The document discusses what constitutes a literature review and provides guidance on how to conduct one. It begins by defining a literature review and explaining that it must be guided by a research objective or problem. It then discusses common problems in literature reviews, such as excluding seminal works or adopting a narrow perspective. The document also outlines the purposes of a literature review and different types. Finally, it provides a comprehensive overview of the literature review process, including searching, reading, evaluating, summarizing sources, and writing the review.
This document discusses key aspects of developing a research problem and conducting a literature review. It begins by defining a research problem and outlining various sources that can inspire problems. Next, it describes important criteria for evaluating potential problems such as the researcher's interest and competence. The document emphasizes the need for a theoretical framework to guide the research process. Finally, it outlines the main steps of conducting a literature review, including searching relevant sources, evaluating them, identifying themes, and writing the review.
This document provides guidance for students on completing a dissertation module. It outlines the aims of allowing independent study and in-depth investigation of a topic. It discusses techniques for literature searching and reviewing primary sources. The dissertation layout involves 4 main sections - an introduction, literature review, discussion, and references. The literature review section requires appraisal of 6-8 primary sources less than 10 years old using a critique framework. It emphasizes comprehensive literature searching and critical analysis of methodologies. Overall recommendations and areas for further research must be provided based on findings. Guidance is given on literature searching strategies, evaluating sources, and referencing.
The document provides an overview of what constitutes a literature review and guidance on how to conduct one. It defines different types of literature reviews such as systematic, historical, integrative, and argumentative reviews. Key aspects that are discussed include searching for and evaluating primary and secondary sources; identifying major ideas, debates and gaps in existing research; and avoiding common pitfalls like failing to critically analyze sources or relate them to the research problem. Stages of conducting a literature review involving problem formulation, searching literature, data evaluation, and analysis/interpretation are also outlined.
The document discusses the purpose and types of literature reviews. It explains that theoretical literature reviews establish the context and theoretical framework for a study, while empirical reviews examine past empirical studies to answer a research question. The sources of literature include research from peer-reviewed journals, professional literature from trade magazines, and popular sources. The document also outlines the steps and important considerations for writing literature reviews.
This document provides guidance on conducting scientific research. It discusses selecting an area and topic for research, developing a research question, conducting a literature review, formulating goals and objectives, and developing a hypothesis.
The key steps outlined are: 1) selecting an area of interest and topic based on relevance, resources, and need; 2) developing a clear, answerable research question that has not been addressed; 3) conducting a thorough literature review to understand previous work and prevent duplication; 4) establishing goals in broad terms and specific, measurable objectives; and 5) translating the research question into a testable hypothesis about the relationship between variables. Following these systematic steps is crucial for rigorous research.
This document provides guidance on writing a literature review. It defines a literature review as a discussion of published information on a particular subject that may constitute a chapter in a thesis or dissertation. The purpose is to place works in their proper context and relationship to one another, resolve conflicts, identify gaps, and point to further research needs. When writing, the literature review should be organized, assess sources objectively, and draw conclusions on their contributions and arguments while using evidence from the sources. The document outlines a process of clarifying the assignment, finding models, considering source currency, developing a focus and thesis, and revising through summarizing, synthesizing and citing sources accurately.
This document provides guidance on writing a literature review. It defines a literature review as analyzing and summarizing previous research on a topic to place one's own work in context. The document outlines the components and purpose of a literature review, including establishing the background and significance of a research problem and identifying gaps in previous research. It recommends searching widely on a topic, evaluating sources critically, and organizing the review with a clear focus and structure. The document emphasizes using evidence from sources to support an argument, and revising the review thoroughly to present information concisely and address the intended audience.
This document provides information on conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic that provides an overview of current knowledge and identifies relevant theories, methods, and gaps. The document outlines the importance of literature reviews in identifying research problems and prior findings. It also discusses the primary sources of information like original research reports and secondary sources like textbooks. Finally, it lists the main steps in conducting a literature review, including creating an annotated bibliography, organizing sources thematically, writing individual sections, and integrating the sections.
This document discusses key aspects of developing a research problem and conducting a literature review. It begins by defining a research problem and outlining various sources that can inspire problems. Next, it describes important criteria for evaluating potential problems such as the researcher's interest and competence. The document emphasizes the need for a theoretical framework to guide the research process. Finally, it outlines the main steps of conducting a literature review, including searching relevant sources, evaluating them, identifying themes, and writing the review.
This document provides guidance for students on completing a dissertation module. It outlines the aims of allowing independent study and in-depth investigation of a topic. It discusses techniques for literature searching and reviewing primary sources. The dissertation layout involves 4 main sections - an introduction, literature review, discussion, and references. The literature review section requires appraisal of 6-8 primary sources less than 10 years old using a critique framework. It emphasizes comprehensive literature searching and critical analysis of methodologies. Overall recommendations and areas for further research must be provided based on findings. Guidance is given on literature searching strategies, evaluating sources, and referencing.
The document provides an overview of what constitutes a literature review and guidance on how to conduct one. It defines different types of literature reviews such as systematic, historical, integrative, and argumentative reviews. Key aspects that are discussed include searching for and evaluating primary and secondary sources; identifying major ideas, debates and gaps in existing research; and avoiding common pitfalls like failing to critically analyze sources or relate them to the research problem. Stages of conducting a literature review involving problem formulation, searching literature, data evaluation, and analysis/interpretation are also outlined.
