Housing is one of the most important basic needs for the community. Many countries suffer from housing problems and take a number of procedures to solve it. This paper approaches one of the strategies used in many countries to provide housing which is Affordable Housing, presents the relations between affordable and sustainable housing and proposes the adaptable multifamily courtyard house as an approach to achieve a sustainable affordable housing. Method: A three items framework for adaptability is introduced, an example of adaptable courtyard multifamily housing is prepared and a comparison is made between the courtyard and the non-courtyard housing. Results: Support the argument of the possibility of investing the concept of multifamily courtyard house to achieve a sustainable adaptable housing with private courtyards for each dwelling which will lead, supposedly, to sustainable affordable housing. Conclusions: This study gives indicators for architects on designing a sustainable affordable multifamily housing.
This document provides an overview of eco-labels. It defines eco-labels as labels given to products that are deemed more environmentally friendly than similar products based on criteria set by certification bodies. Eco-labels aim to make it easier for consumers to consider the environmental impact of products when shopping. Several examples of eco-label programs are described, including the Blue Angel program in Germany, the Nordic Eco Label, and the EU Eco Label. Benefits of eco-labeling include informing consumers, promoting more sustainable production and consumption, and guiding the market toward greater environmental protection.
Amphibious house, a novel practice as a flood mitigation strategy in south ea...Alexander Decker
This document proposes amphibious houses as a novel flood mitigation strategy in Southeast Asia. It evaluates the acceptance level of floodplain settlers for considering amphibious houses as safe shelters. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 86 respondents from 6 lowland regions in Malaysia. The mean acceptance and suitability levels for amphibious houses were moderate at 3.08 and 3.33, respectively. Respondents with knowledge of floating houses showed significantly higher interest in applying amphibious houses. The document also describes the design of an amphibious house system using concrete pontoons and pits to allow houses to float during floods.
India is a peninsular country three sides covered with water. It faces a heavy monsoon season that causes large scale destruction throughout the country. Perennial rivers such as Ganga, Brahmaputra, etc. always causes flooding in north India and cyclones and heavy monsoon are the reason for flood in southern parts of India. India is the one of the vulnerable country for climatic change. It should work to provide flood proof, safe and affordable structures for all citizens. For centuries, the coastline has been the focus for variety of activities including industries, agriculture, recreation and fisheries. All the major cities in India have developed along the coastline. Over the past centuries, the sea level increased nearly eight inches in the coastal area and the scientists suggest a constant increase in sea level due to climatic change. There are two major factors for sea level rise, melting of ice sheets and thermal expansion of ocean. These factors are the result of global warming which cannot be changed easily. The sea level rise will have multiple impacts like migrating from coastal areas, frequent flooding, erode beaches; the net result will be migration from this densely populated areas. This report will explore and documents the various ways of protecting and creating a sustainable living environment for seaside and riverside residents. This will document the projection sea level rise and in change in climate will increase the frequencies of flood. This dissertation will answer the questions like “How can a structure sits in ground can survive during floods?” The techniques to provide low flood residents Amphibious housing functioning both in land and water. Amphibious Architecture is cost effective and safe alternative for permanent static elevation and it is achieved by buoyant foundations.
IMPLEMENTATION OF VALUE MANAGEMENT AS AN ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY TOOL FOR BUI...ijmvsc
Today, several researches have been carried out in the area of sustainability with much emphasis being
placed on the environmental dimension. Though this is good, a balance needs to be created between the
environmental, economic and social sustainability dimensions. Bearing this in mind, the construction
professionals are saddled with the responsibility of delivering sustainable construction projects using
diverse tools. One of such tool is Value Management (VM). Hence, this research assessed the use of VM in
delivering economically sustainable constructions. A case study approach was employed and the study
revealed that VM has a great role to play in delivering economic sustainability in construction since both
VM and Sustainability (the economic dimension) have a common goal which is; achieving value for money.
Notable benefits of VM in providing economic sustainability in construction includes: reduction of overall
cost while maintaining function through identification and removal of unnecessary materials and process
and use of local materials to save cost of importation and transportation. The study therefore recommends
the implementation of VM in building construction and presentation at various workshops and seminars in
order to enhance sustainable construction development through VM practise
This document discusses sustainability in the construction sector. It begins by defining sustainability and its three pillars - environmental, economic, and social. It then discusses sustainability at various scales from global to local. Sustainable development strategies aim to balance these three pillars through principles like respecting environmental limits and improving quality of life. The construction sector has significant environmental impacts through resource use and pollution, but can also support economic and social sustainability through jobs and infrastructure. Sustainable construction approaches like green building aim to minimize these environmental impacts over the full building lifecycle from construction to demolition.
Materials in Action - Examining the Impacts of Building Materials Think Wood
This document discusses the life cycle impacts of different building materials. It notes that while most environmental impacts from materials occur during extraction and production, they continue to influence the building's footprint throughout its operational lifespan and beyond. It then provides an overview of the topics that will be covered, including the durability, energy usage, recycling potential, and code considerations of wood, concrete, and steel materials. The document outlines its learning objectives and includes a table of contents for the presentation.
Universal Building Solutions provides a comparison of their advanced building system to conventional construction methods. Their system (1) dramatically reduces materials and construction time, saving money; (2) uses fewer environmentally harmful materials; and (3) produces stronger, more energy efficient buildings. Conventional methods are more expensive, labor intensive, harmful to the environment, and produce lower quality buildings. UBS aims to address these issues through an integrated building system approach.
Wood Scores A+ for Schools & Student HousingThink Wood
In educational facilities architects are called upon to achieve a wide range of objectives with limited budgets. An increasing number of designers are turning to wood-frame construction as a reasonable solution, it typically costs less while meeting all code and safety requirements. In addition, wood-frame construction offers advantages such as speed of construction, design versatility, and a light carbon footprint.
This document provides an overview of eco-labels. It defines eco-labels as labels given to products that are deemed more environmentally friendly than similar products based on criteria set by certification bodies. Eco-labels aim to make it easier for consumers to consider the environmental impact of products when shopping. Several examples of eco-label programs are described, including the Blue Angel program in Germany, the Nordic Eco Label, and the EU Eco Label. Benefits of eco-labeling include informing consumers, promoting more sustainable production and consumption, and guiding the market toward greater environmental protection.
Amphibious house, a novel practice as a flood mitigation strategy in south ea...Alexander Decker
This document proposes amphibious houses as a novel flood mitigation strategy in Southeast Asia. It evaluates the acceptance level of floodplain settlers for considering amphibious houses as safe shelters. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 86 respondents from 6 lowland regions in Malaysia. The mean acceptance and suitability levels for amphibious houses were moderate at 3.08 and 3.33, respectively. Respondents with knowledge of floating houses showed significantly higher interest in applying amphibious houses. The document also describes the design of an amphibious house system using concrete pontoons and pits to allow houses to float during floods.
