4 behavioral genetics and evolutionary psychology
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This document discusses behavioral genetics and evolutionary psychology. It covers topics like genes and chromosomes, twin studies, adoption studies, temperament, gene-environment interactions, natural selection, and gender differences. The key points are that genetics and environment both influence traits, identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins, adoption studies show personalities are largely genetic, temperament is influenced by both genes and environment, and evolutionary pressures like sexual selection have impacted human psychology and behavior.
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Ch 2 genetics & evolutionary roots of behavior
This document provides an overview of genetics and evolutionary psychology. It discusses key concepts such as:
1. Genes and heredity, including DNA, chromosomes, genetic transmission, and genetic influences on behavior.
2. Natural selection and evolution, including evolutionary causes of behavior and criticisms of evolutionary psychology.
3. The genetics and evolution of behavior, including heritability estimates, twin studies, and how evolutionary psychologists study the impact of genetics on traits and behaviors.
It explores topics like intelligence, sexuality, parenting, and more from an evolutionary perspective. The document aims to explain genetic and evolutionary roots and influences on human behavior.
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This document provides an overview of a course on the genetic and evolutionary roots of behavior. It covers several key topics:
1. Genetics including DNA, genes, chromosomes, genetic transmission, and genetic influences on traits.
2. Evolution by natural selection, including concepts like adaptation, mutations, and the focus on proximate and ultimate causes in evolutionary psychology.
3. The genetics and evolution of behavior, exploring topics like behavior genetics, heritability estimates from twin studies, and how both genes and environment influence traits. Specific examples like intelligence and sexuality are discussed.
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This document discusses the nature vs nurture debate regarding genetics and behavior. It provides information on behavioral genetics and twin studies which aim to determine the extent to which personality traits and behaviors are influenced by genetics versus environment. Twin studies compare identical twins, who share 100% of genes, to fraternal twins and non-twins to see how similar their traits are. Results show traits like extroversion have a strong genetic influence, while environment also impacts trait development within one's natural range. Overall, both nature and nurture interact to shape human behavior.
Twin study
Twin studies compare the similarity of identical twins and fraternal twins to determine the relative genetic and environmental influences on traits. Identical twins share all of their genes while fraternal twins share about half, so greater similarity between identical twins suggests a genetic influence. A twin study compares concordance rates, or how often both twins share a characteristic, between identical and fraternal twins to suggest if a trait is genetically caused. While useful, twin studies have limitations like assuming equal environments and interactions between only genes and environment rather than other factors.
Twin studies
Twin studies and adoption studies are used to establish genetic arguments for the origins of human behavior. Twin studies compare identical twins who share 100% of their DNA to fraternal twins who share about 50% to determine if traits are inherited. Adoption studies compare adopted children to their biological and adoptive parents to isolate genetic influences from environmental factors. While these studies provide evidence that many traits have biological roots, they also have limitations such as twins and adopted children not representing all children and difficulties fully separating genetic and environmental influences.
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Genetic basis of behaviour examines the interaction between genes and environment in shaping behaviour. According to the interactive theory of development, genes and environment work together to influence behavioural phenotypes. Behavioural development requires both genetic and environmental factors, as seen in honey bee foraging behaviour which progresses through different stages based on age and hormone concentration. A single gene difference can lead to large behavioural differences, as shown in knockout experiments where mice lacking the fosB gene show no parental care behaviours. Both nature and nurture interact to produce behaviour.
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Ch 2 genetics & evolutionary roots of behavior
This document provides an overview of genetics and evolutionary psychology. It discusses key concepts such as:
1. Genes and heredity, including DNA, chromosomes, genetic transmission, and genetic influences on behavior.
2. Natural selection and evolution, including evolutionary causes of behavior and criticisms of evolutionary psychology.
3. The genetics and evolution of behavior, including heritability estimates, twin studies, and how evolutionary psychologists study the impact of genetics on traits and behaviors.
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2. Evolution by natural selection, including concepts like adaptation, mutations, and the focus on proximate and ultimate causes in evolutionary psychology.
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This document discusses the nature vs nurture debate regarding genetics and behavior. It provides information on behavioral genetics and twin studies which aim to determine the extent to which personality traits and behaviors are influenced by genetics versus environment. Twin studies compare identical twins, who share 100% of genes, to fraternal twins and non-twins to see how similar their traits are. Results show traits like extroversion have a strong genetic influence, while environment also impacts trait development within one's natural range. Overall, both nature and nurture interact to shape human behavior.
