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36.americas 19thcentury
- 1. The Americas in the 19th Century
- 2. American Patterns, Unit 5 • “New Nation” Problems • Social hierarchy tensions – Colonial descendants, indigenous peoples, slavery, & immigration • Threats to unity – Foreign interventions post-independence • Industrialization vs. export economies
- 3. Plan of Attack 1. Analyze Spanish American Revolutions 2. Analyze United States expansion & economic development 3. Analyze interactions between North America and Latin America and Europe
- 5. Causes of Revolution: up to 1808 • Creole unhappiness – Plantations and monopoly of trade to Spain – Expulsion of Jesuits • Enlightenment thinking & Other Revolutions • Limited self-gov’t and population balance
- 7. Spain Devolves into Civil War
- 8. Latin American Revolutions, 1810-1825
- 9. PARTICIPANTS? • Jesuits & Creoles create new national identity: Americanismo –Not Spanish…so what is it?
- 10. South American Leadership • Simon Bolivar
- 12. Jose de San Martin & United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata
- 13. “New Nation” Problems • Colonial heritage Problem identifying experienced political leadership • Political Legitimacy: monarchy or republic? State boundaries? – Caudillismo (charismatic strongman) • Economic hardship
- 14. Conservatives vs. Liberals • Tension between: – Emphasizing Western superiority (architecture; skin color; European standards of culture) – Emphasis on indigenous cultures (dance; music; literature)
- 16. Mexico • Father Miguel de Hidalgo, 1810 • Monarchy under Augustin de Iturbide • Executed in 1824 • “Republic”
- 22. Cultural Development of U.S. • American exceptionalism – Colonial heritage: Puritan “city on a hill” – The Revolution: shining beacon of liberty and self- determination • Expansionist culture: Manifest Destiny – “We love to indulge in thoughts of the future extent and power of this Republic – because with its increase is the increase of human happiness and liberty…What has miserable, inefficient Mexico – with her superstition…her actual tyranny by the few over the many – what has she to do with the great mission of peopling the New World with a noble race? Be it ours, to achieve that mission!” – Walt Whitman, poet, 1846
- 26. Global long-distance migration, 1840-1940 Destination Origins Amount Auxiliary Origins Americas (65% went to US) Europe 55-58 million 2.5 million from India, China, Japan, Africa SE Asia and Indian Ocean rim India, S. China 48-52 million 5 million from Africa, Europe, NE Asia, Middle East Manchuria, Siberia, Central Asia, Japan NE Asia, Russia 46-51 million
- 30. Foreign Interventions • Monroe Doctrine (1823) • South American “Dollar Diplomacy”: industrialized areas work with local governments to advance commercial interests. • Mexico defeats Spanish invasion in 1829 and French invasions in 1838 and 1862, but loses territory to US in 1848
- 32. Roundtable Discussion • How should we analyze the changes and continuities in North America from 1750- 1900? • How should we analyze the changes and continuities in Latin America from 1750- 1900? • How should we compare North America and Latin America in 1750? • How should we compare North America and Latin America in 1900?
Editor's Notes
- There are important patterns to keep in mind for Unit 5 and the Western Hemisphere
- Consider how colonial descendants (aka leaders of revolutions) were reluctant to fully integrate others into the new nations. Increasingly indigenous peoples were isolated at the same time as their heritage could be appropriated; we discussed the abolition of slavery; the increase in population as immigrants flooded to US in particular causes other social tensions This century also saw Europe attempting continuing colonization or political influence but growing aggression in West against it. Role of US in ‘protecting’ the West Be able to compare North America with Latin America economically: who pushed for industrialization and who didn’t?
- Let’s imagine ourselves in the Spanish Americas. It’s a huge swath of territory by 1600. You have your British and French colonial neighbors and you are ahead of them economically. By at the start of our unit things have changed a bit. By 1750 the British colonies have caught up in wealth and by 1800 the French and Americans have had their revolutions, and the Spanish crown also watches Haiti rebel. By 1804 you witness the selling of a large swath of North America also being sold to the US by France (which had been given to Spain only temporarily).