The document discusses the purpose and types of literature reviews. It explains that theoretical literature reviews establish the context and theoretical framework for a study, while empirical reviews examine past empirical studies to answer a research question. The sources of literature include research from peer-reviewed journals, professional literature from trade magazines, and popular sources. The document also outlines the steps and important considerations for writing literature reviews.
This document provides guidance on conducting scientific research. It discusses selecting an area and topic for research, developing a research question, conducting a literature review, formulating goals and objectives, and developing a hypothesis.
The key steps outlined are: 1) selecting an area of interest and topic based on relevance, resources, and need; 2) developing a clear, answerable research question that has not been addressed; 3) conducting a thorough literature review to understand previous work and prevent duplication; 4) establishing goals in broad terms and specific, measurable objectives; and 5) translating the research question into a testable hypothesis about the relationship between variables. Following these systematic steps is crucial for rigorous research.
This document provides guidance on writing a literature review. It defines a literature review as a discussion of published information on a particular subject that may constitute a chapter in a thesis or dissertation. The purpose is to place works in their proper context and relationship to one another, resolve conflicts, identify gaps, and point to further research needs. When writing, the literature review should be organized, assess sources objectively, and draw conclusions on their contributions and arguments while using evidence from the sources. The document outlines a process of clarifying the assignment, finding models, considering source currency, developing a focus and thesis, and revising through summarizing, synthesizing and citing sources accurately.
This document provides guidance on writing a literature review. It defines a literature review as analyzing and summarizing previous research on a topic to place one's own work in context. The document outlines the components and purpose of a literature review, including establishing the background and significance of a research problem and identifying gaps in previous research. It recommends searching widely on a topic, evaluating sources critically, and organizing the review with a clear focus and structure. The document emphasizes using evidence from sources to support an argument, and revising the review thoroughly to present information concisely and address the intended audience.
This document provides information on conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic that provides an overview of current knowledge and identifies relevant theories, methods, and gaps. The document outlines the importance of literature reviews in identifying research problems and prior findings. It also discusses the primary sources of information like original research reports and secondary sources like textbooks. Finally, it lists the main steps in conducting a literature review, including creating an annotated bibliography, organizing sources thematically, writing individual sections, and integrating the sections.
This document provides guidance on reviewing literature for a research project. It discusses that a literature review is important to understand what has already been done on the topic and the key issues. A comprehensive literature review allows the researcher to become an expert in their field and identify the current frontier of research. The literature review process involves identifying relevant sources, analyzing and synthesizing the information, and then writing the review. The review should focus the study, identify key variables, and link the findings to previous work.
This document discusses conducting literature searches and reviews for evidence-based veterinary nursing. It defines key terms like literature, literature searching, and literature reviews. It explains that a literature search systematically finds information on a topic from various sources to identify trends, while a literature review evaluates and critically analyzes available literature. The stages of writing a literature review are outlined, including defining the topic, searching, assessing relevance, and structuring the review. Techniques for effective literature searching like using keywords, databases, and the library are also covered.
Literature Review - How to write effectively.pptxnguyenlekhanhx02
The document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as analyzing and synthesizing existing works to place the current study in context, avoid duplication, and identify gaps. An effective literature review compares and contrasts authors' views, groups similar conclusions, and critically evaluates methodologies. It should highlight exemplary studies, identify patterns, and show how the current study relates to prior work. When searching literature, one should use a variety of sources and evaluate their credibility. The conclusion should draw key points and discuss the need for further research.
The document provides guidance on what constitutes a literature review and how to conduct one. It defines a literature review as an evaluation and synthesis of previous scholarly work on a topic. It emphasizes that a literature review is not just a summary of sources but should critically analyze and integrate them to avoid bias. It outlines key purposes such as identifying gaps and avoiding duplicating past work. The document provides questions researchers should ask themselves to properly scope their review and critically evaluate sources. It stresses the literature review should be organized around the research question and identify areas of agreement, controversy and need for further work.
This document provides an overview of writing a research proposal and literature review. It discusses that a research proposal describes an investigation by outlining what will be studied, why it is important, and how the research will be conducted. The proposal establishes a plan and framework for the research project. It typically includes sections for an introduction, literature review, research design, and references. The literature review discusses and analyzes previous scholarship on the topic to situate the proposed project within existing research.
This document provides an overview of literature reviews, including their definition, importance, purpose, types, sources, and steps. A literature review aims to critically evaluate previous research on a topic. It is important as it helps identify gaps and orient the reader. The main purposes are to focus on past research, show how a new study fills gaps, and set boundaries. Types include traditional narratives, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and meta-syntheses. Sources are primary, secondary, and tertiary. The steps are to identify key terms, locate literature, evaluate and select sources, organize findings, and write the review. Elements to address in the review are an introduction, body, and conclusion.
