This document provides an overview of the history and major approaches to management. It discusses early examples of management from ancient structures like pyramids and the Great Wall of China. The major approaches covered are the classical, behavioral, quantitative, and contemporary approaches. The classical approach emphasized efficiency and scientific principles. The behavioral approach studies human behavior in organizations. The quantitative approach applies mathematical techniques to improve decision making, while the contemporary approach includes systems theory and contingency thinking.

2. Management History
Module
By
Usama Tariq

3. CONTENTS
 What is Management
 4 Functions Of Management
 Early Management
 Examples Of Early Management
 Major Approaches to Management
 Classical Approach
 Behavioral Approach
 Quantitative Approach
 Contemporary Approach

4. What is Management?
The organization and coordination of the
activities of a business in order to achieve
defined objectives.

5. 4 Functions Of Management
Management
Organizing Leading Controlling
Planning

6. Early Management
Management has been practiced for a long time.
Let’s have a look at some of the most interesting
examples.

7. Pyramids

8. Wars

9. Great Wall
Of China

10. Major Approaches to
Management
 Classical Approach
 Behavioral Approach
 Quantitative Approach
 Contemporary Approach

11. Classical Approach
The first study of management, often called
Classical Approach, emphasized rationality and
making organization and workers as efficient as
possible.

12. Major Contributors in
Classical Approach
 FREDERICK W.
TAYLOR
(1856-1915)
 FRANK GILBERTH
(1868-1924)
& LILLIAN GILBERTH
(1878-1972)

14. Theories
 Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management
 Fayol’s Administrative Theory
 Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy

15. Taylor’s Principles Of
Scientific Management
 Replace rule of thumb work methods with
methods based on a scientific study of the task.
 Scientifically select, train and develop each
worker rather then passively leaving them to train
themselves.
 Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the
scientifically developed methods are being
followed.
 Divide work and responsibility almost equally
between management and workers. Management
does all work for which it is better suited then the

16. Fayol’s Principles Of
Management
 Division of work
 Authority
 Discipline
 Unity of command
 Unity of direction
 Subordination of individual interests to the general
interest
 Remuneration
 Centralization
 Scalar chain
 Order
 Equity
 Stability of tenure of personnel
 Initiative
 Esprit de corps

17. Characteristics Of Weber’s
Bureaucracy
The Ideal
Bureaucracy
Division of
labor
Management
& ownership
is separate
Decision
recorded in
writing
Selection
based on
technical
qualification
Position
organized in
hierarchy
Managers
subject to
rules &
procedures

18. Behavioral Approach
The field of study that researches the actions
(behavior) of people at work is called
Organizational Behavior(OB).

19. Major Contributors in
Organizational Behavior
 ROBERT OWEN
(1771-1858)
 HUGO MUNSTERBERG
(1863-1916)

21. Early OB Advocates
Early
Advocates
of OB
Robert Owen
1700s
Hugo
Munsterberg
1900s
Mary Parker
1900s
Chester
Barnard
1930s

22. Quantitative Approach
The Quantitative Approach involves the use of
quantitative techniques to improve decision
making. This approach has also been labeled
operations research of management science.
It includes applications of statistics, optimization
models, information models and computer
simulations.

23. Major Contributors in
Quantitative Approach
 W. EDWARDS DEMING
(1900-1993)
 JOSEPH M. JURAN
(1904-2008)

24. Quality Management
Quality Management, is a management
philosophy devoted to continual improvement
and responding to customer needs and
expectations.

25. Branches Of Quantitative
Management
 Management Science
 Operations Management
 Management Information Systems

26. How Do Today’s Managers
Use The quantitative
Approach?
 The Quantitative Approach has contributed
directly to management decision making in the
areas of planning and control.
 When managers make budgeting, scheduling,
quality control and similar decisions, they typically
rely on quantitative techniques.
 The availability of sophisticated computer
software programs to aid in developing models,
equations and formulas has made the use of
quantitative techniques somewhat less
intimidating for managers, although they must still
be able to interpret the results.

27. Contemporary Approach
Contemporary Approach means new, recent or
current approaches in the field of management.

28. Classification Of
Contemporary Approach
Contemporary
Approach
System theory
Closed
system
Open system
Contingency
approach

29. System Theory
A set of interrelated and interdependent parts
arranged in a manner that produces a unified
whole.

30. Types Of System Theory
 Closed System
 Open System

31. a) Closed System
System that are not influenced by and do not
interact with their environment.

32. b) Open System
A system that interact with their environment.

33. Contingency Approach
A management approach which says that
organizations are different, face different
situation and require different ways of managing.

34. Popular Contingency
Variables
 Organization Size
 Routineness Of Task Technology
 Environmental Uncertainty
 Individual Differences