India is a peninsular country three sides covered with water. It faces a heavy monsoon season that causes large scale destruction throughout the country. Perennial rivers such as Ganga, Brahmaputra, etc. always causes flooding in north India and cyclones and heavy monsoon are the reason for flood in southern parts of India. India is the one of the vulnerable country for climatic change. It should work to provide flood proof, safe and affordable structures for all citizens. For centuries, the coastline has been the focus for variety of activities including industries, agriculture, recreation and fisheries. All the major cities in India have developed along the coastline. Over the past centuries, the sea level increased nearly eight inches in the coastal area and the scientists suggest a constant increase in sea level due to climatic change. There are two major factors for sea level rise, melting of ice sheets and thermal expansion of ocean. These factors are the result of global warming which cannot be changed easily. The sea level rise will have multiple impacts like migrating from coastal areas, frequent flooding, erode beaches; the net result will be migration from this densely populated areas. This report will explore and documents the various ways of protecting and creating a sustainable living environment for seaside and riverside residents. This will document the projection sea level rise and in change in climate will increase the frequencies of flood. This dissertation will answer the questions like “How can a structure sits in ground can survive during floods?” The techniques to provide low flood residents Amphibious housing functioning both in land and water. Amphibious Architecture is cost effective and safe alternative for permanent static elevation and it is achieved by buoyant foundations.
IMPLEMENTATION OF VALUE MANAGEMENT AS AN ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY TOOL FOR BUI...ijmvsc
Today, several researches have been carried out in the area of sustainability with much emphasis being
placed on the environmental dimension. Though this is good, a balance needs to be created between the
environmental, economic and social sustainability dimensions. Bearing this in mind, the construction
professionals are saddled with the responsibility of delivering sustainable construction projects using
diverse tools. One of such tool is Value Management (VM). Hence, this research assessed the use of VM in
delivering economically sustainable constructions. A case study approach was employed and the study
revealed that VM has a great role to play in delivering economic sustainability in construction since both
VM and Sustainability (the economic dimension) have a common goal which is; achieving value for money.
Notable benefits of VM in providing economic sustainability in construction includes: reduction of overall
cost while maintaining function through identification and removal of unnecessary materials and process
and use of local materials to save cost of importation and transportation. The study therefore recommends
the implementation of VM in building construction and presentation at various workshops and seminars in
order to enhance sustainable construction development through VM practise
This document discusses sustainability in the construction sector. It begins by defining sustainability and its three pillars - environmental, economic, and social. It then discusses sustainability at various scales from global to local. Sustainable development strategies aim to balance these three pillars through principles like respecting environmental limits and improving quality of life. The construction sector has significant environmental impacts through resource use and pollution, but can also support economic and social sustainability through jobs and infrastructure. Sustainable construction approaches like green building aim to minimize these environmental impacts over the full building lifecycle from construction to demolition.
Materials in Action - Examining the Impacts of Building Materials Think Wood
This document discusses the life cycle impacts of different building materials. It notes that while most environmental impacts from materials occur during extraction and production, they continue to influence the building's footprint throughout its operational lifespan and beyond. It then provides an overview of the topics that will be covered, including the durability, energy usage, recycling potential, and code considerations of wood, concrete, and steel materials. The document outlines its learning objectives and includes a table of contents for the presentation.
Universal Building Solutions provides a comparison of their advanced building system to conventional construction methods. Their system (1) dramatically reduces materials and construction time, saving money; (2) uses fewer environmentally harmful materials; and (3) produces stronger, more energy efficient buildings. Conventional methods are more expensive, labor intensive, harmful to the environment, and produce lower quality buildings. UBS aims to address these issues through an integrated building system approach.
Wood Scores A+ for Schools & Student HousingThink Wood
In educational facilities architects are called upon to achieve a wide range of objectives with limited budgets. An increasing number of designers are turning to wood-frame construction as a reasonable solution, it typically costs less while meeting all code and safety requirements. In addition, wood-frame construction offers advantages such as speed of construction, design versatility, and a light carbon footprint.
The Government is proposing modification of state enactments and city level master plans for upward revision of FAR/FSI to accommodate land allocation for LIGs.
Tremendous economics is involved in the process of the mass housing schemes. An overview is needed to be taken to reduce the construction costs and make these constructions affordable which can be done on several levels .The review areas include economising construction materials costs, proper usage of technologies-conventional and alternate and project management. Several Developers are adapting these methods to reduce the construction costs of their projects.. It is estimated that overall employment generation in the economy on account of additional investment in the Construction/Housing Sectors is eight times the direct employment (IIM Ahmedabad : 2005). In view of the substantial use of cement, steel, marble/ceramic tiles, electrical wiring, PVC pipes and various types of fittings; construction activity has a multiplier effect on industrial demand for these items.
Wood A Natural Choice - How the Building Material Contributes to Sustainable ...Think Wood
This presentation contributes to the discourse on sustainability that is driving ongoing improvement in the way buildings are designed and constructed. Specifically, it focuses on the growing trends of wood use as a low environmental-impact building material and the effect green building rating systems have on design choices.
This document summarizes a paper on sustainable construction materials and technology in the context of sustainable development. It introduces the authors and defines sustainability in construction as using locally available, energy efficient and durable materials that protect the natural environment throughout a building's lifecycle. It then discusses how sustainable development can be achieved through the adoption of sustainable construction materials and technologies, focusing on five specific sustainable materials.
IRJET- Sustainability in Architecture: Dynamic Buildings, “The Future of India”IRJET Journal
This document discusses the concept of dynamic and sustainable architecture for buildings in India. It defines dynamic buildings as those that can constantly change shape, such as through rotating floors. This allows for benefits like generating renewable energy through wind turbines and solar panels. The document outlines objectives of studying dynamic building models and their sustainability applications. It argues that dynamic buildings could help address India's growing infrastructure and energy needs by serving as self-powered structures. They may allow for faster construction and lower maintenance than traditional buildings, while generating clean energy on-site.
The ‘great Australian nightmare’? The Problem of Escalating Housing Aspiratio...Cecily Maller
The document discusses how changing social practices have shaped expectations for larger, more energy-intensive homes in Australia, posing challenges for climate change policy. It argues that interventions aimed at reducing housing emissions must target the elements constituting everyday living practices and their relationship to housing design and infrastructure. Shifting aspirations requires transforming home materials and meanings associated with the "great Australian dream" while recruiting households and stakeholders to more sustainable practices.
Within landscaping and architecture, reusing wood helps decrease environmental impacts while providing financial and educational benefits. However, several factors influence the potential for reprocessing leftover wood. Contamination from dirt and other materials makes wood difficult to reuse for high-quality products. The costs of sorting, cleaning, and transporting leftover wood also often outweigh the financial benefits. Alternative wood sources may be cheaper and easier to obtain and process than scattered and contaminated leftover wood. Overcoming these technical and economic challenges would allow leftover wood to play a greater role in producing new wood-based materials and products.
This document summarizes the key challenges related to climate change and energy development globally and for Denmark. The two main global concerns are energy security and climate change. Climate change is widely recognized as a major problem, and the IPCC states that limiting global warming will require significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The challenges vary significantly for different regions and countries based on their level of development. Denmark has potential for large reductions in carbon emissions through strategies targeting both energy demand and supply, including renewable energy and energy efficiency. International collaboration is needed to support low-carbon development globally.
