antenna using open loop resonator has been designed and analyzed. The proposed antenna occupies a compact size of only 30 36.5 1.6 mm3. A partial ground plane is employed to enhance the operating bandwidth and reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna. The variations in operating bandwidth of the proposed antenna can be easily controlled by properly adjusting the position of the gap in the open loop resonator.The antenna prototype is fabricated on FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant 4.2. In this design, the antenna exhibits 10dB wide impedance bandwidth of 61% from 2.0174 to 3.7903 GHz.The antenna can be easily fed using a 50 Ω microstrip feed line and it covers the bandwidth requirements of a number of modern wireless communication systems such as IEEE 502.11b WLAN band (2.4 2.5 GHz), extended UMTS (2.5 2.69 GHz), IMT (2.7 2.9 GHz), and IEEE 802.16 Wi MAX band (3.3 3.6 GHz) applications. The desired antenna is designed and simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST). An extensive analysis of the antenna parameters (reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, directivity, and VSWR) including surface current distributions is presented and discussed in this paper. Good agreement between simulated and measured result is obtained.
Bandwidth Improvement of UWB Microstrip Antenna Using Finite Ground PlaneIJERA Editor
Microstrip antennas play a vital role in communication system. It is required in high performance wireless applications. But due to its resonant nature microstrip antennas have some considerable drawbacks like narrowband performance. Extensive study has been carried out on microstrip patch antennas in the recent past, but it still have large scope for improvement in the near future. To overcome narrow bandwidth problem, number of methods and techniques have been suggested and investigated, keeping in mind that the basic advantages of microstrip antenna should not be altered such as low profile, light weight, low cost and simple printed circuit structure. The area of investigation includes modification in geometrical shape of the antenna, use of resonators, use of dipole, and many other parameters. This paper presents a comparison between conventional microstrip antenna and microstip antenna with finite ground plane at ultra wideband. HFSS simulation tool is used here for antenna simulation. For feeding purpose microstrip feed line is used (50Ω). Optimized result provides impedance bandwidth of 7.2GHz with VSWR<2, operating frequency range is from 6.5GHz to 13.7GHz. Proposed antenna is useful for many ultra wideband applications. =
Coplanar waveguide-fed ultra-wideband antenna with WLAN bandnooriasukmaningtyas
A modified coplanar waveguide fed ultra-wideband antenna with extended transmission band to WLAN frequency is investigated. The proposed antenna consists of a modified semi-circular patch and staircase of ground plane. The prototype is constructed on a low cost FR4 substrate. The overall dimensions of proposed UWB antenna are 34 mm x 40 mm. The result has been shown that the proposed antenna archives low VSWR over transmission bandwidth from 2.10-12.7 GHz to cover both WLAN and UWB bands. The average gain is 3.87 dBi. It depicts nearly omni-directional radiation pattern like dipole antenna. Moreover, the fabricated prototype antenna shows a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. It is illustrated that our proposed technique is a good choice for designing any structure of microstrip antenna which appropriate to use for many wireless communication systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
Wideband and high gain dielectric resonator antenna for 5G applicationsjournalBEEI
In this paper, wideband high gain dielectric resonator antenna for 5G applications is presented. Higher order mode is exploited to enhance the antenna gain, while the array of symmetrical cylindrical shaped holes drilled in the DRA to improves the bandwidth by reducing the quality factor. The proposed DRA is designed using dielectric material with relative permittivity of 10 and loss tangent of 0. 002.The Rogers RT/Droid 5880 has been selected as substrate with relative permittivity of 2.2, loss tangent of 0.0009- and 0.254-mm thickness. The simulated results show that, the proposed geometry has achieved a wide impedance bandwidth of 17.3% (23.8-28.3GHz=4.5 GHz) for S11<-10 dB, and a maximum gain of about 9.3 dBi with radiation efficiency of 96% at design frequency of 26 GHz. The DRA is feed by microstrip transmission line with slot aperture. The reflection coefficient, the radiation pattern, and the antenna gain are studied by full-wave EM simulator CST Microwave Studio. The proposed antenna can be used for the 5G communication applications such as device to device communication (D2D).
A PATCH ANTENNA DESIGN WITH BOOSTED BANDWIDTH FOR ISM BAND APPLICATIONSpijans
In recent times, the utilization of microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) has increased due to their simple
production, simple analysis, low cost, lightweight, easy feeding, and superior radiation characteristics.
Limited bandwidth is a key disadvantage of MPAs. In this paper, a rectangular patch antenna with partial
ground plane (PGP) strategy for ISM applications is proposed to overcome this deficiency and its
performance is compared with that of a traditional patch antenna. A low-cost FR-4 substrate with a
dielectric constant of 4.3 and a thickness of 1.6 mm is used to make both antennas designed. The antennas
are analyzed and simulated at the operating frequency of 2.45 GHz using CST software. The simulation
results show that the proposed antenna has a 0.1465 GHz i.e. 146.5 MHz bandwidth, which is more than
1.77 times larger than a conventional antenna (bandwidth = 0.0827 GHz i.e. 82.7MHz). The suggested
antenna is suitable for a wide range of wireless communication standards, such as Bluetooth (2.4 to 2.485
GHz), WiMAX (2.3 to 2.4 GHz), Microwave ovens (2.4 to 2.48 GHz), RFID (2.4 to 2.5 GHz), S-Band (2.3
to 2.4 GHz), Wireless Communication Services (WCS) 2.345 GHz to 2.360 GHz, and 4G LTE (2.3 to 2.315
GHz).
A PATCH ANTENNA DESIGN WITH BOOSTED BANDWIDTH FOR ISM BAND APPLICATIONSpijans
In recent times, the utilization of microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) has increased due to their simple
production, simple analysis, low cost, lightweight, easy feeding, and superior radiation characteristics.
Limited bandwidth is a key disadvantage of MPAs. In this paper, a rectangular patch antenna with partial
ground plane (PGP) strategy for ISM applications is proposed to overcome this deficiency and its
performance is compared with that of a traditional patch antenna. A low-cost FR-4 substrate with a
dielectric constant of 4.3 and a thickness of 1.6 mm is used to make both antennas designed. The antennas
are analyzed and simulated at the operating frequency of 2.45 GHz using CST software. The simulation
results show that the proposed antenna has a 0.1465 GHz i.e. 146.5 MHz bandwidth, which is more than
1.77 times larger than a conventional antenna (bandwidth = 0.0827 GHz i.e. 82.7MHz). The suggested
antenna is suitable for a wide range of wireless communication standards, such as Bluetooth (2.4 to 2.485
GHz), WiMAX (2.3 to 2.4 GHz), Microwave ovens (2.4 to 2.48 GHz), RFID (2.4 to 2.5 GHz), S-Band (2.3
to 2.4 GHz), Wireless Communication Services (WCS) 2.345 GHz to 2.360 GHz, and 4G LTE (2.3 to 2.315
GHz).