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Twin studies compare the similarity of identical twins and fraternal twins to determine the relative genetic and environmental influences on traits. Identical twins share all of their genes while fraternal twins share about half, so greater similarity between identical twins suggests a genetic influence. A twin study compares concordance rates, or how often both twins share a characteristic, between identical and fraternal twins to suggest if a trait is genetically caused. While useful, twin studies have limitations like assuming equal environments and interactions between only genes and environment rather than other factors.
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Twin studies and adoption studies are used to establish genetic arguments for the origins of human behavior. Twin studies compare identical twins who share 100% of their DNA to fraternal twins who share about 50% to determine if traits are inherited. Adoption studies compare adopted children to their biological and adoptive parents to isolate genetic influences from environmental factors. While these studies provide evidence that many traits have biological roots, they also have limitations such as twins and adopted children not representing all children and difficulties fully separating genetic and environmental influences.
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Genetic basis of behaviour examines the interaction between genes and environment in shaping behaviour. According to the interactive theory of development, genes and environment work together to influence behavioural phenotypes. Behavioural development requires both genetic and environmental factors, as seen in honey bee foraging behaviour which progresses through different stages based on age and hormone concentration. A single gene difference can lead to large behavioural differences, as shown in knockout experiments where mice lacking the fosB gene show no parental care behaviours. Both nature and nurture interact to produce behaviour.
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Sociobiology carries the assumption that the behavior is influenced by genes, though not rigidly determined by them; any behavior emerges through the interaction between the genes and environment. Edward O. Wilson brought the term (and the concept it represents) into both academic and popular usage with his 1976 book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Wilson 1976). Wilson was an ant biologist and had spent his career observing the much ramified social behavior of these insects, though his book extended to social behavior throughout the animal kingdom. The book was a synthesis of the existing work, clearly establishing how the evolutionary theory could be applied to the understanding of social behavior. It was a landmark in evolutionary biology and was resulted in two key shifts in the study of animal behavior. First, sociobiology’s mainly focuses is on the functional significance of behavior (Wilson et al., 2005). Previous work on the animal behavior, in the discipline of ethnology for example, had focused more on the mechanisms by which the behavior is brought about.
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Chapter 3 The New GeneticsAlma Villanueva, MACalifornia S.docx
Chapter 3:
The New Genetics
Alma Villanueva, MA
California State University, Los Angeles
Overview
Genetic Code
The Beginning of Life
Male & Female
Twins
Genotype & Phenotype
Disorders
Genetic Counseling
Genetic Code
Cells
Basic unit of life
Trillions!
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Thread– like structures made up of DNA & protein
23 pairs
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
2 strands twisted in a double helix
Chemical composition of molecules that contain the genes
Contains all of the information required to build/maintain the cell
3
Genes
Small section of the chromosome
18,000 – 23,000 genes
Each gene provides a unique recipe to make a protein
4 bases
Code for your traits
A - adenine
T - thymine
C - cytosine
G – guanine
Only 4 possible pairs
A-T; T-A; C-G; G-C
http://mybrainnotes.com/brain-dna-behavior.html
4
Allele
A variation of a gene
Example: the gene for eye color has several variations (alleles); an allele for blue eye color or an allele for brown eyes
Everyone inherits alleles from sperm & ovum
Genetic diversity
Distinguishes each person
Allows the human species to adapt to pressures of the environment
Genome
Full set of genes with instructions to make a living organism
Genomes exist for each species
Video about Genes
5
The Beginning of Life
Two Parents, Millions of Gametes
Gamete
Reproductive cell
Sperm or Ovum
Each contains 23 pairs
Zygote
Cell formed with union of Sperm & Ovum
Produce a new individual with 23 chromosomes from each parent
Conception
http://predictingbabygender.info/tag/intercourse-timing/
Matching genes
Genotype
Organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential.
Homozygous (same zygote)
Two genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of their code
Heterozygous
Two genes of one pair that differ in some way
Usually not an issue
Male of Female?
Humans usually possess
46 chromosomes
44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
SEX chromosome = 23rd pair
Female – XX
Male – XY
Mother’s contain X
Father’s may have X or Y
X chrom. Is larger & more genes
Y contain SRY,
making male hormones & organs
It's a girl!
Uncertain Sex
“ambiguous genitals,” = child's sex is not abundantly clear
a quick analysis of the chromosomes is needed, to make sure there are exactly 46 and to see whether the 23rd pair is XY or XX
shown here a baby boy (left) and girl (right).
Too Many Boys?
Is sex selection the parents’ right or a social wrong?