The document summarizes strategies for sustainable housing in Denmark over the past 35 years, including renovation of existing buildings and new construction projects. It discusses approaches such as energy efficiency, renewable energy integration, and community-based housing cooperatives. It also outlines plans for further reducing climate impact from housing through additional energy savings and renewable energy in both existing and new buildings.
The document discusses trends in sustainable building design and low energy buildings. It covers several topics:
1. It describes various trend-setting sustainable building designs from around the world that use techniques like vertical gardens, biomimicry, and seamless indoor-outdoor integration.
2. It discusses the characteristics and goals of low energy buildings, which aim to reduce embodied and operational energy through techniques like passive design, automation, and renewable energy integration.
3. It proposes new sustainability indicators and models for comprehensively assessing the environmental impacts of building materials and construction processes from a life cycle perspective.
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Structural, Economic and Environmental Study of Concrete and Timber as Struct...theijes
This study analyzed concrete and timber as structural materials for residential buildings in Nigeria from structural, economic, environmental and energy perspectives. A duplex building model was designed using each material and analyzed using structural engineering software. Cost analyses found the timber model was approximately N3.85 million cheaper than the concrete model. Environmental impact assessments using lifecycle analysis found the concrete model had significantly higher negative impacts across several metrics, including 235-6,970% higher smog potential, fossil fuel consumption, ozone depletion, and global warming potential compared to the timber model. The results provide justification for considering timber as a cost-effective and more sustainable alternative to concrete for residential construction in Nigeria.
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Vertical Greening System (VGS) in Malaysia Research EssayJoe Yi Lim
This document provides a literature review on the influence of vertical greening systems (VGS) on environmental health in non-residential buildings in Malaysia. It discusses how VGS was introduced in the early 1990s and has since become more popular. It analyzes case studies that show benefits of VGS like temperature reduction. Building guidelines and regulations in Malaysia, the UK, and US are examined, showing VGS is now recognized but was overlooked earlier. In conclusion, VGS provides environmental benefits and should be more widely adopted in sustainable building practices.
IRJET- A Study on Low Cost Housing Construction with Delay ManagementIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on reducing costs for low-cost housing construction through the use of alternative materials and construction methods, while also examining causes of delays in construction projects. It first discusses definitions and importance of low-cost housing to address housing needs of low-income populations. It then reviews past literature on use of industrial waste materials and prefabrication techniques to reduce costs. The study aims to identify factors causing delays on an ongoing housing project, such as delays from contractors, clients, and weather events. Major causes of delay found were late contractor payments, material shortages, design changes, weather, and lack of skilled labor. The impacts of delays included increased costs, reduced productivity, and delayed completion. Recommendations are
REDECON 2016 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TALL STRUCTURES sabnisajit
The document describes a conference on tall structures that included discussions of sustainability indices for buildings. It introduces a new Sustainability Development Index (SDI) based on the concept of Figure of Merit (FoM) to evaluate sustainability levels in tall buildings. The SDI is expressed as a percentage that considers factors like material properties, embodied energy, carbon emissions, and transport energy. A case study application of the SDI to various building projects in different Indian cities and climates is also presented.
Rethinking Wood as a Material of Choice – Costs less, Delivers moreThink Wood
This document provides an overview of the benefits of using wood as a building material. It discusses how wood can help reduce costs compared to other materials like concrete through lower material, installation, and construction costs. It also explores innovative wood technologies that are expanding its uses in tall buildings, seismic applications, and prefabricated systems. The document examines wood's environmental benefits such as its renewability, ability to sequester carbon, and potential for reuse or recycling at the end of a building's life. It highlights several case studies where wood delivered cost savings or environmental benefits. The concluding section discusses research showing the positive impacts of exposed wood on building occupants.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on environmental and sustainable issues. It discusses topics like passive and active hybrid building designs, sustainable building materials, renewable energy technologies, green building codes and standards, and more. It also includes sections on specific sustainable building certification programs like LEED and SEED. Additional topics covered include bioclimatic principles, the economic benefits of green buildings, whether they are more expensive to build and operate, and case studies of sustainable building projects.
TYPOLOGY OF IRAQ’S TRADITIONAL COURTYARDS HOUSES AS ISLAMIC FUNCTIONAL SPACES...Hayder Haraty
To investigate to what extent has the Iraq’s traditional courtyard house in low rise residential units’ function as Islamic space in term of their physical design and planning, and its general potential to be applied in the modern low rise residential units in Iraq.
The document discusses the courtyard system. It provides a brief history of courtyards beginning in 6000 BC and describes how they have been used for various purposes over time and in different cultures around the world. The key advantages of the courtyard system are that it provides proper air circulation, maintains thermal comfort, and is more eco-friendly. Examples of courtyard styles from Rome, Greece, China, Islamic regions, Europe, India, and Nepal are highlighted.
This document summarizes a graduate thesis proposal for a design project focused on courtyard architecture. The proposal involves designing the headquarters for a bookstore and music franchise in Pune, India centered around three internal courtyards. The design aims to incorporate courtyard principles like natural light, ventilation, and indoor green spaces to create a sustainable and pleasant work environment. Schematic plans and sections depict the building organized around the courtyards with different types of spaces and activities arranged around each one.
The Government is proposing modification of state enactments and city level master plans for upward revision of FAR/FSI to accommodate land allocation for LIGs.
Tremendous economics is involved in the process of the mass housing schemes. An overview is needed to be taken to reduce the construction costs and make these constructions affordable which can be done on several levels .The review areas include economising construction materials costs, proper usage of technologies-conventional and alternate and project management. Several Developers are adapting these methods to reduce the construction costs of their projects.. It is estimated that overall employment generation in the economy on account of additional investment in the Construction/Housing Sectors is eight times the direct employment (IIM Ahmedabad : 2005). In view of the substantial use of cement, steel, marble/ceramic tiles, electrical wiring, PVC pipes and various types of fittings; construction activity has a multiplier effect on industrial demand for these items.
Wood A Natural Choice - How the Building Material Contributes to Sustainable ...Think Wood
This presentation contributes to the discourse on sustainability that is driving ongoing improvement in the way buildings are designed and constructed. Specifically, it focuses on the growing trends of wood use as a low environmental-impact building material and the effect green building rating systems have on design choices.
This document summarizes a paper on sustainable construction materials and technology in the context of sustainable development. It introduces the authors and defines sustainability in construction as using locally available, energy efficient and durable materials that protect the natural environment throughout a building's lifecycle. It then discusses how sustainable development can be achieved through the adoption of sustainable construction materials and technologies, focusing on five specific sustainable materials.