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review for a research study. It discusses reviewing related literature, theories, and past studies to identify gaps and lay the conceptual framework for a new study. Key aspects covered include searching databases and other sources, organizing collected notes, addressing plagiarism, and writing the review. The document also offers tips for critiquing existing studies, such as using guide questions to evaluate the purpose, methods, findings and limitations of prior work. The overall message is that a thorough literature review is crucial for situating a study in the context of past research and identifying opportunities for new contributions.
This document provides an overview of the literature review process. It discusses what a literature review is, including that it involves published information on a topic within a certain time period and combines both summary and synthesis. The key steps of the literature review process are searching for relevant literature, sorting and prioritizing sources, analytical and evaluative reading of sources, comparing across studies, organizing the content, and writing the review. The document also provides guidance on assessing source quality, developing a focused topic and argument, surveying and critiquing the literature, and addressing gaps in existing research.
The document provides guidance on developing a research proposal. It defines a research proposal as a detailed plan of study that presents ideas in an accessible way and describes what will be done, why it should be done, how it will be done, and expected results. Key aspects of a proposal discussed include properly defining the research problem, identifying sources of research ideas, selecting an appropriate topic based on criteria like contribution and feasibility, and including essential components like a literature review. The literature review aims to provide understanding of prior work on the topic and prevent unnecessary duplication.
The document provides guidance on conducting an effective literature review. It defines what a literature review is and discusses why they are important. The presentation covers the literature review process, including defining the research question, searching for sources, selecting and evaluating sources, and synthesizing the information. It emphasizes organizing the review with an introduction, body, and conclusion and considering chronological, thematic, or methodological organization for the body. Tips are provided on what to write, such as discussing key findings and gaps, and on the layout and language for an academic literature review.
It will give detail idea about thesis/project. You will be benefited and well known for, which is suitable for you. It may give you opportunity to be skilled about completing your project/thesis.
Instructor:
• Dr. Md. Abdullah Al Humayun
Associate Professor, Eastern University
• Mr. Muhammad Mahfuz Hasan
Assistant Professor, Eastern University
A literature review discusses and evaluates previously published research on a particular topic. It identifies major trends, strengths, and weaknesses in the existing research. A literature review is typically included as part of a research paper to provide context and support for new insights. The research objectives and questions guide the selection of relevant literature to review. The literature review helps provide background on what is already known about the research topic and can help develop hypotheses. A good literature review is focused on the research question, summarizes key sources, and identifies areas for further research.
The document provides guidance on conducting research through a systematic process. It discusses selecting an area and topic, developing research questions and hypotheses, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and publishing findings. It also covers different types of research like basic vs applied research and exploratory vs descriptive vs explanatory research. Additionally, it provides tips on doing a literature review by searching, evaluating, and analyzing previous studies on the topic to inform the research.
Learning Outcome:
After completion of this lesson students will -
a) be able to define literature review
b) identify the purposes behind carrying out literature review
c) be able to review literature for their own researching activity
This document provides guidance on conducting an effective literature review for a research paper or thesis. It defines what a literature review is, outlines the different types of sources, and describes the key purposes of a literature review such as identifying gaps in research and avoiding duplicating previous work. The document emphasizes that a literature review should not just be a list of summaries, but should evaluate and analyze previous research, highlight areas of agreement and disagreement, and assess the quality and findings of sources. It also provides questions researchers should consider to help structure and strengthen their literature review.
This document provides guidance on conducting an effective literature review for a research paper or thesis. It defines what a literature review is, outlines the different types of sources, and describes the key purposes of a literature review such as identifying gaps in research and avoiding duplicating previous work. The document emphasizes that a literature review should not just be a list of summaries, but should evaluate and analyze previous research, highlight areas of agreement and disagreement, and assess the quality and findings of sources. It also provides questions researchers should consider to help structure and strengthen their literature review.
This document provides guidance on conducting an effective literature review for research. It defines a literature review as an account of what has been published on a topic by other scholars. There are two main types of sources: primary sources that are directly being written about and secondary sources that discuss other researchers' work. An effective literature review is not just a list of sources, but includes evaluating and commenting on previous research, identifying areas of agreement and disagreement, and assessing source quality and findings. The literature review should be organized based on the research question and help define the thesis, identify gaps, avoid repetition, and position the research in the existing literature.
There are three major ethical theories discussed in the document:
1. Utilitarianism which holds that the moral action maximizes happiness for all parties involved.
2. Deontology which argues moral actions follow duties and obligations regardless of consequences.
3. Applied ethics which deals with obligations and permissions in specific situations or domains.
This document provides guidance on reviewing literature for a research project. It discusses that a literature review is important to understand what has already been done on the topic and the key issues. A comprehensive literature review allows the researcher to become an expert in their field and identify the current frontier of research. The literature review process involves identifying relevant sources, analyzing and synthesizing the information, and then writing the review. The review should focus the study, identify key variables, and link the findings to previous work.
This document discusses conducting literature searches and reviews for evidence-based veterinary nursing. It defines key terms like literature, literature searching, and literature reviews. It explains that a literature search systematically finds information on a topic from various sources to identify trends, while a literature review evaluates and critically analyzes available literature. The stages of writing a literature review are outlined, including defining the topic, searching, assessing relevance, and structuring the review. Techniques for effective literature searching like using keywords, databases, and the library are also covered.
