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42.1900 1929
- 1. 1900-1929: The Crisis of the Imperial Order
- 4. The 20th and 21st centuries: The Age of Violence…? The Age of Progress (?)(!)
- 5. The Chinese Dynasties (sung to the tune of "Frère Jacques”) Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Sui, Tang, Song Sui, Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Mao Zedong Mao Zedong
- 8. Sun Yat Sen: Father of the Republic of China (ROC)
- 9. “New Nation” Problems • Colonial heritage Problem identifying experienced political leadership • Political Legitimacy: monarchy or republic? State boundaries? • Economic hardship
- 11. World War I: 1914-1919 • The ‘war to end all war’…or the ‘peace to end all peace’? • Between 1914 and 1945, two World Wars were fought in which at least 60 million people died.
- 12. Causes of the War? • Patterns of 19th century: • Environmental and economic changes from Industrial Revolution • New Imperialism • Old European competition • Alliances • Nationalism
- 13. THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE Germany, Austria-Hungary (Italy) THE TRIPLE ENTENTE France, Great Britain, Russia
- 14. Nationalism was causing tension in Europe • Irish in Britain wanted their own nation (religion/language) • Poles in Russia wanted their own nation (religion/language) • Slavic minorities in the Balkans and Austro-Hungarian Empire wanted the same (SERBIA)
- 15. 1914: Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand & His Wife by Serbian Nationalist
- 16. Alliances are set off…
- 17. Early Optimism to Fight “I felt restless, excited, eager to do something desperate for the cause of England. And then the impulse came, sending the blood tingling all over my body: why not join the Army now? A great and glorious suggestion. It might not be too late. Girls smiled at me, men looked at me with respect, the bus drivers wished me luck and refused to take money for my fare, and everybody made way for me...” – British volunteer recruit, 1914
- 19. War Propaganda: Women’s Roles
- 21. A New Type of War: Airplanes
- 22. A New Type of War: Machine Guns
- 23. A New Type of War: Armored Cars
- 24. A New Type of War: Gas Attacks
- 25. A New Type of War: Trench Life
- 26. So why is it called a World War if we are talking about Europe?
- 28. So why is it called a World War if we are talking about Europe? • Japan •United States
- 29. The Russian Revolution: “Situation serious. Anarchy in the capital. Government paralyzed.” -- Telegram to Russian Tsar Nicholas II, 1917
- 31. The Rise of Soviets Vladimir Lenin
- 32. Russia in World War I
- 35. A poster of the Russian Civil War, 1918-1921 “Long Live World October [revolution]! Workers conquered power in Russia. Workers will conquer power in the entire world.”
- 37. WWI: America’s Increasing Presence on the World Stage President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points
- 38. The Horrors of War…and its Long Term Consequences • Zeitgeist in Europe
- 39. Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs And towards our distant rest began to trudge. Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind; Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind. Gas! GAS! Quick, boys! -- An ecstasy of fumbling, Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime . . . Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light, As under I green sea, I saw him drowning. In all my dreams, before my helpless sight, He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning. If in some smothering dreams you too could pace Behind the wagon that we flung him in, And watch the white eyes writhing in his face, His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin; If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues, -- My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori. Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
- 40. 1. Creation of New Nations
- 43. Balfour Declaration & the Zionist Movement November 2nd, 1917 Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet. "His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country." I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours sincerely, Arthur James Balfour
- 46. 2. Creation of League of Nations
- 47. 3. Punishing Germany • Had to pay winners lots of money • Forced to reduce its army • Its colonies and territories were divided among winners
- 48. Was the Treaty of Versailles a success or a failure?