IRJET- Sustainability in Architecture: Dynamic Buildings, “The Future of India”IRJET Journal
This document discusses the concept of dynamic and sustainable architecture for buildings in India. It defines dynamic buildings as those that can constantly change shape, such as through rotating floors. This allows for benefits like generating renewable energy through wind turbines and solar panels. The document outlines objectives of studying dynamic building models and their sustainability applications. It argues that dynamic buildings could help address India's growing infrastructure and energy needs by serving as self-powered structures. They may allow for faster construction and lower maintenance than traditional buildings, while generating clean energy on-site.
The ‘great Australian nightmare’? The Problem of Escalating Housing Aspiratio...Cecily Maller
The document discusses how changing social practices have shaped expectations for larger, more energy-intensive homes in Australia, posing challenges for climate change policy. It argues that interventions aimed at reducing housing emissions must target the elements constituting everyday living practices and their relationship to housing design and infrastructure. Shifting aspirations requires transforming home materials and meanings associated with the "great Australian dream" while recruiting households and stakeholders to more sustainable practices.
Within landscaping and architecture, reusing wood helps decrease environmental impacts while providing financial and educational benefits. However, several factors influence the potential for reprocessing leftover wood. Contamination from dirt and other materials makes wood difficult to reuse for high-quality products. The costs of sorting, cleaning, and transporting leftover wood also often outweigh the financial benefits. Alternative wood sources may be cheaper and easier to obtain and process than scattered and contaminated leftover wood. Overcoming these technical and economic challenges would allow leftover wood to play a greater role in producing new wood-based materials and products.
This document summarizes the key challenges related to climate change and energy development globally and for Denmark. The two main global concerns are energy security and climate change. Climate change is widely recognized as a major problem, and the IPCC states that limiting global warming will require significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The challenges vary significantly for different regions and countries based on their level of development. Denmark has potential for large reductions in carbon emissions through strategies targeting both energy demand and supply, including renewable energy and energy efficiency. International collaboration is needed to support low-carbon development globally.
The document summarizes strategies for sustainable housing in Denmark over the past 35 years, including renovation of existing buildings and new construction projects. It discusses approaches such as energy efficiency, renewable energy integration, and community-based housing cooperatives. It also outlines plans for further reducing climate impact from housing through additional energy savings and renewable energy in both existing and new buildings.
The document discusses trends in sustainable building design and low energy buildings. It covers several topics:
1. It describes various trend-setting sustainable building designs from around the world that use techniques like vertical gardens, biomimicry, and seamless indoor-outdoor integration.
2. It discusses the characteristics and goals of low energy buildings, which aim to reduce embodied and operational energy through techniques like passive design, automation, and renewable energy integration.
3. It proposes new sustainability indicators and models for comprehensively assessing the environmental impacts of building materials and construction processes from a life cycle perspective.
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Structural, Economic and Environmental Study of Concrete and Timber as Struct...theijes
This study analyzed concrete and timber as structural materials for residential buildings in Nigeria from structural, economic, environmental and energy perspectives. A duplex building model was designed using each material and analyzed using structural engineering software. Cost analyses found the timber model was approximately N3.85 million cheaper than the concrete model. Environmental impact assessments using lifecycle analysis found the concrete model had significantly higher negative impacts across several metrics, including 235-6,970% higher smog potential, fossil fuel consumption, ozone depletion, and global warming potential compared to the timber model. The results provide justification for considering timber as a cost-effective and more sustainable alternative to concrete for residential construction in Nigeria.
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Vertical Greening System (VGS) in Malaysia Research EssayJoe Yi Lim
This document provides a literature review on the influence of vertical greening systems (VGS) on environmental health in non-residential buildings in Malaysia. It discusses how VGS was introduced in the early 1990s and has since become more popular. It analyzes case studies that show benefits of VGS like temperature reduction. Building guidelines and regulations in Malaysia, the UK, and US are examined, showing VGS is now recognized but was overlooked earlier. In conclusion, VGS provides environmental benefits and should be more widely adopted in sustainable building practices.
IRJET- A Study on Low Cost Housing Construction with Delay ManagementIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on reducing costs for low-cost housing construction through the use of alternative materials and construction methods, while also examining causes of delays in construction projects. It first discusses definitions and importance of low-cost housing to address housing needs of low-income populations. It then reviews past literature on use of industrial waste materials and prefabrication techniques to reduce costs. The study aims to identify factors causing delays on an ongoing housing project, such as delays from contractors, clients, and weather events. Major causes of delay found were late contractor payments, material shortages, design changes, weather, and lack of skilled labor. The impacts of delays included increased costs, reduced productivity, and delayed completion. Recommendations are
REDECON 2016 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TALL STRUCTURES sabnisajit
The document describes a conference on tall structures that included discussions of sustainability indices for buildings. It introduces a new Sustainability Development Index (SDI) based on the concept of Figure of Merit (FoM) to evaluate sustainability levels in tall buildings. The SDI is expressed as a percentage that considers factors like material properties, embodied energy, carbon emissions, and transport energy. A case study application of the SDI to various building projects in different Indian cities and climates is also presented.
Rethinking Wood as a Material of Choice – Costs less, Delivers moreThink Wood
This document provides an overview of the benefits of using wood as a building material. It discusses how wood can help reduce costs compared to other materials like concrete through lower material, installation, and construction costs. It also explores innovative wood technologies that are expanding its uses in tall buildings, seismic applications, and prefabricated systems. The document examines wood's environmental benefits such as its renewability, ability to sequester carbon, and potential for reuse or recycling at the end of a building's life. It highlights several case studies where wood delivered cost savings or environmental benefits. The concluding section discusses research showing the positive impacts of exposed wood on building occupants.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on environmental and sustainable issues. It discusses topics like passive and active hybrid building designs, sustainable building materials, renewable energy technologies, green building codes and standards, and more. It also includes sections on specific sustainable building certification programs like LEED and SEED. Additional topics covered include bioclimatic principles, the economic benefits of green buildings, whether they are more expensive to build and operate, and case studies of sustainable building projects.
TYPOLOGY OF IRAQ’S TRADITIONAL COURTYARDS HOUSES AS ISLAMIC FUNCTIONAL SPACES...Hayder Haraty
To investigate to what extent has the Iraq’s traditional courtyard house in low rise residential units’ function as Islamic space in term of their physical design and planning, and its general potential to be applied in the modern low rise residential units in Iraq.
The document discusses the courtyard system. It provides a brief history of courtyards beginning in 6000 BC and describes how they have been used for various purposes over time and in different cultures around the world. The key advantages of the courtyard system are that it provides proper air circulation, maintains thermal comfort, and is more eco-friendly. Examples of courtyard styles from Rome, Greece, China, Islamic regions, Europe, India, and Nepal are highlighted.
This document summarizes a graduate thesis proposal for a design project focused on courtyard architecture. The proposal involves designing the headquarters for a bookstore and music franchise in Pune, India centered around three internal courtyards. The design aims to incorporate courtyard principles like natural light, ventilation, and indoor green spaces to create a sustainable and pleasant work environment. Schematic plans and sections depict the building organized around the courtyards with different types of spaces and activities arranged around each one.
A detailed description of the evolution of courtyards, how they are used around the world and particularly in the Indian context.
