1. “Made In China”
• What is Shaffer’s argument? Does her
interpretation change how we understand
Europe and/or China?
• What sources would you like to examine to
support or undermine Shaffer’s argument?
22. BUSHIDO
Wielders of bow and arrow should
behave in a manner considerate not
only of their own honor, of course, but
also of the honor of their descendants.
They should not bring on eternal
disgrace…for their limited lives.
23. BUSHIDO
…A genuine motive would be, for
example, to give up your life for the
sake of the sole sovereign, or serving
under the commander of the military
in a time of need; these would convey
an exalted name to children and
descendants.
24. BUSHIDO
…It is said that good warriors and
good Buddhists are similarly
circumspect. Whatever the matter, it is
vexing for the mind not to be
calm…Even if your parents may be
stupid, if you obey their instructions,
at least you won’t be violating the
principle of nature.
33. Edicts of Hideyoshi, 1587
1. Japan is the country of gods, but has been receiving false
teachings from Christian countries. This cannot be
tolerated any further.
2. The [missionaries] approach people in provinces and
districts to make them their followers, and let them
destroy shrines and temples. This is an unheard of
outrage. When a vassal receives a province, a district, a
village, or another form of a fief, he must consider it as
a property entrusted to him on a temporary basis…
4. The black [Portuguese and Spanish] ships come to Japan
to engage in trade. Thus the matter is a separate one. They
can continue to engage in trade.
41. Other reasons for expansion?
– CAESAR TSAR/CZAR (3rd Rome)
– Defender of Christianity (vs. Muslim
Ottomans)
42.
43. Peter the Great
• Westernization
Reforms (1689-1725)
– Increased centralization
– Military reforms
– Compete with West
6’ 8” (203 cm)
44. Peter the Great’s Westernization
Reforms
• Selective Westernization
“You feed the foreigners too well,
instead of bidding your folk to cling
to old customs.” – priest to Tsar Alexis
(cycles of enthusiasm and revulsion)
45. Consequences of Peter the Great:
– Russia and the West relationship?
– Cosmetic Westernization
• Class gap
Editor's Notes
Shaffer’s article will lead us into discussion for next about Eurasian empires. Consider the changes China underwent during Golden Age: it had the potential for an Industrial Revolution, but didn’t. Europe enters a scientific revolution in Unit 4 due to technologies of Unit 3…so what happened next for China>
Last time we focused on China the Mongols had been kicked out and China reasserted its supremacy with the Zheng He voyages. Why did they stop?
First time China has contacts with Europeans on ships is during the Ming Dynasty. Yet Ming Dynasty’s decision to end Zheng He voyages extended to limiting contact with foreigners as much as possible. From the 16th century to mid 1800s, three cities became the centers of the trading system linking the “Middle Kingdom” to sea merchants: Macau, Canton, and Hong Kong.
Macau was leased through negotiations with the Portuguese under the umbrella of paying tribute. It is necessary to understand that from the Chinese POV, trading with foreigners was their Confucian benignness in return for recognition of their superiority. (Drawing of Koreans paying tribute to China…)
As mentioned before, a massive influx of silver comes into China during the Ming and Qing dynasties as the world demands the items produced there, including silk, tea, and porcelain. Particularly toward end of Unit 4, Europeans become fascinated by Chinese goods as there is an increasing middle class in Europe – the ‘exotic’ and ‘foreignness’ of China aroused curiosity and signified status
During the Ming Dynasty, many Jesuits began to arrive. Ricci spent nearly thirty years in China, establishing Christian missions on the mainland. Often viewed with suspicion, he and his fellow Jesuits were arrested a number of times and banished from various towns. Yet in 1601, Ricci secured an invitation to enter the Forbidden City and became one of the first Westerners ever admitted. The world map Ricci created in Beijing in 1602 is exceptional on many counts. In addition to its large size and Chinese-centered perspective, it is the oldest surviving Chinese map to show the Americas.
Although Ricci located China at the center, the map revealed the vastness of the globe, giving the inward-facing culture of the late Ming dynasty a wholly new conception of China’s place in the world. According to Ricci’s published diary (also exhibited in this gallery), when the Chinese saw “what an almost unlimited stretch of land and sea lay between Europe and China, that realization seemed to diminish the fear our presence had occasioned.”
Examine how Catholicism arrives in China.