- 54. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
- 55. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics • Under Lenin – Civil war Crushing opponents • Secret police • Murder of Tsar Nicholas II and his family – Central management • After Lenin – In fighting at top level….Stalin emerges by 1929
- 58. GOOD WIFE, WISE MOTHER “All the sleeping women Are now awake and moving.“ - Feminist poet Yosano Akiko
- 60. Request for racial equality rejected by League of Nations
- 64. Latin America
Editor's Notes
- Examine title of chapter: trend of 20th century is the decline of empires – move toward NATIONALISM. Might make sense then that this is also known as the ‘American Century’, since US was the first the declare itself an independent nation. (CLICK) Photo of signing of Treaty of Versailles in palace: was where Unification of Germany had been declared in 1871, so purposeful choice to sign treaty here and punish Germany. WWI is a bridge between 19th and 20th century.
- But noone knew what was going to happen in 1900, or what the century would offer. But perhaps one aspect of the prediction rang true (technology). Published in 1901, let us consider what one engineer imagined the world would be like in 2001
- Some are not right, but most of it is actually pretty true. And technological progress IS at the heart of the 20th century…but so, unfortunately, is violence.
- And this is our last unit – we have reached ourselves – and the major question is whether what makes us innately human (since Unit 1) – our ability to adapt and manipulate our environment – will also be our destruction. WE CREATE AND DESTROY. We will begin with WWI, which sets the stage for the 20th century. We will end with ourselves….what is our zeitgeist in a world that has become fully globalized? (Worries about global capitalism….Arab spring and the push for (peaceful) democracy) Hand out booklets
- Let’s begin with China since its story begins before the outbreak of WWI. Qing dynasty was in decline (why?) and did not have control over its economy. The Sino-Japanese wars convince the ruling Manchus to make some Westernizing reforms…in 1905 the civil service exams are ended…but the population increasingly does not believe in its legitimacy. The time may’ve been extra ripe for rebellions since Cixi died in 1908 and 2 year old Puyi becomes heir. REVOLUTION is in the air…
- On Oct 9, 1911 a young activist’s cigarette was too close to a bomb that a group of revolutionaries were making and it set a building on fire in the city of Wuhan. When the Qing authorities investigated, they found all the documents related to the revolution, including involvement of army officials. Faced with choice of arrest of moving forward, army seized weapons on 10/10 and soon after other provinces declared independence across the Qing empire. In this chaos political groups scrambled to position and profit for themselves. To placate revolutionaries, Qing dynasty calls for the creation of a “National Assembly”….China is moving towards a Republic. Question is: should the monarchy survive? Ultimately Puyi will abdicate in 1912 from pressure of revolutionary leaders…one of the most traditional forms of government in world history comes to an end.
- Sun Yat Sen is an important figure in this moment. One of the cultural half breeds we’ve come across. Western educated (Hawaii and Hong Kong) his writings and connections are part of a greater mobilization for REPUBLICAN form of government. He establishes KMT (nationalist) party and is father of Republic of China. But the problem China will face from 1911 to 1949 is how to envision what should come next (go back to Stearns’ NEW NATION problems).
- Pattern that we will see repeat in 20th century for independence movements Exclusion from colonial gov’t meant few people had experience of running a state (cf. USA) Leads to division in leadership (cf. French Revolution). What will be a national identity? Creoles interested in maintaining power: talk of racial unity not always put in practice.
- Ultimately Yuan Shikai (who has the military behind him) comes to dominate politics and up to his death during WWI, it looked like China might have returned to a monarchy…
- As Asia and Africa quickly became colonized and there was hardly anywhere left in the world to safely grab and avoid direct conflict, WWI breaks out
- Send: If WWI were a bar fight
- And that is what is significant about WWI: it was impressively mobilizing. Not only in the colonies, but at home, everyone was encouraged/expected to participate.
- British posters
- British posters
- U.S.A. poster
- Development of tanks – all nations used different versions of it. We see war leading to technological advancement.
- Early optimism turned into shock and horror as the war dragged on and left millions of young men dead and wounded, both physically and psychologically.