(I'm sorry about the annoying webdings font. Slideshare didn't recognize the one I had used. Should've just stuck with Times New Roman.)
The document discusses the courtyard layouts of wadas in Maharashtra. It describes how wadas were planned around individual and shared courtyards, which could be circular, square or rectangular in shape. Courtyards served important social functions like gatherings and celebrations. Wadas typically had three courtyards - the first was a public space for gatherings, the second was more private for festivals, and the third contained toilets. The document provides examples of different types of wadas like garhis, rajwadas and wadas, and describes their characteristic courtyard designs and uses.
The document discusses the history and design of courtyard houses around the world. Courtyard houses have been used for over 4,500 years, originating in the Middle East. They provide enclosed outdoor space for activities while maintaining privacy. Key features include using the central courtyard to provide ventilation, light, and a communal gathering space. Courtyard designs have been popular in cultures from ancient Rome and China to modern developments in California and New Zealand. Courtyard houses are gaining new popularity for their energy efficiency and use of space.
The Baba Hassan Din Mausoleum in Lahore, Pakistan uses sustainable design principles and traditional construction materials and techniques to remain cool inside. It is oriented north-south with thick internal and external burnt brick walls for thermal mass. A double dome structure and basement further regulate temperatures. Traditional techniques like a central courtyard, stack effect from basement openings, ventilated dome, and lattice screens allow air flow throughout. The use of white marble, thick burnt brick walls, and these passive design strategies help maintain a comfortable interior environment.
THE IRAQI TRADITIONAL COURTYARD HOUSE: MORPHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONHayder Haraty
This document summarizes a study on the traditional courtyard house in Iraq. It examines three case studies of courtyard houses in Baghdad, Babylon, and Karbala. Each case study describes the location, layout, and drawings of the houses. The study finds that while the houses have regional variations, they all follow Islamic principles of form, accessibility, segregation of spaces, and projections. The conclusion discusses how Islamic teachings and sayings from the Quran and prophet helped establish guidelines for housing in Iraq centered around efficient movement, segregation of guests, and visual privacy between homes.
FINAL B.ARCH THESIS PRESENTATION IIT ROORKEE:
City Centre ,Rohini ,Delhi ,Thesis project (2013)
A Mixed use development project comprises of diverse activities and functions located at the
sprawling District centre in Rohini with site area of 16 acres.With a AIM to explore the symbiotic
character of COMMERCE and CULTURE and to evolve a contemporary model of conventional
Indian market.
Housing is considered affordable when total housing costs do not exceed 30% of a household's monthly income. This includes rent/mortgage payments and utilities. Affordable housing must preserve existing affordable units, make housing more affordable and available, promote diversity, and help families build wealth while linking to supportive services and balanced growth. Factors limiting affordable housing production include land and construction costs, zoning laws, and community reaction. Housing policies must promote healthy families and communities. Examples of policies include the Local Housing Allowance in the UK and rental assistance programs in the United States. While rural housing is assumed to be affordable, costs of living can be high with lower incomes.
This document discusses making affordable housing truly affordable through green building practices. It argues that green affordable housing can reduce long-term costs for low-income families through utility savings. It also notes health benefits like reduced indoor toxins. The document outlines Global Green USA's approach to promoting green affordable housing policies and developing green affordable housing projects like Los Vecinos in California. It analyzes trends in state housing plans and efforts to incorporate green criteria.
This document provides a project concept note for affordable housing. It introduces the team behind the project which includes young social entrepreneurs with experience in construction and manufacturing expanded polystyrene foam. The target client is any organization seeking affordable housing solutions using innovative technology and a no-bribes policy. The concept involves using expanded polystyrene panels for construction which provides benefits like fast construction, earthquake resistance, energy efficiency and more. Pictures of sample buildings constructed with this method are also included.
The presentation will give you a glimpse of, who successful was Courtyard has developed a new product, catering to the needs of the target customers. Even a concept called as "CANNIBALIZATION" has been explained in brief.
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Investing the Concept of Courtyard for Sustainable Adaptable Multifamily Housing
1. 2012 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences
American Transactions on
Engineering & Applied Sciences
http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS, http://Get.to/Research
Investing the Concept of Courtyard for
Sustainable Adaptable Multifamily Housing
a* a
Ali H. Al Jameel and Omar A. Al Hafith
a
Department of Architectural Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Mosul University, IRAQ
ARTICLEINFO A B S T RA C T
Article history: Housing is one of the most important basic needs for the
Received April 01, 2012
Received in revised form community. Many countries suffer from housing problems and take a
July 02, 2012 number of procedures to solve it. This paper approaches one of the
Accepted July 25, 2012 strategies used in many countries to provide housing which is
Available online July 30, 2012
Affordable Housing, presents the relations between affordable and
Keywords sustainable housing and proposes the adaptable multifamily
Affordable Housing; courtyard house as an approach to achieve a sustainable affordable
Sustainable Housing housing. Method: A three items framework for adaptability is
Adaptability; introduced, an example of adaptable courtyard multifamily housing
Courtyard Housing. is prepared and a comparison is made between the courtyard and the
non-courtyard housing. Results: Support the argument of the
possibility of investing the concept of multifamily courtyard house to
achieve a sustainable adaptable housing with private courtyards for
each dwelling which will lead, supposedly, to sustainable affordable
housing. Conclusions: This study gives indicators for architects on
designing a sustainable affordable multifamily housing.
2012 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences.
*Corresponding author (Ali H. Al Jameel). E-mail address: ahsaljameel@yahoo.com.
2012. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3.
ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 Online Available at 319
http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V01/319-334.pdf
2. 1. Introduction
Affordable Housing is one of the concepts that are used around the world to solve the housing
problems and to ensure that housing is available to all of the people including the low-income
people. The emergence of affordable housing belongs to the twentieth century and after the World
War II and the main objective was to provide low-cost housing for low-income people.
Affordable housing can be defined as the house which provides safety, acceptability, within
the applicable standards of housing and is designed, built to be available, accessible and convenient
for all people including low-income people. In general it does not require the tenant or owner to
spend more than 30% of their income on housing (Sidawi B. , 2008, p. 68), (Qeensland government
- Department of housing, 2004, p. 2).
1.1 The Importance of Affordable Housing
The importance of affordable housing is divided into several types of positive impacts, they
are: economic impacts, educational impacts, healthy impacts and social impacts. Economic
impacts include the costs and benefits can that may be measured by observing the production,
business and the movement of funds that result from the housing projects. The social Impacts
include the positive impacts of affordable housing on education, social life, health and other
aspects that can't be easily measured in terms economic profit (Lubell, Crain, & Cohen, 2007, p. 2).
1.2 Strategies for Achieving Affordable Housing
There are six strategies for achieving the affordable housing, they are:
• Using standards and determinants in designing and building housing units (Qeensland
government - Department of housing, 2004, p. 3).
• Increasing the density (Poulsen & Silverman, 2005, pp. 5-10).
• Flexibility (Rao, 2010, pp. 36-40).