Literature Review - How to write effectively.pptxnguyenlekhanhx02
The document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as analyzing and synthesizing existing works to place the current study in context, avoid duplication, and identify gaps. An effective literature review compares and contrasts authors' views, groups similar conclusions, and critically evaluates methodologies. It should highlight exemplary studies, identify patterns, and show how the current study relates to prior work. When searching literature, one should use a variety of sources and evaluate their credibility. The conclusion should draw key points and discuss the need for further research.
The document provides guidance on what constitutes a literature review and how to conduct one. It defines a literature review as an evaluation and synthesis of previous scholarly work on a topic. It emphasizes that a literature review is not just a summary of sources but should critically analyze and integrate them to avoid bias. It outlines key purposes such as identifying gaps and avoiding duplicating past work. The document provides questions researchers should ask themselves to properly scope their review and critically evaluate sources. It stresses the literature review should be organized around the research question and identify areas of agreement, controversy and need for further work.
This document provides an overview of writing a research proposal and literature review. It discusses that a research proposal describes an investigation by outlining what will be studied, why it is important, and how the research will be conducted. The proposal establishes a plan and framework for the research project. It typically includes sections for an introduction, literature review, research design, and references. The literature review discusses and analyzes previous scholarship on the topic to situate the proposed project within existing research.
This document provides an overview of literature reviews, including their definition, importance, purpose, types, sources, and steps. A literature review aims to critically evaluate previous research on a topic. It is important as it helps identify gaps and orient the reader. The main purposes are to focus on past research, show how a new study fills gaps, and set boundaries. Types include traditional narratives, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and meta-syntheses. Sources are primary, secondary, and tertiary. The steps are to identify key terms, locate literature, evaluate and select sources, organize findings, and write the review. Elements to address in the review are an introduction, body, and conclusion.
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review for a research study. It discusses reviewing related literature, theories, and past studies to identify gaps and lay the conceptual framework for a new study. Key aspects covered include searching databases and other sources, organizing collected notes, addressing plagiarism, and writing the review. The document also offers tips for critiquing existing studies, such as using guide questions to evaluate the purpose, methods, findings and limitations of prior work. The overall message is that a thorough literature review is crucial for situating a study in the context of past research and identifying opportunities for new contributions.
This document provides an overview of the literature review process. It discusses what a literature review is, including that it involves published information on a topic within a certain time period and combines both summary and synthesis. The key steps of the literature review process are searching for relevant literature, sorting and prioritizing sources, analytical and evaluative reading of sources, comparing across studies, organizing the content, and writing the review. The document also provides guidance on assessing source quality, developing a focused topic and argument, surveying and critiquing the literature, and addressing gaps in existing research.
The document provides guidance on developing a research proposal. It defines a research proposal as a detailed plan of study that presents ideas in an accessible way and describes what will be done, why it should be done, how it will be done, and expected results. Key aspects of a proposal discussed include properly defining the research problem, identifying sources of research ideas, selecting an appropriate topic based on criteria like contribution and feasibility, and including essential components like a literature review. The literature review aims to provide understanding of prior work on the topic and prevent unnecessary duplication.
The document provides guidance on conducting an effective literature review. It defines what a literature review is and discusses why they are important. The presentation covers the literature review process, including defining the research question, searching for sources, selecting and evaluating sources, and synthesizing the information. It emphasizes organizing the review with an introduction, body, and conclusion and considering chronological, thematic, or methodological organization for the body. Tips are provided on what to write, such as discussing key findings and gaps, and on the layout and language for an academic literature review.
It will give detail idea about thesis/project. You will be benefited and well known for, which is suitable for you. It may give you opportunity to be skilled about completing your project/thesis.
Instructor:
• Dr. Md. Abdullah Al Humayun
Associate Professor, Eastern University
• Mr. Muhammad Mahfuz Hasan
Assistant Professor, Eastern University
A literature review discusses and evaluates previously published research on a particular topic. It identifies major trends, strengths, and weaknesses in the existing research. A literature review is typically included as part of a research paper to provide context and support for new insights. The research objectives and questions guide the selection of relevant literature to review. The literature review helps provide background on what is already known about the research topic and can help develop hypotheses. A good literature review is focused on the research question, summarizes key sources, and identifies areas for further research.
The document provides guidance on conducting research through a systematic process. It discusses selecting an area and topic, developing research questions and hypotheses, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and publishing findings. It also covers different types of research like basic vs applied research and exploratory vs descriptive vs explanatory research. Additionally, it provides tips on doing a literature review by searching, evaluating, and analyzing previous studies on the topic to inform the research.
Learning Outcome:
After completion of this lesson students will -
a) be able to define literature review
b) identify the purposes behind carrying out literature review
c) be able to review literature for their own researching activity
This document provides guidance on conducting an effective literature review for a research paper or thesis. It defines what a literature review is, outlines the different types of sources, and describes the key purposes of a literature review such as identifying gaps in research and avoiding duplicating previous work. The document emphasizes that a literature review should not just be a list of summaries, but should evaluate and analyze previous research, highlight areas of agreement and disagreement, and assess the quality and findings of sources. It also provides questions researchers should consider to help structure and strengthen their literature review.
