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![End of WWII: World is scarred, both
literally and in its psyche
“The First [World War] teaches us never to
rush into a fight, the Second never to back
down from a bully.”
-- Adam Gopnik
American writer](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/43-150414024552-conversion-gate01/85/43-1929-1949-26-320.jpg)
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43.1929 1949
- 1.
- 2. 1929-1949 • Great Depression •Populism • Japanese Empire & Chinese Civil War • Soviet economic model • World War II: Total War & Genocide • Gender: Feminism Stalled in the West • Colonialism
- 3. The Roaring 20sfor the Victors • Post-WWI: Loosening the Hold on Tradition • Consumerism • Women • Mass Media
- 4. The Great Depression: Failureof Capitalism?
- 5. The Great Depression: Exploitation& Vulnerability
- 6. Democratic Government Reactions • Increasedtariffs & failure of League of Nations • Populism & Growth of Governments • New Deal • Fascism & Authoritarianism
- 7. The New Deal:United States
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- 11.
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- 13. Soviet Economic Model 3Groups: • Describe the POV of the source in one or two sentences. • Use SOAPSTone to explain how these documents help us understand Stalinism.
- 14. World War II:Two fronts
- 16. Great East AsiaCo-Prosperity Sphere aka “Asia for Asians!”
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- 23. WWII Atrocities: TheRape of Nanking & Comfort Women
- 24. WWII Atrocities: Rapeof Nanking & Comfort Women
- 25. WWII Atrocities: CivilLiberties
- 26. End of WWII:World is scarred, both literally and in its psyche “The First [World War] teaches us never to rush into a fight, the Second never to back down from a bully.” -- Adam Gopnik American writer
Editor's Notes
- #2 Have to tie it all together: in particular it is difficult to separate WWI and WWII – the between wars era (20s and 30s) are an important transition point. The textbook calls this era ‘The Collapse of the Old Order’…what shall we call it? Click: This photo is from 1949 as people rushed in Shanghai to withdraw their gold before the Communists arrived
- #3 How one could divide up these 20 years Will talk about the ones in red later, with other chapters
- #4 Reminder
- #5 If WWI represented the political collapse of Europe, then the Great Depression suggested its economic system was also a failure. During 19th century, European industrialization had spurred the most substantial growth in world history and had raised the living standards of millions, but remember to many it was a troubling system. Its success generated individualistic materialism that threatened tradition (see Marx)…the Great Depression seemed to verify socialist concerns. Banks closed, investments dried up, and unemployment became rampant.
- #6 And anywhere that was NOT industrialized but relied on agricultural exports for their economy (Latin America, Africa, SE Asia) were further exploited if they were colonies and economically vulnerable with no markets to sell to. African colonies, for example, symbol of wealth for Europe in this ad, now saw their prices drop drastically (Kenyan coffee plantation from 1930s). (Chile, copper mining cut by 80%; Brazil destroyed its coffee supply to keep price high; SE Asia saw rubber supply drop as people could no longer afford cars)
- #7 With such desperate, unhappy people, democratic governments were expected to take action.
- #8 Gov’t actions and spending programs could moderate recessions and depressions – public spending for dams, highways, bridges, parks – sought to pump the economy and reduce unemployment. Also included Social Security system, minimum wage, and various welfare programs….leads to greater federal oversight of economy. Has a controversial memory for Americans…didn’t ultimately end the Depression.
- #9 Send Axis ideology handout; read Mussolini Germany had its own problems – poor & humiliated, the Weimer Republic government was seen to be ineffective and shameful. Nazis party (National Socialists) gain ground and opposition is squashed. Read Hitler.
- #10 Why did Nazis gain popularity? Ideology has scapegoats (Communists; Jews) and intense nationalism. His party was also economically successful, building superhighways, bridges, canals, and public buildings…there was order and discipline. Militarization also brought in money… “He loves Germany” “Before ‘No Jobs, No Hope, Neglect Strikes … Today: ‘Work, Joy, Discipline”
- #11 Hitler Youth = militarization of Germans. See this math problem in a school textbook: what kind of society does this create?
- #12 REMEMBER Japan had democratic movements in 1920s, but Great Depression paved the way for harsher and more authoritarian action. Japan’s exports fell by ½ between 1929-1931, leaving the country in dire circumstances. Democracy didn’t seem to be working – in fact, zaibatsu seemed to have control over government – and the military gained a larger role in government. * NATIONALISM and BUSHIDO and INDUSTRIALIZATION. Opposition come to be silenced and growing militaristic society throughout 1930s. Read document 3 of axis ideology handout
- #13 Manchukuo: a solution to Japan’s problems. They can gain resources for their economy AND mobilize the people under a common purpose. MANCHUKUO set up as puppet state under Puyi. Part of the reason for this is because Japan already has Korea, which is their connection to China. They withdraw from League of Nations, showing ineffectiveness of this organization. Plus, what can ROC do about it? Orange as areas under control of KMT by 1941; green are warlords; striped as Communist home base by 1935. China is in a period of civil war (read details in textbook!) Read Japanese students in 1932
- #14 By 1929 the Soviets offer a model for Communists. Read about 5 Year Plan and Collectivization in textbook. Read Stalinism doc, three groups: Stalin’s speech, collectivization and industrialization. What are their POVs and how do we know? How do these docs help us understand Stalinism?