• Standardization (Prince Abdullah Institute for Research, pp. 22-24).
• Eco-Affordable housing – reducing running cost (Lindburg, Howe, Bowyer, &
Fernholz, 2007, pp. 2-4).
• Adaptability (Russel& Moffat, 2001. P2).
320 Ali H. Al Jameel and Omar A. Al Hafith
3. 2. The Multifamily Housing
The emergence of multifamily housing belongs to the ancient time from the Roman till the
multifamily housing projects in Europe after the Industrial Revolution and the World War II.
The tendency towards the multifamily housing in Iraq during the last decades of twentieth
century was for different reasons and the most important reasons of them are:
• The increasing needs for dwelling units.
• The great increase in the urban residential land value as a result of the spread use of the single
family house pattern in the urban area, which led to increase value of the residential land,
especially near the centers of cities, services and transportations. This led to the trends of the
efficient use of land to the optimum extent to provide housing for largest possible number of
people and also to provide the best services to the highest residential density by using the
multifamily housing.
• Reduce the cost of services: Multifamily housing reduces the cost of services such as water
supply, electricity, phone and sewage by reducing the length of these supplying networks if
designed properly.
• Multifamily housing reduces the continuous horizontal expansion of the city which result from
single family housing pattern. The result of reducing the horizontal expansion of the city will
lead to reduce cost of infrastructure, transportation and services.
• Multifamily housing facilitates the possibility of building the largest number of dwelling units
and in short time.
• Multifamily housing has more economic efficiency compared to single family housing, which
helps to provide adequate housing for largest number of people.
But there are some criticisms that were directed to the multifamily housing compared to single
family housing, and the most important of these criticisms is that the dwelling units don't have the
ability to accommodate the changing requirements of occupants during the family lifecycle. In
addition to this, there are other criticisms like the problem of providing the privacy and the pattern
of possession of the dwelling units (Mohammed, 1989, pp. 36-40).
*Corresponding author (Ali H. Al Jameel). E-mail address: ahsaljameel@yahoo.com.
2012. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3.
ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 Online Available at 321
http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V01/319-334.pdf
4. 3. The Concept of Adaptability
The research presents adaptability as a strategy towards an affordable housing, and as an
attempt to solve one of the most important multifamily housing problems. Previous studies defined
adaptability as the building ability to be adapted to accommodate changing in requirements through
simple changes. Adaptability indicates the extent to which the building can be adapted to the
changes during the period of building’s life which is inevitable due to the changes in the
requirements of families over time. The change of the building is inevitable due to the changing in
the requirements of families over time or due to the different requirements of families from each
other. Therefore, the most adaptable building is considered as the most efficient building and
remain for a longer period because it can respond to the changes in requirements (Russel & Moffat,
2001. pp.2-4).
3.1 Adaptability Benefits
This paper introduces adaptability due to its significance for housing and sustainability as for
the following issues:
• Adaptability advantages for housing: Adaptability gives the house its ability to accommodate
different requirements of different families which can achieve the concept of Universal
Design; or to cope with changing requirements of the occupants during the family lifecycle.
As a result the family doesn't have to change its residence which associated with many
negative impacts to the family. This paper proposes the adaptability in this point as a strategy
to solve one of the most important problems in the multifamily housing.
• The economic advantages of adaptability: There are several economic advantages from
adaptability as it extends the service life of housing or extends its ability to achieve different
functions. Adaptability provides the possibility of modifying the current house to achieve a
different function or add another function to it according to the occupants' requirements
(Hashemain, 2005, p. 9), (Gu, Xue, & Nee, 2009, pp. 1368-1369).
• The environmental advantages of adaptability: Adaptability provides an adaptable house
which provides many functions and have the ability to be adapted. As a result it has a longer
life which participates in reducing the natural material consumption and the energy
consumption. It improves the operational efficiency and contributes in the protection of the
322 Ali H. Al Jameel and Omar A. Al Hafith
5. environment by reducing the demolition and construction of building and as a result reduces
the damage to the environment (Moshaver, 2009, pp. 4-6).
3.2 Adaptability Design Properties
There are six design properties related to the adaptable housing, they are:
3.2.1 Structure Concentration and Structure Modularity
Structure Concentration is a design variable which describes the structural system of
buildings. It plays an important role in facilitating buildings adaptability as concentration means
that the supporting points of the structure must be concentrated and reduced as much as possible to
increase building adaptability.
The structural modularity indicates the extent of the similarity or repetition among the
structural units in relation to its dimensions and sizes (Al-Nijaidi R. H., 1985, pp. 50-54).
3.2.2 Zoning the Areas of Special Provisions
Zoning is one of design variables of the building plan, which describes the building's parts
according to specific criteria. Zoning in previous studies related with two properties: activities'
requirements in the different parts of the building and properties of building's elements itself.
For most studies, the idea of zoning in housing depends on the zoning of kitchens and
bathrooms which must be clearly separated from other areas in the house because of the activities'
characteristics that are carried out in them, as well as the properties of the services' requirements
that are required in those zones (Lynch, 1956, p. 22).
3.2.3 Independency of Building's Elements
The independence of the building's elements is one of the variables that is associated with the
building's adaptability. The buildings are compound of a variety of interrelated elements and these
elements are often of different materials and are therefore of different life period. These elements
that are independent from each other can be changed or modified without affecting the other
elements in the building (Al-Nijaidi, 1985, p. 54).
*Corresponding author (Ali H. Al Jameel). E-mail address: ahsaljameel@yahoo.com.
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6. 3.2.4 Other Features
Other features related with the housing adaptability are: overcapacity, additive forms and
growth forms, which are proposed by Kevin Lynch (Lynch, 1956).
4. The Courtyard House
This paper proposes the courtyard house as a strategy to achieve the sustainable house and
aims to use the courtyard pattern in the adaptable multifamily housing to offer a sustainable
affordable housing.
4.1 Sustainability in the Courtyard House Pattern
The severe environmental condition in the hot arid regions has clear effects in the design of
houses which is associated to the use of courtyard in house design. The courtyard provides the
required optimum environmental conditions and at the same time provides the required privacy in
Islamic and Arabic cities.
The courtyard house provides the required exposure to the sun which must be exactly
determined. The courtyard house provides also the required natural ventilation between the inside
and outside. It is associated with the required humidity which provide more comfort for the
occupants.
Figure 1: Courtyard house with wind tower.
324 Ali H. Al Jameel and Omar A. Al Hafith
7. The courtyard house is also associated with the use of wind tower which take the cold air from
the outside to the inside. In 1989, Givoni made an experiment to prove the efficiency of courtyard
and wind tower to provide comfort conditions in the house depending on a natural tactics. Givoni
designed a wind-tower in a courtyard house in Saudi Arabia (Figure.1), and he proved that it is
possible to cool down the house by 9.9 Co between the outside and the internal rooms, and 6.7 Co
between the outside in the internal courtyard. He also discovered that it is possible to improve the
courtyard and wind tower efficiency when he used a sprinkling water and a fan in the wind tower.