This document provides guidance on conducting an effective literature review for a research paper or thesis. It defines what a literature review is, outlines the different types of sources, and describes the key purposes of a literature review such as identifying gaps in research and avoiding duplicating previous work. The document emphasizes that a literature review should not just be a list of summaries, but should evaluate and analyze previous research, highlight areas of agreement and disagreement, and assess the quality and findings of sources. It also provides questions researchers should consider to help structure and strengthen their literature review.
This document provides guidance on conducting an effective literature review for research. It defines a literature review as an account of what has been published on a topic by other scholars. There are two main types of sources: primary sources that are directly being written about and secondary sources that discuss other researchers' work. An effective literature review is not just a list of sources, but includes evaluating and commenting on previous research, identifying areas of agreement and disagreement, and assessing source quality and findings. The literature review should be organized based on the research question and help define the thesis, identify gaps, avoid repetition, and position the research in the existing literature.
There are three major ethical theories discussed in the document:
1. Utilitarianism which holds that the moral action maximizes happiness for all parties involved.
2. Deontology which argues moral actions follow duties and obligations regardless of consequences.
3. Applied ethics which deals with obligations and permissions in specific situations or domains.
- The Anthropocene refers to the current geological epoch where human activity has become the dominant influence on the environment, climate, and biosphere.
- It began during the Industrial Revolution around 1750-1800, marked by humanity's exploitation of fossil fuels at an unprecedented scale, massive deforestation, and the growth of industrial agriculture.
- Key indicators that will leave a lasting signature of the Anthropocene in the geological record include radioactive isotopes from nuclear weapons testing, plastic pollution, changes to the nitrogen and carbon cycles from fertilizer use and fossil fuel emissions, and potentially mass extinction of species.
This document outlines a proposed research study that will investigate the influence of job position, sex, age, education, and job tenure on attitudes toward top-down communication in an auditing firm. The study will use a quantitative survey methodology with a sample of 100-150 managers and subordinates. Statistical analysis will include MANOVA to analyze the effects of the independent variables on attitudes. The study aims to contribute to the literature on communication styles and the impacts of sociodemographic factors in the workplace.
The document discusses Enlightenment thinkers and their beliefs. It states that Enlightenment thinkers believed in using their own intellectual reasoning to determine what to believe and how to act, competing with traditional authorities. They supported ideas even if they went against customs, viewing independent reasoning as a path to a better human existence. It then lists some of the most well-known Enlightenment writers such as John Locke, Voltaire, Benjamin Franklin, and Denis Diderot, and provides brief biographies of each.
John Locke believed that the purpose of government was to protect people's natural rights to life, liberty, and property. He proposed that governments derive their power through a social contract between the people and the state, and if a government fails to protect people's rights, it can be overthrown. Locke's ideas influenced the American Declaration of Independence. Montesquieu believed that liberty is best protected by separating government powers among legislative, executive, and judicial branches, as implemented in the US Constitution. Voltaire advocated for religious tolerance and freedom of speech, which became part of the First Amendment.
This document discusses Zygamut Bauman's views on the human consequences of globalization:
1) Bauman sees globalization as a "space war" where the winners have more mobility and define their own meaning, while the losers are confined to isolated territories stripped of meaning.
2) Mobility is an important factor of social stratification - those with mobility (tourists) move by choice, while vagabonds move out of necessity due to intolerable environments.
3) Tourists have burdens of not being able to slow down, endless choices with risks and dangers at each decision point.
- Affect theory focuses on nonlinguistic forces like emotions and feelings that influence people but are often outside of conscious awareness or control. It examines how affects shape individuals and societies.
- Actor-network theory views both human and non-human entities as equal "actors" interacting within complex networks. It aims to describe society without distinguishing between social and technical elements.
- Both theories are interested in how science, technology, and nature create affects that influence humans and are now integral to understanding society. They examine the impacts of advances like artificial intelligence and humanity's relationship with nature.
Contemporary theories of Modernity_.pptxNathanMoyo1
This document discusses several key theories of modernity. It describes Anthony Giddens' theory of the "juggernaut of modernity" which identifies capitalism, industrialization, and surveillance as the three basic institutions of modernity. It also summarizes theories by Ulrich Beck on the "risk society," Manuel Castells on the "informational society," and Jurgen Habermas' view of modernity as an "unfinished project."
The Enlightenment Age and Thinkers.pptxNathanMoyo1
The document discusses the Age of Enlightenment, which took place from the 17th to early 19th centuries. It was a period that witnessed progress in science, politics, and philosophical discourse. Key aspects included replacing tradition with reason, exploration, tolerance, and scientific endeavor. The Enlightenment promoted reason, the scientific method, and the idea that society and human understanding would continue to progress. It influenced movements for political freedom, religious tolerance, and the scientific revolution. The document also outlines the main Enlightenment thinkers such as Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, and their contributions.
The document discusses the concepts of reliability and validity in quantitative and qualitative research. In quantitative research, reliability and validity aim to ensure consistency and truthfulness through measures like replicability and generalizability of results. In qualitative research, the concepts of trustworthiness, including credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability, aim to ensure rigor through in-depth understanding rather than measurable outcomes.