Ellipse Shaped Micro-Strip Patch Antenna for Ku, K and Ka Band ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document presents the design and simulation of an ellipse-shaped microstrip patch antenna for Ku, K, and Ka band applications (14-31GHz). The antenna is designed on an FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 24x24mm. Simulation results using CST software show the antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 13GHz with VSWR less than 2. Radiation patterns are isotropic across frequencies and maximum gain is 5.5dBi. The compact ellipse shape and use of slots in the ground plane contribute to the antenna's broad bandwidth performance in high frequency bands suitable for applications such as satellites and radars.
Novel design of a low cost microstripline fed shorted patch antennaiaemedu
This document describes the design and testing of a novel low-cost microstrip-fed shorted patch antenna (MSFSPA) for communication applications. Key findings include:
- The MSFSPA was designed with a patch size of 36.3x47.3mm suspended 1.6mm above the substrate and fed via a microstrip line suspended 3.2mm above the substrate.
- Experimental testing found dual resonant frequencies of 3.62GHz and 4.99GHz with bandwidths of 14.25% and 8.07% respectively, suitable for S and C band communications.
- Radiation patterns were linearly polarized and broadside, with low cross polarization levels below -5dB
A rectangular tuneable ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip patch (MP) antenna based on a single sheet of graphene (SSG) is designed in this study. The antenna band can be tuned by applying a DC voltage bias perpendicular to the SSG at various values via adjusting the input impedance. The antenna has been analyzed by computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio (MWS) software using an FR4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm with a dielectric permittivity 휀푟= 4.4 and loss tangent tan = 0.02 fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line frequency. The design is compact since the antenna consists mostly of copper and the SSG. Graphene’s low weight, high flexibility, and strength make it more attractive than other semiconductor materials. Then, the study investigates the effects of applying the electrical characteristics of graphene to the antenna’s length, which varies with the ON and OFF states. This UWB MP antenna is also designed with notch characteristics so that it can reject undesired interference signals. Subsequently, this compact UWB MP antenna with tuneable resonance frequency is suitable for most wireless communication applications. The simulation results work in the 3.1 to 10 GHz range, as required for UWB technology.
1. The document describes a new design for a small microstrip antenna with variable band-notch filtering capabilities for super ultra-wideband applications including 5G networks and IoT.
2. The antenna achieves improved radiation patterns between 3-14 GHz through modifications to the patch, ground plane, and feed line. It also integrates a band-notch filter using a slot on the patch to reject interference from other wireless systems like WLAN.
3. The center frequency of the band-notch filter can be tuned from 3.5-6 GHz by adjusting the slot dimensions or using a variable capacitor. This allows the antenna to reject interference across different WLAN bands.
Design of wide band slotted microstrip patch antenna with defective ground st...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a microstrip patch antenna (MSPA) in the Ku band for satellite applications. The antenna is small in size with dimensions of about 40 mm×48 mm×1.59 mm and is fed with a coaxial cable of 50 Ω impedance. The proposed antenna has a wide bandwidth of 3.03 GHz ranging from 12.8 GHz to 15.8 GHz. To realize the characteristics of wideband the techniques of defective ground structure (DGS) and etching slots on the radiating element are adopted. The antenna is modeled on the FR4 substrate. A basic circular patch is selected for the design of a dual-frequency operation and in the next step DGS is introduced into the basic antenna and enhanced bandwidth is achieved at both the frequencies. To attain wider bandwidth two slots are etched on the radiating element of which one is a square ring slot and the second one is a circular ring slot. The novelty of the proposed antenna is a miniaturized design and unique response within the Ku band region which is applicable for wireless UWB applications with VSWR <2 and an average gain of 3.6 dB.
Circular shape, Dual band proximity feed UWB AntennaAmitesh Raikwar
This paper presents novel proximity feed, microstrip antenna with dual band operative frequency and having ultra wide bandwidth with center
frequency at 3GHz. This Circular shaped microstrip antenna offers a dual band. This paper suggests an alternative approach in enhancing the band
width of microstrip antenna for the wireless application operating at a frequency of 3 GHz. A bandwidth enhancement of more than 21% was achieved.
The measured results have been compared with the simulated results using software IE3D version-14.0.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
More Related Content
Similar to Rectangular microstrip antenna design with multi-slotted patch and partial grounding for performance enhancement
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MIMO PATCH ANTENNA FOR 5G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless
communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to
enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the
performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as
substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has
obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA
and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative
analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system
compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
The Design of Capacitive Slit on Improving the Antenna Gain of Binomial Doubl...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The capacitive slit is a method of making the impedance value to be resistive. To achieve this goal is a challenge in addition to the slit antenna and gives impact to gain as one of the important parameters in antenna design. The antenna gain in a particular direction is defined as 4π times the ratio of radiation intensity in that direction to the power received by the transmitter antenna. In this research, the proposed capacitive slit method was tested on the hexacula omnidirectional broadband antenna operating on frequency 0.85-3 GHz and gain 4.8 dBi. The testing was conducted to obtain the gain improvement of the hexacula omnidirectional broadband antenna. The placement of the capacitive slit was implemented on a double strip antenna with 4 times experiments. The best experiment result was obtained when three capacitive slits were placed on different strips. The capacitive slit was designed by analyzing the average value of input impedance before calculating the dimension of the capacitive slit that applied to the antenna. The experiment result shows that the best value of the antenna gain is 7.196 dBi. The gain increment is linear to the number of capacitive slits applied to the antenna.
Bandwidth enhancement of compact microstrip rectangular antennas for UWB appl...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes the design and simulation of compact microstrip rectangular patch antennas for ultra-wideband applications. The antennas were designed to have good impedance matching over the FCC-defined UWB frequency band of 3.1-10.6 GHz. Defected ground structures were used to improve the bandwidth of the rectangular patch antennas. Simulation results showed the antennas achieved an impedance bandwidth of 133.33% from 3-15 GHz with stable radiation patterns and gains up to 4.9 dBi. Measurements agreed well with simulations and validated the antennas' wide bandwidth performance from 3.1-14.5 GHz, covering the FCC UWB band. The compact antennas are suitable for UWB applications including WLAN, WiMAX
This document presents a wideband deltoid leaf fractal antenna designed for 5.8 GHz WLAN applications. A leaf-shaped microstrip patch antenna is designed with a circular ring slot and triangular fractal slots etched inside to miniaturize the antenna. The fractal slots help enhance the bandwidth of the antenna. Simulation results show the antenna operates from 5.36 GHz to 7.62 GHz with a reflection coefficient less than -10 dB and a gain of 4.2 dBi at 5.8 GHz. The fabricated antenna is measured and shows good agreement with the simulation results. The proposed antenna design achieves a wide bandwidth suitable for 5.8 GHz WLAN applications.