The Ming’s decision to focus on internal matters and fend off the nomads led to the reinforcement of the Great Wall. Nonetheless the weaknesses of the Ming toward the end of the dynasty led to the invasion of the Manchus from up north, and yet another takeover by nomads.
Qing Dynasty expands substantially at the same time Russia is also expanding – they end the nomadic attacks so common in other units.
Qing Dynasty were foreigners, and set policies to reinforce their superiority. Yet they also retained and respected much of traditional Chinese culture: retained civil service exams and supported Confucianism. They just set censors on top of the system to oversee it all and make sure they approved of decisions.
The Qing was very successful: consider what was required to have such a population surge. In fact, suggest that it is the very SUCCESS of the Qing that will be its downfall.
Part of the success of the Qing also has to do with Columbian Exchange.
And so let’s consider the areas that paid tribute to China. The nomads disappear to the north as we approach the end of Unit 4. Korea has installed the Choson Dynasty (1392), which is a mini-Confucian court but access to scholarly elite is limited to certain wealthy families. Slavery exists. What about Japan?
Remember there were attempts at centralization between 700 and 1185 CE. Building of capital – try to create a mini-Tang Dynasty under Emperor…remember Prince Shotoku and his 17-article constitution? But even in this period you see fragmentation…Fujiwara family essentially marries into the family of the emperor and gains control. Family feuds commence…
Ultimately, however, the power of aristocratic families overwhelms attempts to centralize/unify Japan. The emperor and those at his court are unable to create a large, conscripted army (cf. China). This leads to many kingdoms and these little kingdoms are ruled by warrior elite (SHOGUN). From 1185-1560s we have FEUDAL JAPAN.
Himeji castle: kingdoms are self-sufficient. Well-defended. Spying, sneak attacks became the order of the day, as well as Buddhist ideology and the more well-run kingdoms could be prosperous (castles)
Confucianism/Buddhism involved, but BUSHIDO adds ideal of warrior code.
Blend of Buddhism and Shintoism
Warlords are determined to bring ’all the country under one sword’. 3 men will end up accomplishing the work of reunification. Contrast of their characters revealed in the story of a songbird that wouldn’t sing: Oda threatened to kill it, Toyotomi promised he would force it to do so, and Tokugawa knew if he had the patience it would sing of its own accord.
Oda Nobunaga was a great warrior whose ability to form alliances and use guns to his ruthless advantage to force families under his power. By the time of his death more than ½ the provinces of Japan had been brought under his control. He died of sepoku fighting another family.
Though Nobunaga died not longer after coming to power in 1582, his general, Hideyoshi Toyotomi, continued his ambitions. He was originally a foot-soldier from a humble background and he continued Nobunaga’s policy of disarming peasants and confirming the separation of classes: goal was to ensure there was only one military class possible and that the samurai would answer only to him.
Hideyoshi had big plans, if we recall:
Invaded Korea in 1592 with 225,000 men, though was eventually pushed back and killed by a Chinese and Korean defense. Hideyoshi underestimated China's awesome war resources and its commitment to its little brother Korea. Even at the end, Japan was unwilling to give up the invasion until General Hideyoshi had died. (This is a painting of Korea giving Japan a tiger in 1594 to open negotiations for peace after Japan's attack on Korea) http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/9.1/chaiklin.html
When Hideyoshi died in 1598, there was a power struggle, and a powerful daimyo named Tokugawa Ieyasu came to power in the year 1600. Ieyasu is famous for his patient character: “Regard discomfort as normal and you will not be troubled by want”. But he was also ambitious: to demonstrate his loyalty to Nobunaga, he had arranged the deaths of his first wife and eldest son when they were suspected of plotting against Nobunaga. To bind himself to Hideyoshi he had given him a son to adopt and married his middle-aged sister. By the time Hideyoshi died, Tokugawa was the largest landholder in the country.
His Shogunate, the Tokugawa Shogunate, would rule for the next 250 years
Based in Edo, which would become Tokyo [as such, this period is also known as the Edo Period]
Population set up almost like a caste system, but inspired by Confucian Song Dynasty philosopher Chu His: idea of a strict social order.
