This document provides an overview of a presentation on environmental and sustainable issues. It discusses topics like passive and active hybrid building designs, sustainable building materials, renewable energy technologies, green building codes and standards, and more. It also includes sections on specific sustainable building certification programs like LEED and SEED. Additional topics covered include bioclimatic principles, the economic benefits of green buildings, whether they are more expensive to build and operate, and case studies of sustainable building projects.

1. A PRESENTATION ON
ENVIRONMENTAL
&
SUSTAINABLE ISSUES
Submitted by
Group 3

2. ENERGY
EFFICIENCY &
SUSTAINABLITY

3. AIMS AND SCOPE
• Passive and Active Hybrid Approach to Building Designs
• Sustainable Integration of the Natural and Built Environment
• Innovative Technologies and Integrated Systems for High Performance
Buildings
• Sustainable Building Materials and Construction, Smart and Novel Building
Envelope Design
• Micro-generation, co-generation and tri-generation systems
• Technologies in Sustainable Buildings
The aim of Sustainable Buildings is to develop an inter-disciplinary
platform for the dissemination of knowledge and practice on the
engineering and technical issues concerning all aspects of building design,
technology, energy and environmental performance. The result is an
eminently useful publication for researchers, academics, students and
industry professionals.
CONTENT WILL ADDRESS ISSUES AND TOPICS ON SUSTAINABLE BUILDING
INCLUDING:

4. • Building Integrated Renewables such as Solar and Wind Energy
• Building and District Sustainable Energy Systems
• Thermal or electrical energy storage in buildings
• High Performance Acoustic and Thermal Insulation
• Mitigation of the Heat Island Effect: Green and Cool Roofs
• Advanced Daylight Systems and Lighting Performance
• Smart Monitors and Intelligent Building Controls
• Indoor Environment Quality, Health and Thermal Comfort and Human
Perception
• Occupant Behaviour and Choice
• Green Building Codes and Standards
• Green Retrofit
• Building Information Modelling (BIM)
• Life Cycle Analysis or Life Cycle Costing
• Social and Economic Sustainability
• Climate Adaptation and Resilience of Building
• Modelling and Optimisation of Building Performance

5. Vegetation is Good; Native Vegetation is Better
Landscaping is a critical component to the livability of any home, but people often
optimistically misjudge the viability of plants. First, make an effort to preserve any
existing native plants, as they obviously like where they’re living and can possibly be
groomed into a low-maintenance greenscape .
SITE SUSTAINABILITY
Landscaping is a critical component to the livability of any home, but people often
optimistically misjudge the viability of plants. First, make an effort to preserve any
existing native plants, as they obviously like where they’re living and can possibly be
groomed into a low-maintenance greenscape .

6. Energy efficiency & sustainability :
Actions are sustainable if:
--there is a balance between resources used and resources generated
--the viability, integrity and diversity of natural systems are restored and
maintained
--they lead to local and regional self-reliance
--they help create and maintain community and a culture of place.
--each generation preserves the legacies of future generations.
David McCloskey, Professor of Sociology, Seattle University
Energy efficiency implement on:
1. Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources
2. Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity
3. Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation

8. LEED(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
LEED is an ecology orientated building certification program run under the
auspices of the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). LEED concentrates
its efforts on improving performance across five key areas of environmental
and human health:
o Energy Efficiency
o Indoor environmental quality
o Material selection
o Sustainable site development
o Water savings.
From 1994 to 2015, LEED grew from one standard for new construction to a
comprehensive system of interrelated standards covering aspects from the
design and construction to the maintenance and operation of buildings.

9. Buildings can qualify for four levels of certification:
 Certified: 40-49 points
 Silver: 50-59 points
 Gold: 60-79 points
 Platinum: 80 points and above
SEED(Social Economic and Environmental Design)
SEED is a 2-day training and certification on methods of how design can
address the critical issues faced by communities. SEED goes beyond
green design with a “triple bottom line” approach that includes the social
and economic, as well as the environment.
In 2005, the SEED network was founded at a conference organized by
the Harvard Loeb Fellowship.

10. There are four board benefits of using the SEED Evaluator:
1. Process: provides a standard process for designers and communities
to assess challenges, define priorities, set goals and create design
projects to address critical social, economical and environmental
issues.
2. The evaluator functions as an on-line communication platform that can
include multiple stakeholders and diverse community members in the
process.
3. Transparency: the result of the project are made publicly visible in
achieving these goals or not.
4. Accountability: completion of the SEED Evaluator can lead to SEED
Certification, which confirms, through a third-party review, the success
of a design project in achieving the goals set by the community.