A Compact Wideband Monopole Antenna using Single Open Loop Resonator for Wire...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A novel single layer, microstrip line fed compact wideband monopole antenna using open loop resonator has been designed and analyzed. The proposed antenna occupies a compact size of only 30 36.5 1.6 mm3. A partial ground plane is employed to enhance the operating bandwidth and reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna. The variations in operating bandwidth of the proposed antenna can be easily controlled by properly adjusting the position of the gap in the open loop resonator.The antenna prototype is fabricated on FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant 4.2. In this design, the antenna exhibits 10dB wide impedance bandwidth of 61% from 2.0174 to 3.7903 GHz.The antenna can be easily fed using a 50 Ω microstrip feed line and it covers the bandwidth requirements of a number of modern wireless communication systems such as IEEE 502.11b WLAN band (2.4 2.5 GHz), extended UMTS (2.5 2.69 GHz), IMT (2.7 2.9 GHz), and IEEE 802.16 Wi MAX band (3.3 3.6 GHz) applications. The desired antenna is designed and simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST). An extensive analysis of the antenna parameters (reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, directivity, and VSWR) including surface current distributions is presented and discussed in this paper. Good agreement between simulated and measured result is obtained.
Bandwidth Improvement of UWB Microstrip Antenna Using Finite Ground PlaneIJERA Editor
Microstrip antennas play a vital role in communication system. It is required in high performance wireless applications. But due to its resonant nature microstrip antennas have some considerable drawbacks like narrowband performance. Extensive study has been carried out on microstrip patch antennas in the recent past, but it still have large scope for improvement in the near future. To overcome narrow bandwidth problem, number of methods and techniques have been suggested and investigated, keeping in mind that the basic advantages of microstrip antenna should not be altered such as low profile, light weight, low cost and simple printed circuit structure. The area of investigation includes modification in geometrical shape of the antenna, use of resonators, use of dipole, and many other parameters. This paper presents a comparison between conventional microstrip antenna and microstip antenna with finite ground plane at ultra wideband. HFSS simulation tool is used here for antenna simulation. For feeding purpose microstrip feed line is used (50Ω). Optimized result provides impedance bandwidth of 7.2GHz with VSWR<2, operating frequency range is from 6.5GHz to 13.7GHz. Proposed antenna is useful for many ultra wideband applications. =
Coplanar waveguide-fed ultra-wideband antenna with WLAN bandnooriasukmaningtyas
A modified coplanar waveguide fed ultra-wideband antenna with extended transmission band to WLAN frequency is investigated. The proposed antenna consists of a modified semi-circular patch and staircase of ground plane. The prototype is constructed on a low cost FR4 substrate. The overall dimensions of proposed UWB antenna are 34 mm x 40 mm. The result has been shown that the proposed antenna archives low VSWR over transmission bandwidth from 2.10-12.7 GHz to cover both WLAN and UWB bands. The average gain is 3.87 dBi. It depicts nearly omni-directional radiation pattern like dipole antenna. Moreover, the fabricated prototype antenna shows a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. It is illustrated that our proposed technique is a good choice for designing any structure of microstrip antenna which appropriate to use for many wireless communication systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
Wideband and high gain dielectric resonator antenna for 5G applicationsjournalBEEI
In this paper, wideband high gain dielectric resonator antenna for 5G applications is presented. Higher order mode is exploited to enhance the antenna gain, while the array of symmetrical cylindrical shaped holes drilled in the DRA to improves the bandwidth by reducing the quality factor. The proposed DRA is designed using dielectric material with relative permittivity of 10 and loss tangent of 0. 002.The Rogers RT/Droid 5880 has been selected as substrate with relative permittivity of 2.2, loss tangent of 0.0009- and 0.254-mm thickness. The simulated results show that, the proposed geometry has achieved a wide impedance bandwidth of 17.3% (23.8-28.3GHz=4.5 GHz) for S11<-10 dB, and a maximum gain of about 9.3 dBi with radiation efficiency of 96% at design frequency of 26 GHz. The DRA is feed by microstrip transmission line with slot aperture. The reflection coefficient, the radiation pattern, and the antenna gain are studied by full-wave EM simulator CST Microwave Studio. The proposed antenna can be used for the 5G communication applications such as device to device communication (D2D).
A PATCH ANTENNA DESIGN WITH BOOSTED BANDWIDTH FOR ISM BAND APPLICATIONSpijans
In recent times, the utilization of microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) has increased due to their simple
production, simple analysis, low cost, lightweight, easy feeding, and superior radiation characteristics.
Limited bandwidth is a key disadvantage of MPAs. In this paper, a rectangular patch antenna with partial
ground plane (PGP) strategy for ISM applications is proposed to overcome this deficiency and its
performance is compared with that of a traditional patch antenna. A low-cost FR-4 substrate with a
dielectric constant of 4.3 and a thickness of 1.6 mm is used to make both antennas designed. The antennas
are analyzed and simulated at the operating frequency of 2.45 GHz using CST software. The simulation
results show that the proposed antenna has a 0.1465 GHz i.e. 146.5 MHz bandwidth, which is more than
1.77 times larger than a conventional antenna (bandwidth = 0.0827 GHz i.e. 82.7MHz). The suggested
antenna is suitable for a wide range of wireless communication standards, such as Bluetooth (2.4 to 2.485
GHz), WiMAX (2.3 to 2.4 GHz), Microwave ovens (2.4 to 2.48 GHz), RFID (2.4 to 2.5 GHz), S-Band (2.3
to 2.4 GHz), Wireless Communication Services (WCS) 2.345 GHz to 2.360 GHz, and 4G LTE (2.3 to 2.315
GHz).
A PATCH ANTENNA DESIGN WITH BOOSTED BANDWIDTH FOR ISM BAND APPLICATIONSpijans
In recent times, the utilization of microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) has increased due to their simple
production, simple analysis, low cost, lightweight, easy feeding, and superior radiation characteristics.
Limited bandwidth is a key disadvantage of MPAs. In this paper, a rectangular patch antenna with partial
ground plane (PGP) strategy for ISM applications is proposed to overcome this deficiency and its
performance is compared with that of a traditional patch antenna. A low-cost FR-4 substrate with a
dielectric constant of 4.3 and a thickness of 1.6 mm is used to make both antennas designed. The antennas
are analyzed and simulated at the operating frequency of 2.45 GHz using CST software. The simulation
results show that the proposed antenna has a 0.1465 GHz i.e. 146.5 MHz bandwidth, which is more than
1.77 times larger than a conventional antenna (bandwidth = 0.0827 GHz i.e. 82.7MHz). The suggested
antenna is suitable for a wide range of wireless communication standards, such as Bluetooth (2.4 to 2.485
GHz), WiMAX (2.3 to 2.4 GHz), Microwave ovens (2.4 to 2.48 GHz), RFID (2.4 to 2.5 GHz), S-Band (2.3
to 2.4 GHz), Wireless Communication Services (WCS) 2.345 GHz to 2.360 GHz, and 4G LTE (2.3 to 2.315
GHz).
Ellipse Shaped Micro-Strip Patch Antenna for Ku, K and Ka Band ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document presents the design and simulation of an ellipse-shaped microstrip patch antenna for Ku, K, and Ka band applications (14-31GHz). The antenna is designed on an FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 24x24mm. Simulation results using CST software show the antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 13GHz with VSWR less than 2. Radiation patterns are isotropic across frequencies and maximum gain is 5.5dBi. The compact ellipse shape and use of slots in the ground plane contribute to the antenna's broad bandwidth performance in high frequency bands suitable for applications such as satellites and radars.