This document outlines different types of research and their aims, including exploratory research which aims to explore unknown areas, gain insights and develop hypotheses; descriptive research which describes characteristics and relationships; correlational research which establishes relationships between variables; explanatory research which clarifies why relationships exist; predictive research which anticipates outcomes; and pragmatic research which finds solutions to problems using mixed methods.
Moral Obligations To Future Generations.pptxNathanMoyo1
The document discusses moral obligations to future generations in the context of an environmental crisis. It argues that we have a duty to future generations to preserve natural resources and leave them a livable planet based on utilitarian and consequentialist ethics. Specifically, it claims that reducing environmental resources will lower future happiness and well-being. Additionally, the document suggests our obligations extend to our children and grandchildren currently alive as the "younger generation". It considers various arguments for and against moral duties to future people, such as the "last person argument" that there is no obligation if humanity does not survive long-term.
1. Secularization refers to the process by which societies transition from traditional religious practices and thinking to a more rational and irreligious worldview. It involves the loss of social significance of religion and religious institutions.
2. Several factors contribute to secularization, including modernity, urbanization, industrialization, the rise of science, and an increased division of labor. As societies modernize and specialize, religious thinking declines and is replaced by rational and scientific worldviews.
3. However, secularization theories have been challenged by evidence that religion has proven remarkably resilient even in societies like the former Soviet Union that actively sought to eliminate it. Religious belief may be an innate human tendency not easily eradicated
10. (three topics in one slide) Global Developments In Religion (Christianity...NathanMoyo1
Global Developments in Religion
The document discusses global developments in three major world religions: Christianity, Hinduism/Buddhism, and Islam. For Christianity, it summarizes that the religion has grown rapidly in the Global South (Africa, Latin America, Asia-Pacific) in the last century due to higher birth rates and conversions. Pentecostalism has been a major driver of Christianity's growth. For Islam, it notes the rise of the global Muslim community (Ummah) due to factors like migration, technology and events like the Hajj pilgrimage. It also discusses concepts like Islamic fundamentalism.
Ubuntu is an African philosophy that views humanity as interconnected and interdependent. It emphasizes oneness between humans and nature, rejecting dualism or separation. Ubuntu environmental ethics see humans and nature as a community, with nature deserving intrinsic value rather than being commodified. The use of natural resources is based on sufficiency, discouraging excess accumulation, and promotes empathy over self-interest. Nature is valued based on the socio-cultural traditions embedded within it. Ubuntu ethics establish harmony between humans and the natural world in a collective manner, differing from Western ethics focused on economic systems and growth. Ubuntu principles could provide an alternative sustainable development strategy to address climate change by prioritizing community and sufficiency over exploitation.
1. Women generally exhibit higher levels of religiosity than men according to surveys. This is referred to as the "feminization of religion".
2. Explanations for this gender difference include women having a lower tolerance for risk, and socialization in patriarchal households leading women to be more religious.
3. Many religions have historically supported gender inequality and associated women with notions like sinfulness. However, Jesus treated women more positively. Debates over practices like the hijab often relate more to power and culture than religion.
This document discusses how young adults are finding and connecting with religion in different ways than previous generations. It notes that while millennials and young adults are less likely to regularly attend traditional religious services, many still consider themselves spiritual and seek community and meaningful experiences. Reasons for distancing from organized religion include delaying adulthood milestones like marriage, valuing diversity and multicultural experiences, and preferring a more self-directed approach to faith. However, surveys show this generation remains curious about life's big questions and frequently feels gratitude, suggesting they still engage with spiritual topics through less conventional means.
The document provides tips for preparing for and taking an exam. It discusses:
1) How to prepare for the exam day by getting enough rest, eating breakfast, and revising key topics without cramming.
2) What to do during the reading time such as checking instructions, allocating time to questions, and planning answers.
3) Techniques for answering different types of questions including essays, short answers, and multiple choice. It emphasizes answering all questions, writing clearly, and managing time.
This document provides an introduction and overview of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). It begins with contact details for the lecturer and important course dates. It then defines WMDs and discusses the evolution of nuclear weapons from atomic bombs to hydrogen bombs. It also covers chemical weapons including lethal agents like nerve agents. Biological weapons are categorized by priority levels. The document concludes by discussing different delivery systems for WMDs, noting that ballistic missiles are difficult to defend against but other means like aircraft are also potent threats.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. WHAT IS A LITERATURE REVIEW?
• Literature reviews are routinely included in the
opening sections of scholarly research reports.
• A successful literature review must be defined by a
guiding concept such as your research objective, the
problem or issue you wish to discuss.
• A literature review is not just a descriptive list of the
material available, or a set of summaries.