Preference for boys in many areas of world
Ways to prevent female birth
Inactivating X sperm before conception
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Aborting XX fetuses
My Strength, My Daughter
slogan these girls in New Delhi are shouting at a demonstration against abortion of female fetuses in India
The current sex ratio of children in India suggests that this campaign has not convinced every couple.
New Cells
Within hours of conception
23 pairs of chromosomes carrying all the genes duplicate, forming two complete sets of the genome
Two sets.
Chapter 3 The New GeneticsAlma Villanueva, MACalifornia S.docx
Chapter 3:
The New Genetics
Alma Villanueva, MA
California State University, Los Angeles
Overview
Genetic Code
The Beginning of Life
Male & Female
Twins
Genotype & Phenotype
Disorders
Genetic Counseling
Genetic Code
Cells
Basic unit of life
Trillions!
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Thread– like structures made up of DNA & protein
23 pairs
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
2 strands twisted in a double helix
Chemical composition of molecules that contain the genes
Contains all of the information required to build/maintain the cell
3
Genes
Small section of the chromosome
18,000 – 23,000 genes
Each gene provides a unique recipe to make a protein
4 bases
Code for your traits
A - adenine
T - thymine
C - cytosine
G – guanine
Only 4 possible pairs
A-T; T-A; C-G; G-C
http://mybrainnotes.com/brain-dna-behavior.html
4
Allele
A variation of a gene
Example: the gene for eye color has several variations (alleles); an allele for blue eye color or an allele for brown eyes
Everyone inherits alleles from sperm & ovum
Genetic diversity
Distinguishes each person
Allows the human species to adapt to pressures of the environment
Genome
Full set of genes with instructions to make a living organism
Genomes exist for each species
Video about Genes
5
The Beginning of Life
Two Parents, Millions of Gametes
Gamete
Reproductive cell
Sperm or Ovum
Each contains 23 pairs
Zygote
Cell formed with union of Sperm & Ovum
Produce a new individual with 23 chromosomes from each parent
Conception
http://predictingbabygender.info/tag/intercourse-timing/
Matching genes
Genotype
Organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential.
Homozygous (same zygote)
Two genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of their code
Heterozygous
Two genes of one pair that differ in some way
Usually not an issue
Male of Female?
Humans usually possess
46 chromosomes
44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
SEX chromosome = 23rd pair
Female – XX
Male – XY
Mother’s contain X
Father’s may have X or Y
X chrom. Is larger & more genes
Y contain SRY,
making male hormones & organs
It's a girl!
Uncertain Sex
“ambiguous genitals,” = child's sex is not abundantly clear
a quick analysis of the chromosomes is needed, to make sure there are exactly 46 and to see whether the 23rd pair is XY or XX
shown here a baby boy (left) and girl (right).
Too Many Boys?
Is sex selection the parents’ right or a social wrong?
Preference for boys in many areas of world
Ways to prevent female birth
Inactivating X sperm before conception
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Aborting XX fetuses
My Strength, My Daughter
slogan these girls in New Delhi are shouting at a demonstration against abortion of female fetuses in India
The current sex ratio of children in India suggests that this campaign has not convinced every couple.
New Cells
Within hours of conception
23 pairs of chromosomes carrying all the genes duplicate, forming two complete sets of the genome
Two sets ...
Lec 02 Factors influencing Human Growth and Development
These slides are prepared for students of BS Social Work. Social Workers come across clients in different age groups and categories. This subject helps them put the client into social, physical, psychological, and emotional perspectives.
Dr. Imran A. Sajid
Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
Genetics research-template
Genetic counseling helps prospective parents with genetic disorders by advising them on the consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability of transmitting it to children, and options to prevent or ameliorate it. Karyotypes, which show full chromosome sets, can predict genetic disorders by identifying extra or missing chromosomes. While cloning may help endangered species, reproductive cloning raises issues regarding an individual's psychological well-being.
Nature vs. nurture
This document discusses the nature vs nurture debate regarding the development of traits in humans. It explains that heredity, through the transmission of genes from parents to offspring, plays a key role in determining traits like height and eye color. However, the impact of one's environment through factors like education and living conditions is also influential. Twin studies are often used to help understand the relative impact of nature vs nurture, by comparing identical twins who share all genes to fraternal twins who only share some. Questions remain about the influence of heredity and environment on traits like intelligence, personality and psychological disorders.
Evolve 7
The document discusses several key ideas from evolutionary psychology and human sociobiology, including:
1) E.O. Wilson's 1975 book introduced sociobiology and sparked controversy over the influence of biology vs culture on human behavior.
2) Evolutionary psychology views the mind as composed of specialized modules adapted for survival in our ancestral environment.