Novel design of a low cost microstripline fed shorted patch antennaiaemedu
This document describes the design and testing of a novel low-cost microstrip-fed shorted patch antenna (MSFSPA) for communication applications. Key findings include:
- The MSFSPA was designed with a patch size of 36.3x47.3mm suspended 1.6mm above the substrate and fed via a microstrip line suspended 3.2mm above the substrate.
- Experimental testing found dual resonant frequencies of 3.62GHz and 4.99GHz with bandwidths of 14.25% and 8.07% respectively, suitable for S and C band communications.
- Radiation patterns were linearly polarized and broadside, with low cross polarization levels below -5dB
A rectangular tuneable ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip patch (MP) antenna based on a single sheet of graphene (SSG) is designed in this study. The antenna band can be tuned by applying a DC voltage bias perpendicular to the SSG at various values via adjusting the input impedance. The antenna has been analyzed by computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio (MWS) software using an FR4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm with a dielectric permittivity 휀푟= 4.4 and loss tangent tan = 0.02 fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line frequency. The design is compact since the antenna consists mostly of copper and the SSG. Graphene’s low weight, high flexibility, and strength make it more attractive than other semiconductor materials. Then, the study investigates the effects of applying the electrical characteristics of graphene to the antenna’s length, which varies with the ON and OFF states. This UWB MP antenna is also designed with notch characteristics so that it can reject undesired interference signals. Subsequently, this compact UWB MP antenna with tuneable resonance frequency is suitable for most wireless communication applications. The simulation results work in the 3.1 to 10 GHz range, as required for UWB technology.
1. The document describes a new design for a small microstrip antenna with variable band-notch filtering capabilities for super ultra-wideband applications including 5G networks and IoT.
2. The antenna achieves improved radiation patterns between 3-14 GHz through modifications to the patch, ground plane, and feed line. It also integrates a band-notch filter using a slot on the patch to reject interference from other wireless systems like WLAN.
3. The center frequency of the band-notch filter can be tuned from 3.5-6 GHz by adjusting the slot dimensions or using a variable capacitor. This allows the antenna to reject interference across different WLAN bands.
Design of wide band slotted microstrip patch antenna with defective ground st...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a microstrip patch antenna (MSPA) in the Ku band for satellite applications. The antenna is small in size with dimensions of about 40 mm×48 mm×1.59 mm and is fed with a coaxial cable of 50 Ω impedance. The proposed antenna has a wide bandwidth of 3.03 GHz ranging from 12.8 GHz to 15.8 GHz. To realize the characteristics of wideband the techniques of defective ground structure (DGS) and etching slots on the radiating element are adopted. The antenna is modeled on the FR4 substrate. A basic circular patch is selected for the design of a dual-frequency operation and in the next step DGS is introduced into the basic antenna and enhanced bandwidth is achieved at both the frequencies. To attain wider bandwidth two slots are etched on the radiating element of which one is a square ring slot and the second one is a circular ring slot. The novelty of the proposed antenna is a miniaturized design and unique response within the Ku band region which is applicable for wireless UWB applications with VSWR <2 and an average gain of 3.6 dB.
Circular shape, Dual band proximity feed UWB AntennaAmitesh Raikwar
This paper presents novel proximity feed, microstrip antenna with dual band operative frequency and having ultra wide bandwidth with center
frequency at 3GHz. This Circular shaped microstrip antenna offers a dual band. This paper suggests an alternative approach in enhancing the band
width of microstrip antenna for the wireless application operating at a frequency of 3 GHz. A bandwidth enhancement of more than 21% was achieved.
The measured results have been compared with the simulated results using software IE3D version-14.0.
Similar to Rectangular microstrip antenna design with multi-slotted patch and partial grounding for performance enhancement (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
physical, and biological technologies. This study examines the integration of 4.0 technologies into
healthcare, identifying success factors and challenges through interviews with 70 stakeholders from 33
countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
use, lower error rates, and accelerated processes, leading to optimized global healthcare outcomes.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Rectangular microstrip antenna design with multi-slotted patch and partial grounding for performance enhancement
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 12, No. 4, August 2022, pp. 3859~3868
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v12i4.pp3859-3868 3859
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Rectangular microstrip antenna design with multi-slotted patch
and partial grounding for performance enhancement
Md Firoz Ahmed1
, Abu Zafor Muhammad Touhidul Islam2
, Md Hasnat Kabir1
1
Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jul 26, 2021
Revised Mar 21, 2022
Accepted Apr 5, 2022
This paper presents design of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna by
using multi-slotted patch and partial grounding plane techniques for both the
gain and bandwidth enhancement at the same time. The antenna is designed
and simulated for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications using a high
frequency structure simulator (HFSS) on FR4_epoxy substrate having a size
of 30×20 mm with a dielectric permittivity of 4.4, a tangent loss of 0.02, and
a thickness of 0.8 mm and excited by a simple 50 Ω microstrip feed line. The
simulation results show that the antenna attains an improved gain of 8.06 dB
with a wider impedance bandwidth of 19.7 GHz ranges from 3.15 to
22.85 GHz. The antenna also achieves an efficiency of 96.83% with a return
loss of -28.35 dB, and a directivity of 9.39 dB within the entire frequency
range. These results imply that the deployment of multi-slotted patch and
partial grounding techniques in designing a rectangular microstrip patch
antenna is effective in improving its performance.
Keywords:
Microstrip antenna
Microstrip feedline
Multi-slotted patch
Partial ground plane
Ultra-wideband
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Abu Zafor Muhammad Touhidul Islam
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rajshahi
Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
Email: touhid.eee@ru.ac.bd
1. INTRODUCTION
Wideband antennas with greater gain and bandwidth are becoming more vital as wireless
communication technology develops. The federal communication commission (FCC) issued guidelines in
2002 for ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, which has a frequency spectrum of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, a highest
radiated power of -41.3 dBm/MHz, and a data throughput of 110 to 200 Mbps at a distance of 10 m [1]. The
merits of employing a UWB device are faster data speeds, minimum intrusion, robustness, inexpensive, and
simplicity. Because the time-domain pulse duration is a fraction of a millisecond, this approach has the issue
of requiring exact time synchronization on the receiver side. It has a variety of uses, including radar, medical
imaging, and military communication.
The antenna is one of the most crucial characteristics of a wireless communications system; it
should be small, have a high gain, and be able to operate across a wide frequency range. Among the antennas
that have gained the greatest attention in recent years is the microstrip patch antenna. There are many
advantages of the microstrip antenna, such as low profile, lightweight, compact, and structurally compatible,
simple to produce, and integration with solid-state technologies [2]. This type of radiating element is
therefore commonly used for a long time in many wireless communication networks, for instance, radar,
satellite links, and mobile services [3]. Nevertheless, the microstrip antennas are suffering from a major
narrow bandwidth and low gain challenge [4]. In order to overcome these drawbacks, several techniques
have been performed where researchers have shown various methods such as air gap [5], metamaterial
2. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 4, August 2022: 3859-3868
3860
(MTM) double-side planar periodic structures [6], partial substrate removal in multiple layer dielectric
substrates [7], corrugated ladder ground plane [8], altered patch and faulty ground plane [9].