- #15 There are two fronts to WWII, so when it begins depends on which front and which nation you are talking about. We’ll start with the Asian front since it goes back to 1931. Japan
- #16 Japanese high-ranking soldier.
- #17 Japanese high-ranking soldier. In 1940 the US puts an embargo on oil to Japan after unsuccessful attempts at getting Japan to stop its imperial ambitions.
- #18 Dec 7, 1941, Japanese try to eliminate American Pacific War Fleet at Pearl Harbor; the US were lucky that three aircraft carriers were out at sea Japan simultaneously attacked America in the Philippines, British Hong Kong, Singapore and all of the Dutch Indies to seize control of the region America declared war the next day against Japan and Germany, thus fully commencing World War II By the summer of 1942, the Japanese had, essentially, full control of Southeast Asia from Myanmar through to Indonesia up into Manchuria and out to the Marshall islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean
- #19 Established, technically, in 1940, this originated in the ideas of Japan as seeing itself as the paternalistic leader of a region ravaged by imperialism from White Nations Taiwan and Korea were the first pieces in its overseas acquisitions, followed by Manchuria--> all utilized for agricultural and industrial production The natural course was to the southeast and acquisition of its natural resources in the name of Asian race solidarity (Asia for Asians!) -- the reality, of course, was less solidarity and even more exploitation than under European control, as people in this region quickly realized
- #20 Ok, now the European front. 1936: German sends troops into the Rhineland, going against Versailles Treaty. Britain and France do nothing. 1938: Hitler puts pressure on Czechoslovakia. Britain and France call for a conference: a deal is made at Munich. Hitler agrees not to take any more land in exchange for incorporating a small area of Czechoslovakia 1939: Hitler takes over the rest of Czech. To avoid war on two fronts, Hitler makes a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union….notice Poland in between them. Part of the pact were also secret agreements for their respective spheres of influence
- #21 But Hitler had grand visions of finding more ‘lebensraum’ for the German people, and saw the Slavs as an inferior race
- #22 In 1939 Hitler invaded Poland and war is declared by Britain and France Between 1939 and 1940 Hitler’s blitzkrieg is incredibly successful and it not only occupies states but begins to build puppet allies In summer of 1941 Hitler invades the Soviet Union, which makes Stalin join Allies (NOTE: Same year US joins war, in winter)
- #23 Using aggression to demotivate people; blurring the line between civilian and soldier. When Hitler bombed London to demoralize the British, the British retaliated later by heavily bombing German cities, the most famous being Dresden. In the same way as Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, by 1945 the US had developed the most destructive weapon yet. An eye for an eye makes the whole blind. Would the Japanese have continued? The most militaristic hardliners wanted to keep going, even after the two atomic bombs. SAMURAI warrior code of honor still in existence.
- #24 Genocide had happened before: WWI. Photograph of Armenian orphans, 1915, taken by German photojournalist Armin Wegner. Upon seeing photos of Wegner, Hitler is said to have remarked, “Nobody remembers.”
- #25 Gradual process: targeting Jewish businesses, experimenting on anyone deemed impure (handicapped children) Public campaign to create stereotypes of Jews Industrial death: shipping people via railroad Concentration camp mass burial
- #26 Nanking was capital of ROC – Japanese take it and ravage it
- #27 Bury people alive Target practice live people with bayonets Countless rapes Japanese schoolboys celebrate in Tokyo Comfort women from all over Asia…Korea has particularly harsh memory of Japan. Knife is stronger than the sugar – apologies and denials from Japanese gov’t since then.
- #28 US puts anyone of Japanese ancestry into camps How the evacuation of Japanese from Seattle would affect a second grade class in a local school is shown in these two views in Seattle, Washington, on March 27, 1942. At the top is a crowded classroom with many Japanese pupils and at the bottom is the same class without the Japanese students. (AP Photo)
- #29 Goal of 1945: HOW DO WE PREVENT THIS FROM EVER HAPPENING AGAIN? Europe is a wreck, Japanese empire is a wreck (physically and economically). Colonies have been exploited (as we will see in a later chapter…now the West seems even more like a failure)…who comes out on top? THE United States…and Soviet Union (the two empires we had compared back in unit 5). The idea, however, is that there needs to be structures in place to not let this happen again – and America in particular sees itself as not being isolationist ever again. Follow through on Wilson’s 14 points.