- Creoles (native-born elites in Spanish colonies (different from indigenous and immigrants) were offended and insulted by Spanish monarchy’s efforts in 1700s to exercise greater power over its colonies and to subject them to heavier taxes and tariffs. There were heavier taxes because Spain had helped French and Americans. The Spanish monarch also kicks Jesuits out of the Americas (as Enlightenment king!) – Jesuits go underground against what was formerly the most Catholic of monarchies. Spanish monarch also gets rid of restrictions on lower casta levels so Creoles lose special place. Spanish colonies had little tradition of self-gov’t; societies were also more divided by class. Whites outnumbered by Native Americans, Africans ancestry, and mixed-race.
- Why does everything change in 1808? Napoleon’s invasions back in Europe
- The throne of Spain is fought by loyalists against Napoleon (this is Joseph Bonaparte, who is crowned at one point) as well as other junta government. In the Napoleonic era, junta (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxunta] or [ˈhunta]) was the name chosen by several local administrations formed in Spain during the Peninsular War as a patriotic alternative to the official administration toppled by the French invaders. The juntas were not necessarily revolutionary, least of all anti-monarchy or democratically elected.
- So what are the varieties of reactions in the colonies? Remember the social/political organization of the Spanish colonies. Create Junta Central (assembly of assemblies) Local juntas until Ferdinand regains throne Independence and nationhood Note all the different dates – it’s not the individual independence movements that matter, but the patterns! We will divide up revolution into four arenas: North South America, Southern South America, Brazil, and Mexico
- Jesuits create a ‘national consciousness’. What is the identity of the Americas? If it is no longer SPANISH, then there is a new association with the indigenous past….MEXICAN FLAG with AZTEC image Creoles even adopt Black Legend Looking to France and US over Spain Architecture moves from Baroque (Spanish, Catholic, highly-decorated) to Neo-Classical (French, emphasis on Classical past)
- Creoles take the lead, with help from Catholic church Bolivar was a Creole from what is now Venezuela. Military, European educated man.
- Bolivar fights Spanish army (Ferdinand put back into power in 1814) and unites northern territories into Gran Colombia: he dreams of a “United States of Spanish America”. READ JAMAICA LETTER. Bolivar renounced being king and always strove for republican gov’t, even though Gran Colombia fell apart by 1830 due to political differences and regional interests.
- Jose de San Martin in South America – United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata had been created in 1816, but eventually this disintegrated as well.
- Pattern that we will see repeat in 20th century for independence movements Exclusion from colonial gov’t meant few people had experience of running a state (cf. USA) Leads to division in leadership (cf. French Revolution). What will be a national identity? Creoles interested in maintaining power: talk of racial unity not always put in practice.
- BRAZIL? Portuguese connection not resented by Creoles in Brazil Massive influx of slaves meant fear of Haitian history No indegenous, pre-Columbian past to hearken to as alternative Printing press comes later to Brazil than Spanish colonies Royal family fled to Brazil in 1807 and lived there until 1820. Son of king left as regent; in 1822 he announces new country. Remains monarch until late 19th century when Republicanism takes over.
- - Mexico begins its independence at this time, thought it would prove a long struggle. - Begins with revolutionary ideas of Creole Father Miguel de Hidalgo, who is struck by the poverty of Indians and mestizos. Using Enlightenment ideas he gathers a huge wave of support among Creoles and poor alike, but over time he builds an army, radicalizes, and even begins to attack Creoles, who stop supporting him when they feared social rebellion over independence. He is executed by royalists. Eventually Creoles decide on independence and fight Spanish after 1820. Yet monarchy is instituted: question of what kind of government should be put in place? Populist, representative government or more authoritarian, conservative government? Iturbide would also be overthrown by army (with support of Republicans) and eventually executed. The Republic that ensued was tenuous – Mexico was hardly united and it also had to deal with a war with the United States for territory…we’ll come back to Mexico
- What about Latin America’s economy post-independence? Look at this chart: what does it tell us? (Wealth of country vs. US). So Argentina in 1800 was 102% wealthier than US. By 1900 it had fallen to 52%. The trend was for the US to get wealthier, while LA got poorer. Why? Latin American countries kept their export economies – they did not industrialize (made harder by terrain of much of South America at least). The constant political flux of Latin America also hindered its economic development.