- 1. European nations enlisted their colonies to send resources and men to fight example: almost 200,000 men from India went to fight in France
- Tens of thousands of Africans served on battlefields of Europe, but also fought in the colonies as part of the strategy for Europeans was to invade each other’s territories. (German East Africa)
- Japan, allied with Britain, joined in 1914 to fight Germany 21 Demands… After German ships attacked U.S. ships in the war, the United States joined in 1917. READ ROBERT FISK ARTICLE
- In other industrialized nations (Europe and US) the government was forced to step in to prevent such treatment, while in Japan a huge sense of nationalism had convinced the Japanese that this was necessary to avoid colonization. In Russia the tsar’s power RESTED on old feudal families (remember Europe had left feudalism behind after its own bloody wars (e.g. French Revolution, England’s Glorious Revolution) and he could not simply pay out these nobles the way the Japanese had (DIVERSITY was TOLERATED by Russians)). Ultimately reforms occur off and on throughout late 19th and early 20th century, but more often than not oppositional voices are quashed. As we come to this beginning of the Russian Revolution in 1917, we have a long trail from the 1860s forward of failed reforms and disastrous events which set our stage.
- By this time councils began to form in towns all over Russia – these councils were called ‘soviets’. Soviets were socialist: they wanted wealth to be distributed more equally…why would socialism be popular? One of the most popular soviets was a group called the Bolsheviks.
- By 1917 Russia’s involvement in the war was unpopular Between 1914 and 1916, 2 million soldiers were killed and another 4 to 6 million were wounded or captured.
- Because of the war, the tsar and his government began to ration bread. Women (12-hour days) revolt 10,000 women; strike in all the factories. Nicholas II ordered soldiers to fire on the gathering unhappy crowds if necessary, but many soldiers refused to obey his orders. Nicholas II was forced to abdicate his position in March, ending the 300-year old tsar institution.
- Bolsheviks promised an end to WWI. Read some Lenin. By 1917 the tsar had abdicated and ultimately the Bolsheviks gain power…
- Civil War, 1918-1921. Will return to this in a bit.
- In 1919, after Germany’s surrender, almost 30 nations involved with the winning Allies gathered in Paris to discuss how to deal with the aftermath of World War I. Leaders of Britain, France, United States, and Italy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. Agreements made between countries before and during the war were brought up many times…. Many arguments were made during the conference because of so many competing interests. 3 Major outcomes: Creation of New Nations, League of Nations, Punishment of Germany
- 1823 US declared itself protector of the Western Hemisphere. In late 19th century, after Civil War, its Manifest Destiny meant aggressively moving West. In 1895 it was in conflict about being an empire, but it became one by justifying it as an act of “Defending freedom” Now, in WWI, what was US’ vision as a global leader? 14 points goal: how to maintain peace after such a horrendous war. Read selections
- By the end of the war, many people felt so disgusted by war that they never wanted to fight again… Subjects of European colonies around the world who watched and participated in the war were disgusted by the imperialists and became more determined to create their own nations.
- Everyone’s involvement meant no one remained unaffected…in Germany, for example, the British blockaded their ports so that around 750,000 people died as a result of starvation. Heart of TOTAL WAR – if a government has the support of its people, then the line between soldier and civilian is blurred. But was the martialism already apparent in imperial culture? (Think of London’s physical landscape)
- The Ottoman Empire is gone – to understand what happens to it, we must understand the variety of promises made by European powers.
- During the war, Britain made promises to many groups of people. First, promises to Arab nationalists in the Ottoman Empire in exchange for their help against the Ottomans. (Lawrence of Arabia with Hashemite family, fighting with Al Saud, Wahhabi family)
- British and French take on ‘imperial roles’, thinking they would be supported by people already living there. Left nothing settled, but created borders for many of the countries that exist there today, and encouraged migration of Jews to area that was called ‘Palestine’ under Ottomans. Turkey is created as an independent state
- Austro-Hungarian Empire was also broken apart. What are the new countries?