A rectangular notch was employed to control the center frequency and notched bandwidth of a tiny
UWB antenna [10], which was controlled by a modified patch and electromagnetic band gap (EBG)
structure. The study concluded that an improved bandwidth from 3.1 to 12.5 GHz and an utmost gain of
4.5 dBi was achieved. Metamaterials were used in [6], [11] to maximize the gain and bandwidth of an UWB
patch antenna. The increased bandwidth of 3.2 to 23.9 GHz, 2.6 to 20 GHz, and gain of 6.2 dB and 5.6 dB,
respectively, were found throughout the analysis. Several researchers proposed ultra-wideband monopole
antennas with improved bandwidth [12]–[14]. They reported the bandwidth of 3.08 to 14.1 GHz, 3.1 to
10.6 GHz, 3.2 to 17.5 GHz, and the maximum gain of 6.12 dBi, 7.20 dB, and 6.4 dBi, respectively.
Different strategies for achieving broad bandwidth and high gain were implemented in
[9], [15], [16], such as applying a modified patch and defective ground plane, several corrugated split-ring
resonators, and modified ground planes. The bandwidth and highest gain of their antennas were 3.1 to
10.8 GHz, 420 MHz, and 4.5 to 11.4 GHz, 5.1 dB, 7 dB, and 4.1 dBi, respectively. Various slots were added
to the printed patch compact antenna design in [17]–[19], giving in impedance bandwidths of 3.08 to
15.90 GHz, 15.27 to 15.72 GHz, and 6.4 to 13.6 GHz, and peak gains of 5.9 dBi, 6 dB, and 5.9 dBi.
The UWB system [20] was given a small cutting-edge ground adjusted circular patch antenna. This
antenna’s maximum gain and fractional bandwidths are 3.2 dB and 118% (3.1 to 12.13 GHz), respectively,
according to the simulation results. Hammache et al. [21] presented a moderate stepped slot antenna for
UWB operation. The simulation results demonstrated that the impedance bandwidth spans from 3.05 GHz to
over 12 GHz. Hammache et al. [22] analyzed the notched-band properties of a lightweight UWB slit antenna
with triple L-shaped grooves. The antenna provides an impedance bandwidth extending from 2.65 to
11.05 GHz at a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of less than 2.
A novel comprehensive investigation of a small UWB antenna for direct sequence ultra wideband
(DS-UWB) applications was demonstrated in [23]. A 109% impedance bandwidth was seen in the simulation
result. A simple typical defective ground structure (DGS)-based single pole round-shaped patch antenna for
ultra-wideband schemes was described [24]. This antenna achieves 8.1 GHz (2.5 to 10.6 GHz) impedance
bandwidth and a gain of 8.4 dBi and 8.2 dBi for each resonant frequency. A redesigned UWB antenna for
wireless applications was constructed employing a FR4 substrate with improved gain in [25]. According to
the study, the antenna has a peak gain over more than 6.5 dB and impedance bandwidth of 138 percent
fractional bandwidth, extending from 2.2 GHz to over 12 GHz. The use of DGS and horizontal patch gap
(HPG) in a patch antenna design for higher bandwidth and gain were presented in [26], giving 764.4 MHz
bandwidth and 2.8 dBi gain. The utilization of a hybrid of U and quad L-shaped cuts, as well as L-shaped
DGS and U-shaped double spurious components, was investigated in [27], which yielded a 1.40 GHz
bandwidth and 7.2 dB gain. For broadband applications, a quasi-circular UWB antenna with a bandwidth of
130.3% within 3.16 GHz and 15 GHz and a gain ranging from 4.9 to 10.9 dB was proposed [28]. The air gap
approach was used to construct a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with a gain of 6.907 to 9.179 dB [29].
In study [30], an investigation of various antenna properties, as well as a new design of I-slotted
patch antenna with a small shape with a broad bandwidth of 49.46% and a maximum gain of 5 dBi, was
described. In study [31], a compressed patch antenna for radio frequency identification (RFID) handled
applications in the ultrahigh frequency (UHF) mobile functions was designed and fabricated using apertures
method, which has a wide bandwidth of 40 MHz (889 to 939 MHz) and an uttermost gain of 1.73 dBi. In
research [32], it was suggested to employ a metamaterial configuration on the basis of a frequency selective
surface (FSS) cell to provide an isotropic band-pass filtering response. They were able to find a 3.22 dBi gain
and a 1.7 GHz bandwidth. Deflected ground rectangular patch single-pole antennas were reported for UWB
purposes in [33]. This antenna gives a 3.9 dB gain and a 10 GHz bandwidth with a range of 3 to 14 GHz. For
Ku-band wireless communications, an UWB antenna was introduced in [34]. The 10.48 GHz bandwidth
covering 9.34 to 9.82 GHz including a gain of 6.27 dB was observed based on simulation results. In
research [35], a small rectangular UWB antenna for use in the Ku/K band was designed. The antenna’s
bandwidth is 41.61 percent in the 16.58 to 25.29 GHz frequency range.
However, in the majority of previous studies, either bandwidth or gain enhancement of the
microstrip patch antenna was accomplished. It is critical to boost the antenna’s gain and bandwidth at the
same time. The goal of this paper is to design a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for UWB applications
employing multi-slotted patch and partial grounding plane approaches.
2. PROPOSED ANTENNA DESIGN
The microstrip-fed UWB antenna geometry without a slot is shown in Figures 1(a) and (b), which
have been used in the present study as a reference antenna. The antenna is made of FR4_epoxy, which has a
3. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Rectangular microstrip antenna design with multi-slotted patch and partial grounding (Md Firoz Ahmed)
3861
dielectric constant of 4.4, a thickness of 0.8 mm, a dielectric tangent loss of 0.02, and a dimension of
30×20 mm (LS×WS). The ground plane and the conducting patch are both composed of copper. The
rectangular patch is the base of the monopole radiator, which is engraved onto the FR4_epoxy substrate with
the dimensions of LP×WP and fed by a simple 50 Ω microstrip line with a length of Lf and a width of Wf. The
microstrip feed line is utilized to reduce return loss, resulting in extremely high antenna gain. A partial
ground plane of Lg×Wg dimensions is printed into the FR4_epoxy substrate to increase the antenna’s
impedance bandwidth. The partial ground plane’s width (Wg) corresponds to the substrate’s width (WS). To
improve gain-bandwidth and impedance matching of the antenna across the UWB, several slots’
configurations such as right-angle triangular slots configurations are embedded in the patch lower corners,
and rectangular slots structures are also introduced over the patch, with one rectangular slot shape added on
the ground plane, as shown in Figure 1(c). To design, optimize, and analyze the antenna, commercial
Ansoft’s HFSSv15 software is employed. Table 1 shows the various parameter values for the antenna design.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 1. Design of the proposed antenna (a) side view, (b) ordinary patch antenna (without slot),
and (c) with slots
Table 1. Different parameter values of the proposed rectangular microstrip patch antenna
Parameters Value
WS=Wg 20 mm
LS 30 mm
h 0.8 mm
Wp 18 mm
Lp=Lg 14 mm
Lp1 15 mm
Lf Wf=Wg1=Wp1 2 mm
Lg1 3 mm
Lp1 8 mm
Lp5=Lp6=Wp2=Wp3 =Wp4 0.5 mm
Lp2=Lp3=Lp4 7 mm
Wp5=Wp6 6.5 mm
p=q 6 mm
r 8.48 mm
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The system was simulated using high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) simulator. Figure 2
demonstrates the simulation techniques or steps for the proposed rectangular patch UWB antenna. The
simulation results are shown in Figures 3 to 8 in order to evaluate the intended rectangular patch microstrip
UWB antenna’s performance.