11. BIO CLIMATIC ISSUES:
Sustainable development relies on three main principles:
o environmental sustainability,
o economical sustainability,
o social sustainability.
Following principles are those which should be taken into consideration
in a building to make it become among sustainable building
classification:
First principal: saving energy,
second principal: compatibility with climate,
Third principal: reducing new resources consumption,
Forth principal: supplying needs of dwellers,
Fifth principal: compatibility with site,
Sixth principal: being holistic

12. What are the economic benefits of green or sustainable
building and development?
Well-designed, constructed, operated and maintained green
buildings can have many benefits, including durability; reduced
costs for energy, water, operations and maintenance; improved
occupant health and productivity; and the potential for greater
occupant satisfaction than standard developments.
A green building may cost more up front, but can save money over
the life of the building through lower operating costs. These savings
may be more apparent through life-cycle assessment (LCA).
Cost savings are most likely to be fully realized when incorporated
at the project's conceptual design phase with the assistance of an
integrated team of building professionals. The integrated systems
approach aims to design the building as one system rather than a
collection of potentially disconnected systems.

13. ARE GREEN BUILDINGS MORE EXPENSIVE TO
CONSTRUCT AND OPERATE?
Perhaps surprisingly, good green buildings often cost only a few percentage
points or no more to build than conventional designs. Integrated design
processes that identify the most efficient, holistic approaches to building
green can reduce these initial costs. For example, in some cases, when
buildings are carefully designed to be energy efficient, heating/ventilation/air
conditioning (HVAC) equipment can be downsized for significant savings.
There are also many green products and materials that cost the same or
even less than conventional ones.
The General Services Administration (GSA) did a cost study evaluating the
U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED) standards, estimating the cost to develop "green" federal
facilities. The study looks at two types of buildings (a courthouse and office
building) and the costs associated with renovating each to the three different
LEED levels: gold, silver and certified. More information is available in the
final report:

14. BUILDING
SPECIFICATIONS
Pearl River Tower
Building Information
Location:
No. 15, Zhujiang West Road, Tianhe District,
Guangzhou
Site Area: 10,636 m2
Total Gross Floor Area: 216,557m2
Building Height: 309m
Number of Floors: 71 Floors
Parking: Approx. 890
Office Floor Information
Typical Floor Plate: Approx. 2800m2
Gross Ceiling Height: 3.9m
Net Height: 2.7-3.0m
Typical Floor Loading:
Office Area 250 kg/m2
Designated load-bearing area 500 kg/m2
Raised Floor Height: 400mm

15. “NET-ZERO” ENERGY BUILDING
 “…a structure that does not
require an increase in the
community’s need to produce
electricity.”
 Guangzhou is a highly polluted
city
 Coal power plants projected to
continue in growth
 Wanted a building to be
designed that did not use
electricity from the power grid
 Does not consume additional
fossil fuels and will have zero
emissions (greenhouse gases)
 Winning Firm: Skidmore,
Owings, and Merrill, Chicago
(SOM)

16. “World’s Tallest Green Tower”
3. Reclamation-
“Strategies to harvest
the energy that would
already be resident
within the building”
4. Generation-
“Generating clean power
in an efficient and
environmentally
responsible manner”
Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill’s Four steps to net-zero energy
1. Reduction-
“Finding as many
opportunities as
possible to reduce
the energy
consumed.”
2. Absorption-
“Focus on
strategies
designed to take
advantage of the
natural and
passive energy
sources”

17. REDUCTION
 Triply glazed facades on Eastern and
Western sides
 “Chilled radiant ceiling” and “Chilled-
beam” system (approximately 14.5° C)
delivered in serpentine arrangement
fixed to circular ceiling beam, and metal
fins on the perimeter reduces area
needed for air conditioning (use of a
chilled beam system reduces each
floor from 4.2m to 3.9m, adding more
floor space)
 “Decoupled” ventilation system
providing only fresh air cooled by the
above system and vented through
access floor
 Dehumidification system using heat as
an energy source from the double-
façade
 Low energy, high efficiency lighting
designed at optimum light intervals
• High performance ventilated double-wall facades on Northern and Southern sides with
mechanized blinds