- Public opinion in America favored isolationism
- Carole Fink argues that disaffection stemming from the treaty's denials of self-determination in redrawing the map of Europe, the failure of the disarmament clauses and the League of Nations, and the harsh treatment of and economic penalties imposed upon Germany were all significant factors in the development of World War II. She concludes that while the authors of the treaty were guided by good intentions, the peace settlement failed in many ways due to their inability to fully comprehend the ramifications that the devastation of the war and the ideological forces it unleashed would have for the future of Europe. Priscilla Mary Roberts makes the case that the Treaty of Versailles was the victim of exaggerated initial expectations followed by a determined and well-orchestrated campaign by its opponents to discredit it in subsequent years. Nevertheless, she points out that some scholars have recently reevaluated criticisms of the peace settlement, arguing that its terms were not especially harsh for Germany. Roberts concludes that the failure of European statesmen to deal with emerging challenges in the 1930s—namely the economic crisis of the Great Depression and the rise of Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime in Germany—was a more fundamental cause of World War II than the shortcomings of the treaty itself.
- Between wars. For the victors, it’s ROARING.
- Between wars. For the victors, it’s ROARING. The feminist movement gets a (limited!) jump start. Women cut their hair, hike up their skirts…there’s a sexuality that may be surprising in the new media of mass consumerism: radio and movies! Jazz becomes popular – shows rise of AMERICAN pop culture and HOLLYWOOD (coca cola at home!) as well as transformation of slave music (West African drums and slave gospels) to jazz and blues. This was a generation who didn’t want to be concerned with fighting or wars…
- And science helped us understand our universe even more…Einstein received Nobel prize in 1921 for physics
- And with the progress of technology, so it hit the fields of medicine (COKE!)
- There was this enormous sense, among the people who felt themselves to have made the revolution, that we have done something that nobody in the world has done. ‘This is a country lying flat on its back, how can it recover?’ And what I think one has to re-create by imagination is the sheer impetus of people doing it, saying: in spite of everything we are still building this future, and we are looking forward to the future with enormous confidence.
- Speaking of 1921, that’s an important year for Communism. It’s the year the Bolsheviks win in Russia and ultimately create USSR in 1922. You can read about the details in your textbook, but realize Lenin’s vision for the USSR involved strong centralization. Stalin’s ruthlessness and the way in which opposition was suppressed becomes a part of the Soviet experience.
- By 1921 had fragmented into a warlord period, and a Communist Party was created that year. By 1925 Chiang Kai Shek was in control of the KMT upon Sun Yat Sen’s death (military background) and he began to unify China under a harsh, dictatorial system (silver bullet payments). During this period he saw the CCP as a threat and he attacked them rather than find a way to cooperate. CCP goes underground….Mao Zedong sees potential in the peasants
- Japan was going through a period of democratization after protests by the citizenry in early 20th century. It also allowed such movements (To a limited extent) in its colonies during this period (KOREA HAD MAJOR PROTESTS FOR SELF DETERMINATION IN 1918 THAT JAPANESE PUT DOWN BRUTALLY. WHY DID NOONE HELP THEM? EVERYONE IS IMPERIALISTIC). TAIWAN
- Yoshiya Nobuko: another interesting reflection of Japan’s increasing social changes. Promised in an arranged marriage by her father at a young age, Yoshiya was raised in a traditional, Confucian culture where women were expected to be obedient. Meiji slogan: “GOOD WIFE, WISE MOTHER”. Yet Yoshiya would rebel against the culture and embrace the new culture of women who were postponing marriage and instead working and finding a (small) level of financial independence. Wrote stories for young girls that encouraged such a new lifestyle and was even famous for being openly lesbian (female homosexuality was fairly tolerated in Japan). Yet this is a tense time in the 1920s – not everyone is interested in becoming so Western, particularly if it encourages that much individualism.
- The Shiseido cosmetics company opened its Western-style pharmaceutical business in Tokyo in 1872. Uses Western art to sell its beauty products. The modern Japanese woman is ‘cosmopolitan’ and knows what the fashion is like in European places. 1929 photo of a Shiseido window: notice the blend of East and Western fashion.