3) Studies provide evidence that human mate preferences, jealousy, and other behaviors may reflect evolutionary adaptations related to reproductive success.
4) Parental investment varies based on the certainty of biological parenthood.
Inheritance
This document provides information about genetics and inheritance. It discusses genes, chromosomes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Specific genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease are described. The document also covers sex determination, genetic testing, gene therapy, cloning, and stem cells.
GENETICS IN PSYCHIATRY.pdf
This document provides an overview of genetics in psychiatry. It begins with definitions of genetics and psychiatric genetics. It then discusses the history of genetics, basic genetics concepts like genes and genomes, and types of inheritance patterns like dominant, recessive, X-linked, and polygenic inheritance. The document reviews study designs used in psychiatric genetics research like family, twin, and adoption studies. It also discusses methods of genetic analysis including linkage analysis, association studies, and candidate gene studies. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive introduction to the field of psychiatric genetics.
Psychology module 3
This document discusses the nature vs nurture debate in psychology and behavior genetics. It defines key concepts like chromosomes, DNA, genes and how twins and adoption studies are used to study the influences of nature and nurture. Specifically, it explains that identical twins who share 100% of their genes are more similar in traits like intelligence than fraternal twins who share about 50% of their genes, suggesting genetics plays a role. However, environment is also influential as shown by differences in identical twins and changes in adopted children's traits based on their adopted versus biological parents. Overall, both nature and nurture, along with early childhood experiences, parental influences, peers and culture all shape human behavior and development.
Heredity and traits
The document discusses heredity and traits. It explains that heredity is the passing of traits from parents to children through genes. Traits are physical or behavioral characteristics that are inherited. Examples given include eye color, hair color, handedness. The document provides several links to websites that further explain heredity and how traits are passed down from generation to generation through chromosomes from each parent combining to form the child's DNA.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE.pptx
This document discusses Mendel's laws of inheritance, sex linkage, and recombination. It provides background on Gregor Mendel and his experiments with pea plants which established the basic principles of genetics. It defines key genetic terms like dominant/recessive, genotype/phenotype, homozygous/heterozygous. It explains Mendel's three laws of inheritance and how Punnett squares can show potential offspring from a genetic cross. It also discusses sex linkage, where genes on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together, and recombination, where genes can become separated during meiosis. The document provides self-assessment questions and examples to practice genetic crosses and inheritance patterns.
Twinztastic
The document discusses different types of twins and provides statistics and information about twins. It notes that identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits, while fraternal twins come from two separate eggs or sperm. Identical twins are genetically identical, while fraternal twins are as genetically similar as normal siblings. The document also discusses myths and misconceptions about twins, such as the possibility of telepathy or a shared soul between identical twins.
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Chapter 3 The New GeneticsAlma Villanueva, MACalifornia S.docx
Chapter 3 The New GeneticsAlma Villanueva, MACalifornia S.docx
Chapter 3 The New GeneticsAlma Villanueva, MACalifornia S.docx
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Lec 02 Factors influencing Human Growth and Development
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4 behavioral genetics and evolutionary psychology
- 2. Genetics We have 23 pairs of chromosomes Half from genetic mother, half from genetic father What do genes do?
- 3. Function of genes Chromosome is made of genes Each gene codes for a protein Genes can be turned “on” or “off”
- 4. How similar are we? Humans are 99.9% similar Humans and Chimps are 96% similar Humans and bananas are 50% similar!
- 5. Twin Studies Twin studies examine similarities and differences between identical and fraternal twins Identical twins are far more similar than fraternal
- 6. Separated at Birth? Famous example: The Jim Twins Same name, same wives, same pets, same hobbies, same habits Could this just be coincidence?
- 7. Adoption Studies Another fantastic way to examine the impact of genes and environment. Personalities- largely genetic Then why are siblings so different?
- 8. Temperament Difficult 10% Easy 40% Slow to warm up 15% Identical twins have more similar temperaments
- 9. Gene Environment Interactions Environment triggers gene activity Gene activity influences the environment Temperament as an example? Choosing environments
- 10. Evolutionary Psychology What makes us similar? What is natural selection? Not just “survival of the fittest” Grandpa Simpson: I used to be with it, but then they changed what it was. Now what I'm with isn't it, and what's it seems weird and scary to me. It'll happen to you...
- 11. Selection Environmental Pressures Sexual Pressures Domestication and Breeding
- 12. Why has evolution made us fat?
- 13. Gender Differences It’s all about the sex! Men are more likely to be sexually liberal Women are more likely to be sexually conservative