He found that the difference between the outside and the internal rooms could reach to 11.1 Co
cooler and between the outside and the internal courtyard could reach to 13.5 Co cooler (Edwards,
Sibley, Hakmi, & Land, 2005, pp. 221-241)
All of these make the courtyard house consumes less energy and natural resources; and fewer
producers of bad effects on the environment and achieve one of the most important points in
Sustainable Architecture.
5. Adaptable Multifamily Courtyard House
This paper aims to show the possibility of making adaptable multifamily courtyard houses. An
example of adaptable multifamily housing has been proposed and a comparison is carried out with
a normal adaptable multifamily housing according to their adaptability to prove the possibility of
making adaptable multifamily courtyard house.
5.1 Two Types of Adaptable Housing
This paper introduces two types of adaptable multifamily housing. One of them adopts the
concept of courtyard while the other does not.
5.1.1 Non-Courtyard Housing
The example in (Figure 2) shows a model of multifamily non-courtyard housing. The building
is a residential building in the (NIS) employing the characteristics of adaptable design.
The building was designed to ensure the provision of many possibilities in the organization of
residential units within the building as the design provides adaptability in the apartments to expand,
*Corresponding author (Ali H. Al Jameel). E-mail address: ahsaljameel@yahoo.com.
2012. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3.
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8. minimize or modify the apartment according to the family's requirements (Jovanović, 2007, pp.
33-47).
Figure 2: The plans and drawings of the non–courtyard multifamily housing.
5.1.2 Courtyard Housing
The second example is a multifamily housing building adopts the concept of courtyard. The
building provides private court for each apartment in the building. The design provides many
possibilities to make changes in the dwelling units' arrangement within the building. It also
provides the possibilities to expand, minimize or modify the apartments of the building according
to the family's requirement (Figure 3). (Al Hafith, 2010).
1St. F. Plan Gr.F. Plan
2nd. F. Plan Cross section
Figure 3: The plans and drawings of the courtyard multifamily housing.
326 Ali H. Al Jameel and Omar A. Al Hafith
9. 6. Measurement of Properties Related Adaptable Design
This paper measures three of the design characteristics that affect the building adaptability
which represent the dependent variable.
6.1 Structure Modularity
Structure Modularity can be measured by dividing the number of types of compound structure
units to the total number of compound structure units of the building. The minimum amount of
the ratio means that the building is more adaptable (compound unit consist of columns, beams and
ground slab which based on them).
E1 = x1/y1 (1),
Where (E1) is the ratio of types of compound structure units to the total number of compound
units, (x1 ) refers to the number of types of compound structure units and (y1) refers to the total
number of compound structure units.
The smallest amount of this ratio means that the building has more structure modularity and as
a result it has more adaptability (Al-Nijaidi R. H., 1985, pp. 82-83).
6.2 Structure Concentration
Two indicators are adopted to measure the structure concentration which affects the building's
adaptability.
Indicator 1, measures the structure concentration by dividing the number of supporting units
to the total area of the building, the minimum ratio means that the building is more adaptable.
Indicator 2, measures the structure concentration by dividing the area of supporting units to
the total area of the building, the minimum ratio means that the building is more adaptable
E2 = x1/y1 (2),
E3 = x1/y1 (3),
*Corresponding author (Ali H. Al Jameel). E-mail address: ahsaljameel@yahoo.com.
2012. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3.
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10. Where (E2) is the ratio of number of supporting units to the total area of the building, (E3) is
the ratio of area of supporting units to the total area of the building, (x1) refers to the number of
supporting units in the structure, (x2) refers to the area of supporting units in the structure and (y1)
refers to the area of the building. The smallest amount of these ratios means that the building has
more structure modularity and as a result it has more adaptability (Al-Nijaidi R. H., 1985, pp.
83-85).
6.3 Zoning Areas of Special Provision
Proximity is used to measure the zoning of areas of special provision; proximity refers to the
distance between any two rooms and can determine the extent of areas of special provision. The
zoning is determined by the ratio of the distance between the rooms of special provision and all
other rooms in the building by using the formulas below:
Xx = (x1+x2+x3+xi)/i (4),
Yy= (y1+y2+y3+yi)/i2 (5),
R= Xx/Yy (6),
Where (R) is the ratio of the distance between the rooms of special provision and all other
rooms in the building, (x) is the average distance between each special room and all other special
rooms in the building, (y) is the average distance between each room and all the other rooms in the
building, (Xx) is the average of the average distances between each special room and all other
special rooms in the building, (Yy) is the average of the average distances between each room and
all the other rooms in the building, (i) is the number of the rooms of special provision and (i2) is the
number of common rooms. The smallest amount of this (R) ratio means that the building has more
structure modularity and as a result it has more adaptability (Al-Nijaidi R. H., 1985, pp. 89-92).
7. Comparing the Two Types
A comparison between the two cases is made to support the argument of the possibility of
making adaptable courtyard multifamily housing implying a single private courtyard for each
dwelling unit in the building. The research measures the examples' adaptability by measuring three
variables of adaptability. They are structure concentration, structure modularity and zoning of
328 Ali H. Al Jameel and Omar A. Al Hafith
11. special provision. The first two variables will be calculated for the whole building, while the third
variable will be calculated for the apartment within the building.
7.1 Structure Concentration
(Table 1) clarifies the measurement of structure concentration in the two examples using
equation (2), (3):
Table 1: Structure Concentration Measurements.
courtyard example Non- courtyard example
Area Column N. Area Column N.
Indicator 1
743 36 400 30
Indicator 1 Result 0.048 0.075
Supporting Supporting
Area Area
Indicator 2 point area point area
743 3.42 400 3.95
Indicator 2 Result 0.0046 0.0098
Figure 4: Structure in the two types of housing buildings.
*Corresponding author (Ali H. Al Jameel). E-mail address: ahsaljameel@yahoo.com.
2012. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3.
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12. 7.2 Structure Modularity
Structure concentration and modularity have been clarified in (Figure 4) for the two examples.
Modularity has been measured depending on equation (3) and the results are as the following:
The courtyard house: 4 24 = 0166
The non-courtyard housing: 6 20 = 0.3
It can be seen that the courtyard house has the largest and the biggest concentration in the
building and the biggest amount of modularity, which means that the case of courtyard housing is
more adaptable than the other.
7.3 Zoning Areas of Special Provision
Zoning has been measured using equations (4), (5) and (6). Figure 5 and Table 2 clarify the
measurement of zoning in the two examples.
Table 2: The distances between rooms in each apartment.