The impedance match between the source and the load is determined by return loss. It should be as
low as possible for maximum power transfer; the lower the return loss, the better the impedance match
between the source and the load, and thus less power is wasted in the load, indicating that maximum power is
transferred to the load, implying that the antenna provides better performance. The change in return loss for
the designed antenna as a function of frequency is shown in Figure 3.
4. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 4, August 2022: 3859-3868
3862
Figure 2. Flowchart of the proposed rectangular microstrip patch antenna
Figure 3. Return loss as a function of frequency
The graph of return loss has a characteristic of multi-band form in the ultra-wideband spectrum. The
various resonant frequencies are around 3.5 GHz, 6.8 GHz, 7.7 GHz, 11.7 GHz, and 17.7 GHz, with return
YES
Create Substrate & Ground (Height or thickness of
substrate =0.8 mm)
Create patch and Microstrip Feed line
Start
Select Substrate Material (Here, its FR4 epoxy)
Create multiple slot configurations like two right-angle triangle
slots in the lower corner of the patch, five rectangular slots
added into the patch, and a single rectangular slot into the
ground plane
Assign Excitation and Boundary
Verify design
model and its
parameters
HFSS Simulation
Stop
NO
Result
5. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Rectangular microstrip antenna design with multi-slotted patch and partial grounding (Md Firoz Ahmed)
3863
losses of -20.94 dB, -23.49 dB, -28.35 dB, -19.58 dB, and -21.94 dB, respectively, as shown in the figure.
The minimum return loss is found as -28.35 dB at 7.7 GHz, which is almost three times lower than that of the
minimum required value of -10 dB. It indicates good impedance matching between the microstrip feed line
and the radiating patch of this antenna. A return loss of -28.35 dB means about 99.85% of the input power is
transmitted into the antenna.
The antenna bandwidth defines the range of frequencies where an antenna is properly able to work.
It can be determined from the graph of return loss within the entire range of frequencies in which the return
loss remains less than -10 dB. The upper and lower cut-off frequencies, fh=22.85 GHz and fl=3.15 GHz
respectively are calculated from the -10 dB line shown in Figure 3. The calculated bandwidth of this antenna
is 19.7 GHz (fractional bandwidth of 151.54%), which is better than that observed in refs [10]–[13], covering
the X-band, C-band, Ku band, S-band, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) band applications, and other
wireless applications such as worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), Wi-Fi, wireless
local area network (WLAN), radio astronomy, military communication, communications and sensors,
position location and tracking, satellite communication, and radar communication.
The VSWR of a given antenna indicates how much electromagnetic wave effectively transmits or
receives by an antenna over a specific frequency band and also explains how much power an antenna reflects.
Basically, the VSWR is a measuring quantity of impedance mismatch between the source and the load. The
higher the mismatch in impedance means a high VSWR. The lower the VSWR, the better the source can
match the antenna impedance, and the higher the power is supplied to the load. For low loss in reflection, the
VSWR should be between 1 and 2 in practice. Figure 4 shows the simulated result of VSWR as a function of
frequency. It is seen that the VSWR value of the proposed antenna is 1.079 at 7.70 GHz, and it remains less
than 2 in the entire UWB. It implies that the antenna is perfectly matched to the feed line and is properly
designed in the entire frequency band. A VSWR value of 1.079 indicates around 99.85% of the power is
delivered to the antenna and 0.144% power is reflected from the antenna.
Figure 4. Simulated VSWR as a function of frequency
The directivity result of the proposed antenna for the different operating frequencies within the
ultra-wideband is shown in Figure 5. The peak directivity ranges from 2.54 to 9.39 dB within the operating
band (3.15 to 22.85 GHz). The designed antenna achieves a maximum directivity of 9.39 dB at 21.50 GHz.
The lower directivity signifies the ability of the proposed antenna to transmit and receive information (radio
frequency energy) more or less equally from and/ into all directions, while the higher directivity suggesting
its ability to transmit or receive energy in a particular direction. Because of the presence of different
directivities, the suggested antenna can be used in various directivity-based purposes. Lower directivity
antennas are useful in mobile applications whereas the high directivity antennas find their applications in
permanent installations like satellite TV.
The change in efficiency of the proposed antenna as a function of frequency is shown in Figure 6.
As seen, the efficiency ranges from 76 % to 96% for most of the UWB frequencies under concern and the
antenna attains a maximum efficiency of 96.82% at the operating frequency of 4.4 GHz. The high efficiency
of 96.82% suggests that the designed antenna can effectively radiate the input power into free space. Due to
the high efficiency, in communication wide range, long lifetime of battery and low error can be expected.
6. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 4, August 2022: 3859-3868
3864
The antenna gain is a performance metric that represents the combined performance of the electrical
efficiency and directivity of an antenna. The simulation result of the variation in antenna gain as a function of
frequency is shown in Figure 7. It is apparent that the gain increases with increasing frequency and the
maximum gain of this antenna is 8.06 dB at 21.50 GHz, which is much better than as obtained in earlier
studies [6], [10], [12], [13]. The antenna gain looks rather good, and by placing this single element antenna in
an array, the gain can be increased more which is suitable for longer range, better signal quality and efficient
energy radiation in a particular direction.
Figure 5. Different directivity peak as a function of
frequency
Figure 6. The efficiency of the proposed antenna as a
function of frequency
Figure 7. Simulated peak gain (in dB) of the proposed antenna
The radiation pattern of an antenna dictates how power is spread in different directions away from
it. The power distribution in the E and H perpendicular planes is evaluated as a function of angle in terms of
the far-field radiation pattern. The electric field vector and the direction of radiation represent by the E-plane
whereas the plane comprising the magnetic field vector is the H-plane. The E-plane and H-plane far-field
radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are shown in Figures 8(a), 8(b), 8(c), and 8(d). It can be seen that
at the different resonance frequencies of 3.5 GHz, 6.85 GHz, and 11.7 GHz, the radiation patterns of the
antenna in E-plane and H-plane are approximately the same in nature like a dipole antenna. The antenna has
a good quasi-omnidirectional radiation pattern at 17.7 GHz, which is necessary for receiving information
signals from all directions. Figures 8(e), 8(f), 8(g), and 8(h) shows the simulated 3D radiation pattern of the
planned antenna at 3.5 GHz, 6.85 GHz, 11.7 GHz, and 17.7 GHz. It is observed that the radiation pattern
appears to be substantially look-alike to that of a dipole antenna. This implies omnidirectional radiation, and
a maximum power of 20.285 dB, 22.224 dB, 21.860 dB, and 23.938 dB is observed which has a great
advantage in the ultra-wideband communication system.
7. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Rectangular microstrip antenna design with multi-slotted patch and partial grounding (Md Firoz Ahmed)
3865
(a) (e)
(b) (f)
(c) (g)
(d) (h)
Figure 8. Antenna radiation patterns at various resonance frequencies (a) f=3.5 GHz, (b) f=6.85 GHz,
(c) f=11.7 GHz and (d) f=17.7 GHz and 3D radiation patterns of the antenna at different resonant frequencies:
(e) f=3.5 GHz, (f) f=6.85 GHz, (g) f=11.7 GHz, and (h) f=17.7 GHz
8. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 4, August 2022: 3859-3868
3866
Table 2 compares the effectiveness of the new antenna to that of other previously developed UWB
antennas. The designed antenna gives 19.7 GHz bandwidth and 8.06 dB gain. Most of the researchers have
used FR4 substrate though the size of the antenna is not the same. By comparing different parameters, it can
be realized that the propounded antenna is considerable improves both gain and bandwidth. The bandwidth in
the current study is nearly equal to that in [6], but the gain is nearly 3 dB higher. In comparison to [11], the
gain is nearly identical, but the bandwidth is 2.3 GHz higher. Not only the design mechanism but also it
might be an influence of antenna size and substrate in the enhancement of gain. The studied antenna has a
directivity of 9.39 dB and a return loss of -28.35 dB, resulting in a gain and bandwidth enhancement.
Table 2. Comparisons of the preceding and present designed rectangular microstrip patch antennas
Reference
No’s
Antenna Size,
L×W×h (mm3
)
Material Operating
Bandwidth (GHz)
Bandwidth
(GHz)
Bandwidth
(%)
Gain
(dB)
Efficiency
(%)
[6] 32×27.6×1.6 FR4 substrate 3.2 to 23.9 20.7 152.76 6.2 -----
[10] 16×25×1.52 Taconic TLY-5A substrate 3.1 to 12.5 9.4 120.51 4.5 --
[11] 36×38×1.58 FR4 substrate 2.6 GHz to more
than 20 GHz
17.4
(approx.)
153.98 5.6 and
8.13
----
[12] 22×14.5×1.6 FR-4 substrate 3.08 to 14.1 11.02 128.3 6.12 97
[13] 26.6×29.3×1.6 FR4 substrate 3.1 to 10.6 7.5 109.49 7.20 95
Proposed
Antenna
30×20×0.8 FR4 substrate 3.15 to 22.85 19.7 151.54 8.06 96.82
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have designed a rectangular microstrip patch antenna by using multi-slotted patch
and partial grounding plane techniques for both the gain and bandwidth enhancement at the same time. The
antenna is designed and simulated for UWB applications using HFSS simulation software on FR4_epoxy
substrate having a size of 30×20 mm with a dielectric permittivity of 4.4, a tangent loss of 0.02, and a
thickness of 0.8 mm and excited by a simple 50 Ω microstrip feed line. The designed antenna attained a
wider impedance bandwidth of 19.7 GHz (percentage bandwidth of 151.54%) at a return loss of -10 dB line,
covering a frequency band of 3.15 to 22.85 GHz. The maximum achievable gain of the designed antenna is
8.06 dB with an efficiency of 96.82% and a directivity of 9.39 dB within the entire frequency range. Based
on the present simulation-based study it can be anticipated that the deployment of multi-slotted patch and
partial grounding plane techniques in designing a rectangular microstrip patch antenna is effective in
enhancing its performance.
REFERENCES
[1] F. C. Commission, “Revision of part 15 of the commission’s rules regarding ultra-wideband transmission systems,” First Report
and Order in ET, pp. 1–118, 2002.
[2] Y. Lo, D. Solomon, and W. Richards, “Theory and experiment on microstrip antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 137–145, Mar. 1979, doi: 10.1109/TAP.1979.1142057.
[3] M. T. I. Huque, M. K. Hosain, F. Samad, and F. Samad, “Design and simulation of a low-cost and high gain microstrip patch
antenna arrays for the X-band applications,” in International Conference on Network Communication and Computer (ICNCC),
2011.
[4] R. Ghatak, S. Chatterjee, and D. R. Poddar, “Wideband fractal shaped slot antenna for X-band application,” Electronics Letters,
vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 198–199, 2012, doi: 10.1049/el.2011.3483.
[5] H. H. Keriee et al., “High gain antenna at 915 MHz for off grid wireless networks,” Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and
Informatics, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 2449–2454, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.11591/eei.v9i6.2192.
[6] E. K. I. Hamad and G. Nady, “Bandwidth extension of ultra-wideband microstrip antenna using metamaterial double-side planar
periodic geometry,” Radioengineering, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 25–32, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.13164/re.2019.0025.
[7] S. M. Abbas, I. Saleem, B. Ahmed, and H. Khurshid, “UWB antenna with parasitic patch and asymmetric feed,” Information
Sciences Letters, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 27–33, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.12785/isl/020104.
[8] S. Baudha and M. V. Yadav, “A compact ultra‐wide band planar antenna with corrugated ladder ground plane for multiple
applications,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 1341–1348, May 2019, doi: 10.1002/mop.31710.
[9] S. Baudha and M. V Yadav, “A novel design of a planar antenna with modified patch and defective ground plane for ultra‐
wideband applications,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 1320–1327, May 2019, doi:
10.1002/mop.31716.
[10] A. Abbas et al., “A rectangular notch-band UWB antenna with controllable notched bandwidth and centre frequency,” Sensors,
vol. 20, no. 3, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.3390/s20030777.
[11] A. F. Darweesh and G. O. Yetkin, “Enhancement of the gain and the bandwidth of a UWB microstrip patch antenna using
metamaterials,” International Journal of Engineering & Technology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 380–385, 2018, doi:
10.14419/ijet.v7i3.14.18822.
[12] S. S. Al-Bawri et al., “Compact ultra-wideband monopole antenna loaded with metamaterial,” Sensors, vol. 20, no. 3, Jan. 2020,
doi: 10.3390/s20030796.
[13] J. Vijayalakshmi and G. Murugesan, “A miniaturized high-gain (MHG) ultra-wideband unidirectional monopole antenna for
UWB applications,” Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, vol. 28, no. 13, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1142/S021812661950230X.
9. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Rectangular microstrip antenna design with multi-slotted patch and partial grounding (Md Firoz Ahmed)
3867
[14] S. Sahoo, L. P. Mishra, M. N. Mohanty, and R. K. Mishra, “Design of compact UWB monopole planar antenna with modified
partial ground plane,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 578–583, Mar. 2018, doi:
10.1002/mop.31010.