18. ABSORPTION
 A building integrated
photovoltaic skin (BIPVs)
 Photovoltaics on the Eastern
and Western facades, as well
as on the Western façade
shades
 Maximizing natural lighting by
using a motorized active
Venetian shades between
double façade controlled by a
photocell that controls the solar
gain and glare via a building
management system (BMS)
 “Vertical axis wind turbines
designed to take full
advantage of the building’s
geometry”

19. WIND TURBINES
 Southern façade of
building “funnels” wind
to four 6x6.8m wind
tunnels at floors 24 and
48
 Vertical wind turbine
encased in each tunnel
 Funnel design
increases speed of wind
by 2.5
 Tunnels act as
“pressure-relief valves”
relieving wind pressure
on building
 Decrease of wind load
on structure allows for
reduced structural
elements to withstand
load, saving money on
material costs

20. Photovoltaics
 Building “skin” consists of spandrel panels
with built-in photovoltaic panels (Building
Integrated Photovoltaics)
 Lower cost than panels with separate
mounting devices
 Solar panels placed asymmetrical on
building to optimize solar power offered by
the sun

21. Reclamation  “Harvest energy already
resident within the
building.”
 Using “chilled radiant
ceilings” and “chilled
beams” to cool air
 Once energy is added to
the building, it can be
reused repeatedly
 Example: recirculated air is
chilled or heated and
added to air from the
outdoors before delivered
to occupied areas of the
building.

22. Generation
 Concept design used “micro
turbines” for the building to
produce power in an
environmentally responsible
manner
 Fuel source for micro turbines
includes natural gas,
hydrogen, propane, and diesel
 On-site power generation
eliminates need of power
delivered by grid (delivered
power is less than 30-35%
efficient)
 50 micro turbines were
originally designed to be daisy-
chained together to operate at
an efficiency of over 80%

23. Structural Elements Structural design by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (Chicago)
 Lateral load resistance: Interior reinforced concrete core and
series of mega columns linked together by six story steel X
braces on the narrow edge facades of the building
 Perimeter columns and mega columns linked together by two-
story outriggers and belt trusses at the major mechanical levels
 Redundancy and robustness achieved by belt trusses and
perimeter moment frames
 Mega columns consist of built up structural steel I-sections
encased in concrete
 Structural design components divided into thirds of the building

24. The Kicker…
The Pearl River Tower is
owned by China National
Tobacco’s Guangdong
Tobacco Company

25. Overview

26. Overview

27. Lessons Learned
 Building did not meet “net-zero” requirements, but
consumes 58% less energy than the baseline model
 Use of new “energy efficient” technologies was
limited, i.e. the power company would not buy
surplus electricity from the Pearl River Tower
 Chinese authorities reluctant to import technologies
from other parts of the world
 Required by China, Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill
worked alongside the Guangzhou Design Institute

28. Sears Tower
• Location: Chicago, Illinois
• Project Completion: 1974
• Site Area: 3 acres
• Project Area: 4,565,844 ft2 (105 acres)
• Number of Stories: 110
• Building Height: 1,450 ft (442 m)
• Market: Commercial + Office
• 3.8 million rentable square feet (89 acres)
• 159,000 square feet of retail space. (0.36
acres)
• 160-car executive parking garage.
second-tallest building in the United States
While 12th-tallest in the world
25,000 daily visitors12,000 occupants

29. Although Chicago’s climate limits
the potential for some forms of
renewable energy, technologies
such as photovoltaic panels and
wind turbines visible to visitors and
would serve as an educational tool.
Chicago’s Willis Tower opened in 1973. A
modernization project aims to reduce energy use by 68
million kWh/yr.
windmill

30. Building Envelope, Mechanical Systems
.
The current façade system is approximately 60% glass and 40% anodized aluminum panels. The
original glazing of the tower’s 16,000 windows is single-pane with a bronze tint. Design options for
the exterior wall upgrade range from glass replacement with insulated units to a full façade upgrade
including triple-paned glass and the introduction of a thermal break. Glass replacement is the simplest
option, but does not solve the problem of hot and cold air transfer through the mullions around the
glass or through the non-glazed areas. If only glass was replaced, perimeter heating would still be
needed.
A full façade upgrade to the performance level of today’s systems would reduce air infiltration and
improve thermal comfort to a level that the perimeter heating at floor level could possibly be removed.
Studies have shown that the savings in heating energy for a full curtain wall upgrade would be almost
double the savings that could be achieved by glass replacement alone. As the design progresses, the
team is working to integrate various options for the mechanical distribution system with options for the
exterior envelope design; the goal is to find the most overall efficient solution with no noticeable
difference to the façade appearance. The modernization project also includes major upgrades to the
building’s mechanical plants, including chillers and hot water generators. The major building systems
at Willis Tower are currently run by electricity. This includes electric hot water generators, which
produce the main hot water for the heating system.