3. COMMON PROBLEM-AREAS (AFOLABI
1992)
• The 2nd most frequent chapter to be criticised by the
external examiners because:
• Exclusion of landmark studies (Seminal works)
• Emphasis on outdated material
• Adopting a myopic (short-sighted) perspective
4. COMMON PROBLEM-AREAS (AFOLABI
1992)
• The 2nd most frequent chapter to be criticised by the
external examiners because:
• Not discriminating between relevant and irrelevant material
• Lacking synthesis
• Not relating the LR to the research questions or hypotheses
(Hansford & Maxwell 1993)
5. STUDENTS PERCEIVE A LIT REVIEW
AS…
• A list of bibliographic citations
• A bibliographic search
• A survey to outline existing knowledge
• A vehicle for learning and exploring
• A research facilitator, shaping and directing the
study
6. WHAT IS A LITERATURE REVIEW?
• The word ‘literature’ is used broadly to refer to all
kinds of published information, including textbooks,
journal articles and material available online
• A literature review is an evaluative account of what
has been published on a topic by scholars and
researchers
• It involves the searching for, reading, evaluating and
summarising all of the available literature that
relates both directly and indirectly, to your research
topic
7. WHAT IS A LITERATURE REVIEW?
• …is a summary of current empirical & theoretical
knowledge about a particular problem that provides basis
for the study conducted.
• According to Kapp (2002) it:
• .. Is the “status quo”
• A contribution to shape the research
• Forms an integral part of the thesis or dissertation
• Should encourage a reflective and integrative approach to
research
8. WHAT IS A LITERATURE REVIEW?
• It is a step in the research process that allows you to
refine your research
• It serves as a benchmark against which you can
compare and contrast your results
• It helps you to determine the most important issues
to focus on.
• It helps to guide your research in the right direction.
• It helps you to determine if there are any
associations between the research you plan to
conduct and the research that has already been
conducted by other scholars before you.
9. WHAT IS A LITERATURE REVIEW?
• You should be demonstrating knowledge and
applying skills in two areas:
• Information seeking, which concerns searching for
and identifying only relevant sources which are
applicable to your research, and
• Critical assessment, which involves scanning,
analysing, summarising and integrating your
sources so as to identify reliable, valid and
credible material.
10. PURPOSES OF A LITERATURE REVIEW
• Justifies the need for the research
• Enhancing the context and vocabulary of the topic
• Understanding the structure of the subject
• Triggers creative thinking/new ideas, creating new
perspectives
11. PURPOSES OF A LITERATURE REVIEW
• Helps to identify variables, appropriate research
methods and techniques
• Brings candidate in contact with ‘good’ scholarly
writing
• Critically synthesise current best available evidence
• Placing the research in a historical perspective
12. PURPOSES OF A LITERATURE REVIEW
• To define key terms and concepts related to your
research topic
• To determine any relationships between topics and
variables that are important to your research
purpose and problem
• To narrow down and define your specific area of
study (in other words, your research topic),
• To establish a theoretical framework to base your
research on
13. PURPOSES OF A LITERATURE REVIEW
• To establish a theoretical framework to base your
research on
• To identify any relevant theories, models, case studies,
and journal articles that may support your research or the
arguments you want to put forward
• To generate new ideas for topics or issues that you could
research which you may not have thought of
• To determine if there are any information gaps which
your research will therefore possibly fill.
14. TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEWS
• Historical reviews:
• trace the chronological order of the literature,
looking at stages or phases of development from
the past to present or vice versa.
• For example, if your research involves the role of
mass communication in a technologically
advanced world, you could conduct a historical
review of mass communication theories and how
they have evolved over time.
15. TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEWS
• Thematic reviews:
• consider theoretical developments of the research
problem, often linking each theory to empirical
evidence.
• For example, your search for theories of
persuasive communication could take the form of
a theoretical review.
16. TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEWS
• Thematic reviews:
• focus on different schools of thought and group
the literature into differing views, perspectives or
themes.
• For example, if you are doing research on the
effects of smoking on cancer, a thematic review
would result in a variety of sources that would
present opposing views on the issue.
17. TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEWS
• Empirical reviews :
• focus on the various methodologies used and
summarise any empirical evidence for the
phenomenon that you are interested in.
• For example, you could conduct an empirical
review of various methodologies that have been
used to conduct research on the relationship
between child-headed households and literacy
levels.
18. Phases in the Literature review
•Preparatory phase
•Design phase
•Completion phase
19. Reflective literature searching model (Bruce 1992)
Designing a research strategy
PLAN
Implementing the strategy
ACT
Recording the results
RECORD
Think about the outcomes
REFLECT
REDESIGN THE
STRATEGY
20. THE LITERATURE REVIEW PROCESS
• Searching for literature
• Searching the literature purposively
• Sorting and prioritising the retrieved literature
• Analytical and evaluative reading of papers
• Comparison across studies
• Organising the content
• Writing the review
22. SEARCHING FOR LITERATURE
• Your literature review will begin with a search for any published
material that could supplement your research topic or research
problem.
• This is a time-consuming process as it involves a dedicated,
organised search for relevant sources and literature that can
take the form of both primary and secondary sources.
• Primary sources could include interviews, eye-witness
accounts and any research that you would need to conduct for
the purposes of answering your research question and solving
your research problem.
• Secondary sources could include published journals, books,
databases and online sources, and more. No matter which
sources you use, it is important that your search for
information is well-planned and logically executed.
23. READING THE LITERATURE WITH A
PURPOSE
• Sort through all information collected and this
entails scanning, reading and evaluating the sources
with a specific purpose.
• Scan for information that you may think is relevant
to your research and leave everything else out.
• Look through the table of contents, the abstract, the
summary, and all the headings, and decide if the
source is appropriate.
• Once you have decided that a source is suitable, you
can then read it in detail to find information that
supports your arguments to make up your literature
review.