[15] S. K. Patel and C. Argyropoulos, “Enhanced bandwidth and gain of compact microstrip antennas loaded with multiple corrugated
split ring resonators,” Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 945–961, May 2016, doi:
10.1080/09205071.2016.1167633.
[16] K. Mandal and P. P. Sarkar, “High gain wide-band U-shaped patch antennas with modified ground planes,” IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 2279–2282, Apr. 2013, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2012.2233455.
[17] R. Azim, M. T. Islam, and N. Misran, “Ground modified double-sided printed compact UWB antenna,” Electronics Letters,
vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 9–11, 2011, doi: 10.1049/el.2010.3160.
[18] M. Samsuzzaman, M. T. Islam, and J. S. Mandeep, “Design of a compact new shaped microstrip patch antenna for satellite
application,” Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 898–903, 2012.
[19] A. Srilakshmi, N. V. Koteswararao, and D. Srinivasarao, “X band printed microstrip compact antenna with slots in ground plane
and patch,” in 2011 IEEE Recent Advances in Intelligent Computational Systems, Sep. 2011, pp. 851–855, doi:
10.1109/RAICS.2011.6069430.
[20] M. V. Yadav and S. Baudha, “A compact mace shaped ground plane modified circular patch antenna for ultra-wideband
applications,” Telecommunications and Radio Engineering, vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 383–397, 2020, doi:
10.1615/TelecomRadEng.v79.i5.20.
[21] B. Hammache, A. Messai, I. Messaoudene, and T. A. Denidni, “Compact stepped slot antenna for ultra-wideband applications,”
International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, pp. 1–7, May 2021, doi: 10.1017/S1759078721000726.
[22] B. Hammache, A. Messai, I. Messaoudene, and T. A. Denidni, “Compact ultra‐wideband slot antenna with three notched‐band
characteristics,” International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, vol. 30, no. 5, May 2020, doi:
10.1002/mmce.22146.
[23] T. Sarkar, A. Ghosh, S. Chakraborty, L. L. K. Singh, and S. Chattopadhyay, “A new insightful exploration into a low profile ultra-
wide-band (UWB) microstrip antenna for DS-UWB applications,” Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol. 35,
no. 15, pp. 2001–2019, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1080/09205071.2021.1927855.
[24] D. Gopi, A. R. Vadaboyina, and J. R. K. K. Dabbakuti, “DGS based monopole circular-shaped patch antenna for UWB
applications,” SN Applied Sciences, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 198–210, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s42452-020-04123-w.
[25] K. G. Tan et al., “FR-4 substrate based modified ultawideband antenna with gain enhancement for wireless applications,” Journal
of Engineering Science and Technology Review, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 108–112, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.25103/jestr.124.13.
[26] D. Rusdiyanto, C. Apriono, D. W. Astuti, and M. Muslim, “Bandwidth and gain enhancement of microstrip antenna using
defected ground structure and horizontal patch gap,” SINERGI, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 153–158, Feb. 2021, doi:
10.22441/sinergi.2021.2.006.
[27] G. V. Raviteja, B. T. V Madhan, M. Kshetra Sree, N. Avinash, and P. R. S. Naga Surya, “Gain and bandwidth considerations for
microstrip patch antenna employing U and quad L shaped slots with dgs and parasitic elements for WiMax/WiFi applications,”
European Journal of Engineering Research and Science, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 327–330, Mar. 2020, doi:
10.24018/ejers.2020.5.3.1834.
[28] A. Swetha and K. Rama Naidu, “Gain enhancement of an uwb antenna based on a fss reflector for broadband applications,”
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, vol. 99, pp. 193–208, 2020, doi: 10.2528/PIERC19120905.
[29] K. W. S. A. Kharusi, N. Ramli, S. Khan, M. T. Ali, and M. H. A. Halim, “NoGain enhancement of rectangular microstrip patch
antenna using air gap at 2.4 GHz,” International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials, vol. 13, pp. 211–224, 2020.
[30] K. K. Parashar, “Design and analysis of i-slotted rectangular microstrip patch antenna for wireless application,” International
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 31–36, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v4i1.4594.
[31] Y. El Hachimi, Y. Gmih, E. M. Makroum, and A. Farchi, “A miniaturized patch antenna designed and manufactured using slot’s
technique for RFID UHF mobile applications,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 8,
no. 6, pp. 5134–5143, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v8i6.pp5134-5143.
[32] M. Daghari and H. Sakli, “Radiation performance enhancement of an ultra wide band antenna using metamaterial band-pass
filter,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 5861–5870, Dec. 2020, doi:
10.11591/ijece.v10i6.pp5861-5870.
[33] S. Elajoumi, A. Tajmouati, A. Errkik, A. Sanchez, and M. Latrach, “Microstrip rectangular monopole antennas with defected
ground for UWB applications,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 7, no. 4,
pp. 2027–2035, Aug. 2017, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v7i4.pp2027-2035.
[34] A. El Fatimi, S. Bri, and A. Saadi, “An ultra wideband antenna for Ku band applications,” International Journal of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 452–459, 2019, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp452-459.
[35] M. El Jourmi, H. Ouahmane, and F. Kharroubi, “Design and simulation of UWB microstrip patch antenna for Ku/K bands
applications,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 4845–4849, Dec. 2019,
doi: 10.11591/ijece.v9i6.pp4845-4849.
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Md Firoz Ahmed is working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of
Information and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rajshahi,
Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh. He received his B.Sc. (Honor’s) and M.Sc. degree in Applied
Physics and Electronic Engineering from Rajshahi University, Bangladesh in 2008 and 2009,
respectively. His current research interest is in the area of Antenna design, Optical fiber
communication, wireless communication, MIMO-MCCDMA, metamaterial, UWB antenna,
waveguides, and microwave devices. He can be contacted at email: firozice01@gmail.com.
10. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 4, August 2022: 3859-3868
3868
Abu Zafor Muhammad Touhidul Islam is working as a Professor in the
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of
Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh. He received his B.Sc. (Honor’s) and M.Sc. degree in
Applied Physics and Electronics from University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh in 1997 and 1998,
respectively. He obtained PhD degree from Japan Advanced Institute of Science and
Technology (JAIST), Japan in 2009. His current research interest includes Characterization of
Electronic States by Luminescence Spectroscopy, wireless communication, internet of things
(IoT) and antenna design. He can be contacted at email: touhid.eee@ru.ac.bd.
Md Hasnat Kabir is working as a Professor in the Department of Information
and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-
6205, Bangladesh. He received his B.Sc. (Honor’s) and M.Sc. degree in Applied Physics and
Electronics from University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh in 1995 and 1996, respectively. He
earned his PhD in Electronic and Photonic Systems Engineering from Kochi University of
Technology (KUT), Japan, 2007. His current research interest includes 3D Printing, embedded
system, characterization of polymer gel, optical fiber communication, and antenna design. He
can be contacted at email: hasnatkabir11@gmail.com.