31. UPGRADING CARTAIN WALL SYSTEM
• SUBSTANTIAL ENERGY SAVINGS
• 60% GLASS AND 40% ANODIZED ALUMINUM PANELS
• MORE FLEXIBILITY AND SMALLER EQUIPMENT SIZING

32. Key components of the greening/modernization project include:
• Efficiency improvements to the building’s exterior envelope and windows. The tower has 16,000 single-pane
windows. Sustainability plans for the building call for a window replacement and glazing program. Strategies to
achieve a thermal break of the curtain wall are also being investigated. These upgrades would achieve savings of
up to 50 percent of heating energy.
• Mechanical systems upgrades in the form of new gas boilers that utilize fuel cell technologies, which generate
electricity, heating and cooling at as much as 90 percent efficiency. Mechanical upgrades also will include new
high-efficiency chillers and upgrades to the distribution system.
• The tower’s 104 high-speed elevators and 15 escalators that will be modernized with the latest technology to
achieve 40 percent reduction in their energy consumption.
• Water savings that will be realized with conservation initiatives through upgrades to restroom fixtures,
condensation recovery systems and water efficient landscaping, which will reduce water usage by 40 percent
and save 24 million gallons of water each year.
• Lighting that will be upgraded through advanced lighting control systems and daylight harvesting, an
advanced lighting control system that automatically dims lights in tenant spaces based on the amount of sunlight
entering through the windows. Combined, these upgrades will save up to 40 percent of lighting energy
consumption.

33. Solar
system
Roof
garden
Green roof

34. BANK OF AMERICA
TOWER
Type Commercial
offices
Location Avenue of the
Americas& 42nd
Street
Manhattan, New
York10036
Construction started 2004
Completed 2009
Cost US$1 billion
Height
Architectural 365.8 m (1,200 ft)
Design and construction
Architect COOKFOX Architects
Adamson Associates
Architects

35. scope
primary tenant,
occupying six
trading floors
and 75% of its
interior
merge the ethics of
the green building
movement with a
twenty-first century
aesthetic of
transparency and re-
connection.
acknowledging the
higher value of
healthy, productive
workplaces
SCOPE OF BANK OF AMERICA TOWER

36. BUILDING ENVELOPE OF BANK OF AMERICA TOWER
The shape of the floor plan allows diagonal views
from the interior
Benefiting the indoor environment by providing vistas
The most striking feature of the building is the sloping
exterior walls that chamfer the corners.

37. SITE SUSTAINIBILITY OF BANK OF AMERICA TOWER
One Bryant Park is the first commercial high-rise to earn LEED Platinum certification from
the US Green Building Council.
The building’s advanced technologies include a clean-burning on-site
5.0 MW cogeneration plant, which provides approximately 65% of the
building’s annual electricity requirements and lowers daytime peak demand
by 30%.

38. ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING SYSTEM
PEAK DEMAND SHAVING
At night, the on-site power plant provides the energy to make large amounts of ice, which is stored in tanks
and used to help cool the building during the day. Therefore the power plant reduces the buildings peak
(daytime) power demand on the utility grid in two ways.
This building uses an onsite natural gas-fueled power plant to provide 70% of
annual electrical power needs, and about 30% of peak demand
On-site power generation eliminates electrical transmission losses that are
significant in the distribution grid which relies upon centralized generating plants
In a process called cogeneration, waste heat from the power plant is used to make
steam which powers chilling machines to cool the building, as well as providing hot
water for heating.
The plant also produces all of the building’s hot water without outside energy.

41. INTERNAL WATER MANAGEMENT
use of waterless
urinals in this
very large
building saves 8
million gallons of
water per year
alone
Rainwater is
collected on
roofs and used
for cooling
purposes and
for flushing
toilets.about 100 million
gallons of water per
year are saved, and
virtually no storm
water is allowed to
drain to the city’s
sewer system.