24. READING THE LITERATURE WITH A
PURPOSE
• Sources that reject or contradict your research issue
should not be abandoned
• These sources should help to further refine your
search and point out the possible gaps or flaws in
your research.
• Ensure that you remain an unbiased researcher
which is a vital element of any research proposal.
• Your sources may also suggest possible research
methodologies which you may not have thought of,
and will also help to refine your research problem
and question.
25. EVALUATING SOURCES
• Who
• This criterion concerns who wrote the literature and is
he/she a reliable and credible source. It is important to verify
the author of your source as not all information you come
across will be valid, especially when it comes to online
Internet sources.
• For example, a source that is authored by an established
academic that has years of experience and a high level of
education, is much more credible than a potentially
unqualified source you found on Google through a site such
as Wikipedia.
26. EVALUATING SOURCES
• What
• This question involves looking at exactly what the subject of
the source is and how relevant the subject is to your
research.
• You also need to check whether the information is accurate
and complete, and whether or not it will actually serve any
purpose in contributing to your research issue.
• For example, literature on the effects of using images instead
of text in advertising to determine the effects on sales will
not be of any use if your research concerns the levels of
illiteracy in rural areas and the resulting effect on poverty.
27. EVALUATING SOURCES
• Where
• The location of where the research was conducted and
where the article was written could play an important role in
terms of your research.
• For example, if you were performing research on the effects
of media violence on teenagers, research carried out in the
United States could produce very different results to the
same study conducted in South Africa
28. EVALUATING SOURCES
• When
• This relates to when the source was created or published.
• The question that you need to ask yourself is whether or not
there is any information that is more up-to-date than the source
you have.
• While it is not always feasible for there to be a considerable
amount of current material that might relate to your research, it
is advisable for you to search for a few sources that are as
current as possible.
• For example, when conducting research on the effects of online
learning tools to enhance the school curriculum, it is wise to
search for modern, present-day research to support your
research, rather than use material from the 1990s that will
probably be both outdated and impractical and therefore
irrelevant for your research.
29. SUMMARISING THE LITERATURE
• Now that you have worked your way through a
considerable amount of literature, you should have a
reasonable number of sources that need to be
analysed and summarised before you begin writing
the literature review.
• You need to begin this process by first identifying
any similarities and differences between your
sources and group this information together to form
topics, themes, or arguments which are both logical
and coherent.
30. SUMMARISING THE LITERATURE
• You will then be able to work out if there is any
information that is outstanding and which issues
remain unaddressed and which questions remain
unanswered.
• In this case, you will either need to conduct some
primary research yourself in order to fill in the gaps
of missing information, or alternatively, this missing
information could guide your research in the right
direction
31. WRITING THE REVIEW
• It is important that your literature review follows a clear
and logical line of reasoning and explanation.
• Begin with an appropriate introduction which clearly
outlines for the reader exactly what your literature review
entails and how it connects to your own research.
• Follow with various paragraphs which expand on the
sources you evaluated, integrating them by showing their
similarities and differences, and also their relation to your
research.
• Remember that you should not only describe the
literature you analysed, but also conduct a critical review
of these sources, and in so doing point out any
strengths, weaknesses and differences you came across
and potential reasons behind them.
32. WRITING THE REVIEW
• You could also point out here any missing
information, which your research intends to explore.
• Your literature would then end with a strong
conclusion which should summarise all the main
points of the literature review and place the review in
context in terms of your own research.
• The reader is then provided with a clear background
of not only the literature that relates to your
research, but also to your research issue as a whole.
33. WHAT MAKES FOR A POOR OR GOOD
REVIEW/
Good
• Is a synthesis of available
research (what is known)
• Is a critical appraisal of
best available published
research
• Has appropriate breadth
and depth
• Has clarity and
conciseness
• Uses rigorous and
consistent methods
Poor
• An annotated
bibliography
• Confined to description
• Narrow and shallow
• Confusing and
longwinded, repeated
themes
• Constructed in an
arbitrary way
34. THREE DIMENSIONS OF ACADEMIC WRITING
Research Language
methodology proficiency
Logic reasoning
Reading
Thinking
Writing
Slide: Dr Carina Eksteen
35. CRITICAL READING, THINKING AND
WRITING
• Critically engagement
• …is not the same as disagreement
• …does not aim to embarrass, humiliate or seek to
dominate
• …does not mean nit-picking!
• …is not merely rejecting or finding fault with
someone’s argument or position.
It is a rational reflection of one’s own and others’
ideas in order to get a clearer understanding of an
issue (Bak 2004)
37. REMEMBER
• Rule 1: Write clearly, simply
• Rule 2: Use positive constructions
• Rule 3: Avoid passive constructions
• Rule 4: Do not use an indefinit “this”
• Rule 5: Avoid sexist and emotional language
• Rule 6: Avoid colloquial (spoken) language
38. • Rule 7: Structure and organise your argument
• Rule 8: Assess alternative perspectives and rival points
of view
• Rule 9: Think through the sort of evidence that would
be convincing to a competent reader
• Rule 10: Use ‘linking’ devices
• Rule 11: Edit and rework your writing
• Rule 12: Check grammar and spelling