- So let’s think of North America in 1750…what was it like? Divided between Spain, French, and British
- The push west: Louisiana purchase in 1803. The new Republic confidently goes West…Mississippi River as a dividing point…the importance of the frontier to US. At this point much of the circled area is UNEXPLORED…nomadic…remember the Native Americans living there are changing their lifestyle due to the introduction of the horse
- http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Non-Native-American-Nations-Territorial-Claims-over-NAFTA-countries-1750-2008.gif Look at what the US gained in the 19th century Central North America Frontier settlers in Mexican territory of Texas provoke war (Texas first its own Republic, then declared a state) War with Mexico gave US much territory – discover of gold in California in 1848 reflected huge loss to Mexico Gains NW territory via treaty with Great Britain. Purchase Alaska and take Hawaii BEHIND ALL THIS LIES MANIFEST DESTINY: America is to spread its values and way of life to others
- In the same way that Latin America faced challenges to federalism (Gran Colombia, United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata), so the US had a moment where federalism was challenged. Civil War and the problem of slavery: states rights over federal government
- This process included the removal of Native Americans to reservations. They were either forced or signed treaties to do so…the slow wiping out of thousands of groups of people, who were often also categorized according to US norms.
- There are 564 federally recognised Native American tribes, the largest being the Cherokee with a population of nearly 730,000 Other major tribes include the Navajo, Choctaw, Sioux, Chippewa and Apache There are about 150 different Native American languages Those living on reservations must obey federal laws, can vote in national elections and can serve in the armed forces, but they are also subject to tribal laws and elect tribal leaders - Irony of Nati. Am. Words incorporated into culture: Milwaukee, Seattle etc.
- -(CLICK) Analyze this painting – note that she is carrying telegraph lines. In her right hand she carries a book—common school—the emblem of education and the testimonial of our national enlightenment, while with the left hand she unfolds and stretches the slender wires of the telegraph, that are to flash intelligence throughout the land.” The Indians flee from progress, unable to adjust to the shifting tides of history. The painting hints at the past, lays out a fantastic version of an evolving present, and finally lays out a vision of the future. Ultimately the Civil War was also about economics: the North (formerly small, self-sufficient farms) began to industrialize (like Britain) in the early 19th century. The South retained its plantation lifestyle (much like Latin America). So getting rid of slavery meant the US pushed its industrialization process throughout its territory (see her telegraph lines, the railroad, both symbols of industrialization)
- American industry, especially with railroads and factories Plantations and European search for resources Russian expansion with industrialization Who does and does not industrialize colonialism Environmental impact
- And in terms of the GLOBAL MARKET, China found a new customer in the US (dock workers of Qing dynasty)
- At the same time the overpopulation of the Qing dynasty during Unit 5 means many came to the US to help it build the railroad (cheap immigration). Discrimination however was strong.
- Monroe Doctrine said U.S. would intervene if Europe meddled in North/South America (would see as an act of aggression). Shows U.S. posturing and desire to ‘protect’ the Western Hemisphere (even if her military strength was not great at this time). Dollar Diplomacy is phrase coined early in 20th century, but it was a policy in place during 19th century. Industrialized areas have businesses that encourage their governments to have good relations with Latin American governments to ensure commercial interests. COMPARE Blockades in South America because of European commercial interests supporting various sides of civil battles happening in South American governments. As textbook explains, Britain had hundreds of firms in Latin America and came to control economy; products exported on British ships Industrial Revolution changes power balance War over Texas territory (where Americans had immigrated and outnumbered Mexicans) led to loss of New Mexico, Arizona, California
- How can we compare North America and Latin America using SPICE at the year 1750? How can we compare North America and Latin America using SPICE at the year 1900? How can we document the significant SPICE changes and continuities of North America during the period 1750-1900? How can we document the significant SPICE changes and continuities of Latin America during the period 1750-1900?