43. USE of NEW TECHNOLOGY
•To save energy
•To make environment friendly
•Easily maintainable
RECENT TECHNOLOGIES
•Diagonal façade
•Transparent solar cell
•Off-time peak demand
•Mixed use of solar panel and wind turbine

45. LEED
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Green building certification.
It includes a set of rating systems for the design, construction, operation, and
maintenance of green buildings, homes, and neighborhoods that aims to help building
owners and operators be environmentally responsible use resources efficiently
LEED Green Building Rating
System:
CERTIFICATION
LEVELS FOR LEED:
• Certified 40–49 points.
• Silver 50–59 points.
• Gold 60–79 points.
• Platinum 80 points and
above.
OTHER 8 CREDIT CATEGORIES:
• Innovation & Design Process
• Locations & Linkages
• Sustainable Sites
• Water Efficiency
• Energy & Atmosphere
• Materials & Resources
• Indoor Environmental Quality
• Awareness & Education

46. LEED AND SEED
Bank of America states that the
building is made largely of recycled
and recyclable materials. Air
entering the building is filtered, as is
common, but the air exhausted is
cleaned as well. Bank of America
Tower is the first skyscraper designed
to attain a Platinum LEED
Certification.

47. GREEN BUILDING PRINCIPLES AND FEATURES
One of the biggest challenges in designing green buildings is an effective cooling system.
The building features a
cooling system which will
produce and store ice
during off-peak hours
use ice phase transition
to help cool the building
during peak load, similar
to ice batteries.
Bank of America Tower
will make ice at night,
when power prices are
lower, and use it during
the day to chill the A/C
system
In one of the tower's
sub-basements there are
44 squat cylindrical ice
tanks—10 feet tall and
10 feet across.

48. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
All of the fresh air used in the
building is collected at roof level
and treated by highly efficient
filters before being distributed to
indoor spaces. The result is that
the air leaving the building is
cleaner than the air that was
drawn in. This is a benefit to the
environmental quality of the
neighborhood and the city.
Indoor environments are
improved by an innovative air
distribution system, adequate
fresh and clean air, and
extensive use of natural
daylight. Fresh air ventilation
is controlled by sensors that
measure the amount of
carbon dioxide in interior
spaces.

49. Lecture 10
Section B
Bio - climatic BUILDING
Bio - climatic Architecture
Ken Yeang
architect-planner, ecologist, regarded as one of
the foremost designers of green buildings and master plans
and a noted authority on ecologically responsive architecture and planning
passive low-energy design of tall buildings, which he calls the “bioclimatic skyscraper

50. to consider the biological basis of human perception
and behavior, the ways to satisfy the needs and
demands associated with them;
to bring out the importance of biological patterns and bio-
materials for architecture on different scales and levels of
design;
to present new possibilities and new scopes in restructuring
urban and agricultural areas, as well as human settlements in
general, in accordance to biopolitical principles.

51. ACTIVE
Energy conservation
Renewable resources
Natural materials
Recycling
Local economics
PASSIVE
Form shaping
Interior shaping
Enclosure shaping
Encreasing complexity

54.  Bamboo celling
 Windows give
maximum
daylight and
ventilation
 But consumes
heat gain
BIO-SOURCE

55. Building Form
This tall and very visible building makes a good example of how a passive feature
The most striking feature of the building is the sloping
exterior walls
Facing the sky and sun, the sloped walls admit more
sunlight into the interior spaces, effective in capturing
rainwater for collection and use.
the sloping aspect of the building allows for more
light and air in the neighborhood surrounding it.
daylight penetrates to the center of the floors.
Form shaping
Interior shaping

56. Materials and Resources
40% of the materials used in construction were regionally sourced (from within 500 miles of the project),
reducing energy use for transportation, and supporting regional economies.
This building used fly-ash, a recycled material, to save 45% of the cement that would have been used in
concrete; reducing waste and eliminating a significant amount of pollution that is caused by the
manufacture of cement. Recycled steel and other materials were also used.
83% of construction waste was recycled, and diverted from landfills.
Environmental Quality
All of the fresh air used in the building is collected at roof level and treated by highly efficient filters before
being distributed to indoor spaces. This is a benefit to the environmental quality of the neighborhood and
the city.
Indoor environments are improved by an innovative air distribution system,
adequate fresh and clean air, and extensive use of natural daylight.
Fresh air ventilation is controlled by sensors that measure the amount of carbon dioxide (“stale air”) in
interior spaces.
Improved controllability of the air-conditioning system gives more efficient and healthy heating and
cooling.

57. THANK YOU