- Remember many Asians had emigrated from the region to industralizing areas for work – same for Japanese as it was for Chinese. America passed laws to prevent Asian immigration (policy of isolationism in 1920s) and couldn’t become citizens. Again fosters growing resentment at treatment of Japanese by West. Did racism by West help foment feelings of superiority by Japan…or had this already been planted in Tokugawa period? (Remember Hirata Atsutane? The Japanese are a holy race!)
- Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, through brilliant leadership post-WWI, manages to form a nationalist gov’t that fends off the partitioning of Anatolia by other powers. But Turkish identity comes at a price – the Greeks are expelled (they’d been living there since Classical period!) and Muslims expelled from Greece in retaliation. This is a reminder of a pattern in the Middle East: the land where MOST diversity had been celebrated for so long will now go through an identity crisis with the introduction of Western paradigms. Ataturk and his government fully embraces Westernization – Arabic script to Western script.
- And what about Africa? Map of 1914. There were different types of rule in Africa under colonialists: Direct rule: used by French, Belgians, Germans. Centralized, limited African participation in the bureaucracy (translators/clerks), but that requires a lot of manpower. Also used assimilation practices to turn the Africans French – justified by Enlightenment ideas. This was also true in French Indo-China – the more you assimilated French culture, the more rights you received…but there were not hard and fast rules so French colonial administrators could raise or lower the bar as they saw fit. Tension between ‘uplifting’ the colonial subjects and believing they were incapable (Darwinism). Germans were also notorious for being ruthless in how they dealt with revolts. Indirect rule: British practice; did not aim to displace traditional systems of authority/admin, but to control them. Justified by arguing British are guiding them to liberty and self-development. This was literally less costly for the British than direct rule, and British officers were required to learn local languages (cf. French; cf. India). Note that British never completely rejected monarchy at home, so having social hierarchy in colonies wasn’t anathema as to the French, but also British didn’t always believe assimilation completely possible for Africans (Darwinism).
- * Latin American societies remained essentially traditional; the white creoles operated within their countries much as their forebears had done since the Conquest: politics were based on patronage and informal bargaining between power-holders and their clients. The hacienda dominated the economy in 1900 and continued to be the prime source of status. Society, as a result, remained rigidly patriarchal, stratified along racial and economic lines. Wealth from trade had strengthened central governments, which led to enlarged bureaucracies, to improved standards of education, health and housing, and, in most countries, to the immigration of European workers. Thus, openness to the world economy had infused some modern elements into the body of traditional society: there emerged sizeable urban populations, comprising middle-class professionals, white-collar employees and a growing industrial working class. Until the First World War the export-economies continued to function profitably. After 1918, however, structural readjustments in world markets unsettled Latin American trade and loosened the hold of the white élites on their societies. The export trade that so enriched the creole élites brought changes that would progressively undermine traditional patriarchal authority over other social classes. in the 1920s very large numbers of immigrants arrived from Spain, Italy, Portugal. A flourishing export trade stimulated the growth of towns and cities. In the urban areas small-scale industrial enterprises supplied clothes, shoes, furniture, processed food and other light consumer goods to the growing population. The nature of the labour force changed accordingly: there emerged an urban proletariat employed in the docks, railways, factories and processing plants, in addition to the traditional urban working classes which comprised artisans, craftsmen and small traders. White-collar employees also multiplied, as the activities of the state became more complex and commercial firms expanded.
- US participation in the Latin American export-economies was different from the British, which had largely been concentrated in utilities, infrastructure and finance capital. US companies invested more directly in the process of production, especially in minerals and oil, so that large parts of the export sector of Latin American countries came under the control of US interests. The banana trade began in 1870, when Captain Baker of Boston, MA, brought some bananas back from his trip to the Caribbean. He found it very profitable to sell the exotic fruit, and eventually the United Fruit Co is created. The CEOs of this business come to have very close relationship with gov’ts of the banana plantaitons: marry into families, and are behind investments in railroads to transport these goods. (Cf. with BEIC – gain access to production but do NOT create a military – become crony of government officials there, especially with patriarchial/patronage system already in place) ‘Banana republics’: United Fruit Company