The document summarizes Latin American history from the late 18th century to the present day. It discusses several key periods: (1) the independence generations from 1780-1830 when leaders like Bolivar advocated independence from Spain; (2) the first republican generations from 1825-1875 as new countries struggled with their identities and modernization; (3) the fin de siecle generation from 1870-1900 as countries experienced further modernization through technology and industry; (4) the new century generation from 1900-1920 with urbanization and changes in work and politics; (5) the midcentury generation from 1920-1959 with new global influences; and (6) contemporary generations from 1959 to present with revolutionary movements and shifts

1. The Human Tradition in Modern Latin America Summaries by: Delissa Ainsworth

2. I. The Independence Generations: Between colony and Republic, 1780-1830 Simon Bolivar and Francisco Miranda of Venezuela advocate independence Mexican wars were from 1808-1821 Social and ethical tensions

3. I. The Independence Generations: Between colony and Republic, 1780-1830 Indians and mestizos followed priests to campaign for independence (1810-1815) Many white creole were scared and thus turned against independence

4. I. The Independence Generations: Between colony and Republic, 1780-1830 1810 marked the beginning of the White Creoles’ movement toward separation from Spain. Argentines and Brazilians fought over flat grasslands Independence softens colonial class and allows opportunities for others

5. II. The First Republican Generations: Between American Barbarism and European Civilization, 1825-1875 Hope and expectation Single society dissipates; religion and conflicting interests precede. Elites have leisure time, tranquility, access to universities, intellectuals and libraries Availability to discuss foreign views

6. II. The First Republican Generations: Between American Barbarism and European Civilization, 1825-1875 Catholic churches dominate education, the aura within major cities People mainly live in rural small villages Few comforts and amusements Countryside untamed Political rebel controlled horses, cattle and crops

7. II. The First Republican Generations: Between American Barbarism and European Civilization, 1825-1875 By 1870 most Latin American countries experienced major conflict against provinces By 1880 chance of life varied based on your residence, connections, access to land or skills, race and gender. Racial discrimination was minimal compared to the USA

8. II. The First Republican Generations: Between American Barbarism and European Civilization, 1825-1875 Elite women were able to get away from restrictions enforced Some women acted through their husbands to influence power People struggle to keep any small advantage they held After 1870 the issue of independence was resolved in favor of the liberal European modernizers

9. III. The Fin de Siecle Generations : The Tension between Decadence and Progress, 1870 -1900 Europeanized urban liberals defeated the traditionalists New buildings, city parks, avenues, railroads, streetlights, refrigerated ships, and industries MODERNIZATION!

10. III. The Fin de Siecle Generations : The Tension between Decadence and Progress, 1870 -1900 Science and technology move in Many confused and resist the change Patronization of the “new age” Police and armies are more efficient Churches take a step back

11. III. The Fin de Siecle Generations : The Tension between Decadence and Progress, 1870 -1900 Many resisters get defeated and others use the church to protect their people 1880’s Cuba and Brazil outlawed slavery Acceptance of Indians, mestizos, pardos, mulattoes and black in the citizendry Many political conflicts in the final quarter

12. IV. New-Century Generations: Revolution and Change in the Cities and the Countryside, 1900-1920 Urban opportunities bring in migrants from the countryside and immigrants from abroad Additional public services and utilities Organized labor unions Reforming the political systems Extending the franchise to all adult males Devising modest political changes

13. IV. New-Century Generations: Revolution and Change in the Cities and the Countryside, 1900-1920 Life has new opportunities Commercialization of agriculture Expansion of markets in food and materials Farmers lose work due to factories Huge percent of campesinos work on someone else’s land ~ 80% of Latin Americans dream if owning land Workers have inhuman housing, poor wages and starvation

14. IV. New-Century Generations: Revolution and Change in the Cities and the Countryside, 1900-1920 1910- Mexicans went through era of violence and resulted in reconstruction of the nation Revolution created hope, inspiration, fear and goals for the future

15. V. Midcentury Generations, 1920-1959 World War 1 ruins trade patterns New strains in Latin America Politicians, churchman, industrialist, workers, peasants, and university faculty Race raises more concern Dancing the tango becomes very popular Radio, movies are the new craze Women stepping out into public eye more causing challenges with politics

16. V. Midcentury Generations, 1920-1959 Success in Russia created hope and despair among Latin Americans Counterrevolutionary political organization Great depression and the Spanish Civil War add fears about universal revolution Social breakdown- flappers, bobbed haircuts The Good Neighbor policy

17. VI Contemporary Generations, 1959-the Present Revolutionary movement still move forward primarily in Central America Sandinistas seized power in Nicaragua 1980’s new period of democratization New governments = neoliberal policies Castro still in power in Cuba US shifts from anticommunism to anti-drug wars

18. VI Contemporary Generations, 1959-the Present January 1, 1959: Fidel Castro wins power in Cuba Revolution was here and now The US tries to eliminate the Cuban appeal and the revolutionary conditions throughout Latin America The US supplies financial, technical and military assistance 1970- Latin America urban guerilla = violence, kidnappings and assassinations “ Dirty War”