The document summarizes several management theories from classical to contemporary approaches: 1. Classical approaches include scientific management which aimed to increase efficiency through specialization of work, and administrative management which focused on formalizing organizational structure. 2. Behavioral management emerged in response and emphasized the social and psychological factors that influence work. 3. Quantitative management applied mathematical models to assist decision making, while systems perspective viewed organizations as open systems interacting with their environments. 4. Contingency theory recognized there is no universal best approach and the most effective style depends on various internal and external situational factors.

8. Gantt Chart

15. Theory X and Theory Y Table 2.2 Source: Douglas McGregor, The Human Side of Enterprise , Copyright © 1960 by McGraw-Hill. Reprinted by permission of The McGraw-Hill Companies.

22. Contingency View Universalist : “ One best way” Case View : “ Every situation is unique ” Contingency View : Different situations require different approaches. What works best in one situation might not work in another. Managers must analyze the situation to find the right solution.

26. An Integrative Framework of Management Perspectives Figure 2.4 Systems Approach • Recognition of internal interdependencies • Recognition of environmental influences Contingency Perspective • Recognition of the situational nature of management • Response to particular characteristics of situation Classical Management Perspectives Methods for enhancing efficiency and facilitating planning, organizing, and controlling Behavioral Management Perspectives Insights for moti- vating performance and understanding individual behavior, groups and teams, and leadership Quantitative Management Perspectives Techniques for improving decision making, resource allocation, and operations Effective and efficient management