Courtyard Dwelling units Non - Courtyard Dwelling units
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0 0 1 2.75 2.94 0 1
5.62 7.59 3.2 0 2 4.29 0 2.94 2
3.9 9.42 0 3.2 3 5.88 4.27 1.03 0 3
1.07 0 4 5.9 4.29 0 1.03 4
7.33 0 7.59 5.74 5 2.43 0 4.29 4.27 5
1.07 0 6 0 2.43 5.9 5.88 6
Av.Dis.of special
Av.Dis.of common rooms Av.Dis.of common rooms Av.Dis.of special rooms
rooms
5.47 2 0 1 4.07 3 2.845 1
5.506 3 0.535 4 3.74 4 3.615 2
6.886 4 4.263 5 3.52
0.535 6 7
5.616 7 4.736 6
0.356 Av. Av. Dis. of special rooms 3.326 Av. Av. Dis.of special rooms
5.869 Av. Av. Dis. of common rooms 4.202 Av. Av. Dis. of common rooms
0.06 The Zoning amount 0.791 The Zoning amount
330 Ali H. Al Jameel and Omar A. Al Hafith
13. Figure 5: Common rooms & special rooms.
It can be seen that the zoning of areas of special provisions in the courtyard housing is greater
than the one in the non-courtyard housing. This means that the courtyard building is more adaptable.
8. Conclusions & Recommendations
8.1 Conclusions
• Adaptability is a significant strategy for achieving affordable housing in terms of
reducing the cost of housing in the long and short terms as it offers the possibility of
constructing small units compatible with the requirements of the beginning families to
grow and evolve with changing requirements without the stress of moving into new
houses.
• This paper supports the argument that (Adaptability) represents a convenient solution
for one of the most important problem in the multifamily housing which relates with
ability of dwelling units to accommodate with changing requirement of the occupants.
• Adaptability plays an important role for the issue of sustainability in terms of reducing
the consumption of natural resources and wastes of buildings and destruction.
• Courtyard house with wind tower play an important role for the issue of sustainability
in terms of reducing the consumption of energy, operating costs as well as the
courtyard association in satisfying the social requirement in terms of providing the
required privacy.
• The paper shows possibility of employing the concept of courtyard in designing
*Corresponding author (Ali H. Al Jameel). E-mail address: ahsaljameel@yahoo.com.
2012. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3.
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14. adaptable multifamily housing to achieve a sustainable affordable multifamily
housing.
8.2 Recommendations
• Courtyard housing must be adopted in the hot arid area to achieve sustainable
affordable housing.
• Adaptability must be adopted in a multifamily housing to achieve sustainable
affordable housing and to solve one of the multifamily housing problems.
• To achieve adaptability, the designer has to use the Beams & Column Structural
System with minimum supporting units and minimum structural area which will
ensure the provision of the biggest possible free area for occupants to arrange or
modify it according to their requirements.
• To achieve adaptability, the designer has to design the building plan and structural
system in a way that makes the whole building composes of several similar units. This
will facilitate the modification, addition or subtraction in the dwelling units and in its
building as a whole.
• To achieve adaptability, the designer has to design the building and dwelling units plan
putting the areas of special provision in a dependent zone, leaving the biggest possible
free area in the dwelling units for occupants to arrange or modifying it according to
their requirements.
• The paper recommends studying design characteristics that are related with
adaptability and clarifying the exact influence and relative importance of each of them
for adaptability.
9. References
Al Hafith, O. A. (2010). Model for multifamily courtyard Housing. Mosul. (This model of
courtyard housing was prepared by Omar Ar. Al-Hafith as part of the requirements of the
MSc. course of (Advanced Architectural Design), 2010, supervised by: Dr.Hafsa
Al-Omari, Dr. Ali H. Al-Jameel, Dr. Ahamad Al-Omari and Dr. Asmaa Al-dabagh, Mosul
university, Iraq).
Al-Nijaidi, H. R. (1985). Flexibility in the design of building, PhD Thesis,: Department of
architecture, Oxford Polytechnic, London, UK.
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15. Edwards, B., Sibley, M., Hakmi, M., & Land, P. (2005). Courtyard housing past, present and
future. Taylor & Francis e-Library.
Gu, P., Xue, D., & Nee, A. (2009, May 28). Adaptable design: concepts, methods, and
applications. Journal of Engineering Manufacture , 11, pp. 1367-1378.
Hashemain, M. (2005). Design for adaptability, PhD Thesis. Saskatoon: Department of mechanical
engineering, University of Saskatchewan.
Jovanović, G. (2007, no date). Flexible organization of floor composition and flexible organization
of dwelling space as a response to contemporary market demands. The scientific Journal :
Architecture and Civil Engineering , Vol. 5 (No. 1), pp. 33-47.
Lubell, J., Crain, R., & Cohen, R. (2007, 7). Center for housing policy. Retrieved 9 7, 2011, from
The positive impacts of affordable housing on health:
http://www.nhc.org/media/documents/FramingIssues_Heath.pdf
Lindburg, A., Howe, J., Bowyer, J., & Fernholz, K. (2007, 8 22). Combining Green Building
Innovations with Affordable Housing Needs. Retrieved 9 10, 2011, from Dovetail Partners,
INC.: http://www.dovetailinc.org/files/DovetailEcoAfford0807ol.pdf
Lynch, K. (1956, no date no date). Environmental adaptability. Journal of the american institute of
planners , pp. 16-24.
Mohammed, S. A. (1989). Design parameters for providing flexibility in low-rise multifamily
housing. Baghdad: Baghdad University.
Moshaver, S. (2009). Flexible Housing : Incorporating Working Space Within The Living
Space.M.Sc. Thesis, Sheffield: School of Architecture, Sheffield University.
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*Corresponding author (Ali H. Al Jameel). E-mail address: ahsaljameel@yahoo.com.
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Dr. Ali H. Al-Jameel is an Assistant Professor of Department of Architectural Engineering at Mosul
University/ Iraq. He earned his B.Sc. in Architectural Engineering from Mosul University in 1983, his
M.Sc. in 1991 and PhD from the University of Technology in Baghdad/Iraq in 1997. Now he is the
Supervisor of the Higher Studies Program in the Department, Member of the Scientific Promotion
Committee in the College of Engineering, Member of the Editorial Committee of Al-Rafidain
Engineering Journal (a refereed journal published by Mosul University/ Iraq), and a Member of the
Consulting Committee of the Journal of Architectural Engineering (a refereed journal published by
the University of Technology in Baghdad/ Iraq). Dr. Al-Jameel current scientific interests involve
different issues related to Theories of Architecture, Architectural Design Strategies and Architectural
Education.
Omar Ar. Al Hafith is an architect. He studied at Mosul University / Department of Architectural
Engineering where he received his B.Sc. in 2009 and M.Sc. in 2012 . He Won the 1st prize for his
graduation project (Health Resort Spa in Hammam Al Alil) as the best graduation project in a
competition held in 2009 in Baghdad, he also earned certifications from the Ministry of Higher
Education, Ministry of Youth & Sport and Iraqi Engineering Union, as well as a certification for his
participation in the ACHIPRIX International competition 2011 in USA. He completed part of his
M.Sc. research at Sheffield University in UK.
Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication
according to the guidelines given at the journal’s website. Note: This article
was accepted and presented at the 2nd International Conference-Workshop on
Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design (ICWSAUD) organized by School of
Housing, Building & Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia from
March 3rd -5th, 2012.
334 Ali H. Al Jameel and Omar A. Al Hafith