Samurai 7% of the population
Peasants 80%; farmed, source of wealth
Craftworkers, made what people needed
Merchants; were thought of as producing nothing and contributed little to society
Forced the daimyo, or feudal lords, to have a residence in Edo; families had to live there; had to provide armies upon demand of the Shogun; had to pay for any infrastructure improvements to the country
In Kyoto resided the imperial court, which traced its origins back to the 7th century BC! Today, still, the Japanese Royal Family traces its origins back this far.
Europeans first came to Japan by accident in 16th century when a Chinese ship with Portuguese passengers was driven ashore. While the crew repaired the ship, the Portuguese strolled along the shore shooting ducks – the Japanese had never seen guns before, but within 6 months they had learned how to manufacture them. TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER THUS DATES BACK TO THE VERY BEGINNING OF JAPAN’S RELATIONSHIP WITH WEST
St. Francis Xavier: leader of the Jesuits in Japan. Some 150,000 converts by death of Nobunaga with only about 20 Jesuits.
Hideyoshi primary source: Against Christianity. Hideyoshi would crucify Christians to crackdown on their activities & because he had heard Spanish were planning to attack Japan
Nagasaki was basis of ports and interaction with foreigners
Edict of 1635, The Closing of the Country
As such, not only was Christianity banned, so was all contact with foreigners after 1641 when European ships were banned from landing in Japan
The Japanese had managed to copy the guns and weapons the Europeans introduced, and thought that only Europeans benefited from the trade and therefore had no need to continue trading with them
61 Portuguese traders who arrived in 1640 were beheaded and the rest sent home to warn others that they meant business
Except for the Dutch, which were allowed to reside at Deshima [a small island] in Nagasaki
Dutch served, essentially, as a window to the rest of the world for the Japanese
Dutch Studies helped them learn to paint with perspective, learn astronomy, and European knowledge about medicine
And now to the neighbor to the LARGE neighbor to the north….
Early slavic states unify around Kiev way back in Unit 3 by 900 CE. The Rus were warrior princes of Kiev and had trade contacts with Turkish nomads and Byzantine empire. Famous for one prince converting from polytheism to Orthodox Christianity because of his love for alcohol instead of Islam.
Under Mongols princes were middlemen for the Mongols – paid them tribute and thus were relatively left alone except for the payment of taxes. Orthodox church benefits from Mongols with their religious tolerance and the princes of Moscow were the best at successfully cooperating with the Mongols.
After 1462 the Moscow ruler felt he was powerful enough to refuse paying tribute to Mongols. Marries last Byzantine emperor’s niece after fall of Constantinople. (late 15th century). Begins to unify Slavs.
Ivan IV is Ivan III’s grandson.
Ivan IV killed his own son after a domestic dispute (son was defending his wife). Both of these were painted in 19th century
He really begins Russian expansion in early 16th century
Started with Z (move south and east) under Ivan and eventually Peter the Great.
Fur becomes incredibly important
Pushed back Mongols
Gives land for Cossacks (freed peasants/adventurers) and nobles (Boyars) – FRONTIERMEN! (Think cowboys, but in Russia)
Conquered over 100 ethnic groups (like US expansion!). 50% died from diseases; resisters were slaughtered
Y under Catherine the Great (south and west) c. 1750
Gain access to ports in 18th century closer to Black Sea and therefore conflict with Ottomans
X (south – 1800s)
Threat to British in India
Start to get into conflict with Japan! Further buffer with Ottomans
Feudalism allowed central gov’t to satisfy nobility and keep their loyalty while lacking bureaucratic system to control everyone.
Serfs became rewards for military men willing to fight for tsar in expanding empire; legally tied to their land by 1649 – they came to be in a condition very close to slavery by 1800 as gap between classes increased to a huge extent. The nobles couldn’t give serfs freedom of movement.
Wealth derived from land, not through trade in Russia.
Building tsar power (further centralization) – not interested in the parliamentary features that were being created in parts of Western Europe in his time (Holland). Seized on absolutist currents!
Military became Westernized organizationally and set up secret police (he even executed rebels personally)
Abolished traditional customs (father of bride to pass small whip to groom)
Women wore Western-style clothes (only among nobles)
Males shave beard (nobles)
Founded scientific institutes along Western lines
Selective in nobles, keeping feudal practices, autocracy
Building of St. Petersburg as new capital along Western European models (vs. moscow, which was traditionally Slavic since Ivan III and its Kremlin, which has the more onion-shaped dome tops and fortress like appearances. Classical models are used in Europe)
