This document summarizes a study that developed an assessment framework to evaluate housing developments for their affordability and environmental sustainability. It analyzed literature and existing frameworks to create indicators in three categories: economic, social, and environmental. These indicators were validated by experts and used to assess nine housing developments in Australia and other countries that demonstrated best practices. The goal was to test how well the framework evaluated affordability and sustainability in different types of housing projects.
CIB Conference Paper 2013 - Life cycle energy analysis of residential buildin...Melissa Gaspari
CIB Conference Paper 2013 - Life cycle energy analysis of residential building retrofits incorporating social influences
This research incorporates these human and social aspects into a Life Cycle Energy Analysis to support decision making, and a means to align the most effective life cycle improvements to the social intentions of home owners. It is a preliminary paper in hope to begin to fill the gap in connecting social aspects with lifecycle decision-making.
Investing the Concept of Courtyard for Sustainable Adaptable Multifamily Housingdrboon
Housing is one of the most important basic needs for the community. Many countries suffer from housing problems and take a number of procedures to solve it. This paper approaches one of the strategies used in many countries to provide housing which is Affordable Housing, presents the relations between affordable and sustainable housing and proposes the adaptable multifamily courtyard house as an approach to achieve a sustainable affordable housing. Method: A three items framework for adaptability is introduced, an example of adaptable courtyard multifamily housing is prepared and a comparison is made between the courtyard and the non-courtyard housing. Results: Support the argument of the possibility of investing the concept of multifamily courtyard house to achieve a sustainable adaptable housing with private courtyards for each dwelling which will lead, supposedly, to sustainable affordable housing. Conclusions: This study gives indicators for architects on designing a sustainable affordable multifamily housing.
INFLUENCES OF POLICIES ON HOUSING SUSTAINABILITY: CASE OF A DEVELOPED COUNTRYDr Renuka Thakore
This paper explores influences of housing policies on housing sustainability, including multi-level
transition process for housing energy efficiency. Important structural barriers experienced by housing
stakeholders in implementing essential conditions for housing energy efficiency; and changes critical for
strategic performance of housing sector are discussed. A mixed methodology was used to identify effects on the
England housing organisaiton’s operational capabilities. The important barriers were evaluated by a survey
distributed to the stakeholders throughout the England demographics; and housing experts were employed
through Delphi method to highlight strategic capabilities required by the organisations to optimise their
performance for energy efficiency. The findings were used to develop a conceptual model for “improved energy
efficiency” for sustainable housing which explicitly embodies essential conditions, important structural barriers
and stakeholders’ perspective into one congruent relationship model.
A Shorter Version of Student Accommodation Preferences Index (SAPI)drboon
The current study aims to develop a short but valid and reliable instrument for the examination of student accommodation preferences. This study draws upon the instrument developed by Khozaei et al. (2011), the student accommodation preferences index (SAPI). The construct validity of the instrument was assessed through an exploratory factor analysis using a principal components analysis with varimax rotation, by which 6 factors were extracted with 64 items. Because the questionnaire is lengthy, the current study aimed to develop a valid and reliable shorter version of the instrument to examine student accommodation preferences, thereby extending the previous work by collecting data from a subsequent sample. The confirmatory factor analysis and subsequent iterative process yielded a valid and reliable student accommodation preferences instrument (SAPI) with only 29 items. This is much shorter than the original 60-item instrument. The iterative process was performed by considering good measurement theory and retaining at least 4 items per construct. This shorter revised instrument has been shown to be both valid and reliable.
CIB Conference Paper 2013 - Life cycle energy analysis of residential buildin...Melissa Gaspari
CIB Conference Paper 2013 - Life cycle energy analysis of residential building retrofits incorporating social influences
This research incorporates these human and social aspects into a Life Cycle Energy Analysis to support decision making, and a means to align the most effective life cycle improvements to the social intentions of home owners. It is a preliminary paper in hope to begin to fill the gap in connecting social aspects with lifecycle decision-making.
Investing the Concept of Courtyard for Sustainable Adaptable Multifamily Housingdrboon
Housing is one of the most important basic needs for the community. Many countries suffer from housing problems and take a number of procedures to solve it. This paper approaches one of the strategies used in many countries to provide housing which is Affordable Housing, presents the relations between affordable and sustainable housing and proposes the adaptable multifamily courtyard house as an approach to achieve a sustainable affordable housing. Method: A three items framework for adaptability is introduced, an example of adaptable courtyard multifamily housing is prepared and a comparison is made between the courtyard and the non-courtyard housing. Results: Support the argument of the possibility of investing the concept of multifamily courtyard house to achieve a sustainable adaptable housing with private courtyards for each dwelling which will lead, supposedly, to sustainable affordable housing. Conclusions: This study gives indicators for architects on designing a sustainable affordable multifamily housing.
INFLUENCES OF POLICIES ON HOUSING SUSTAINABILITY: CASE OF A DEVELOPED COUNTRYDr Renuka Thakore
This paper explores influences of housing policies on housing sustainability, including multi-level
transition process for housing energy efficiency. Important structural barriers experienced by housing
stakeholders in implementing essential conditions for housing energy efficiency; and changes critical for
strategic performance of housing sector are discussed. A mixed methodology was used to identify effects on the
England housing organisaiton’s operational capabilities. The important barriers were evaluated by a survey
distributed to the stakeholders throughout the England demographics; and housing experts were employed
through Delphi method to highlight strategic capabilities required by the organisations to optimise their
performance for energy efficiency. The findings were used to develop a conceptual model for “improved energy
efficiency” for sustainable housing which explicitly embodies essential conditions, important structural barriers
and stakeholders’ perspective into one congruent relationship model.
A Shorter Version of Student Accommodation Preferences Index (SAPI)drboon
The current study aims to develop a short but valid and reliable instrument for the examination of student accommodation preferences. This study draws upon the instrument developed by Khozaei et al. (2011), the student accommodation preferences index (SAPI). The construct validity of the instrument was assessed through an exploratory factor analysis using a principal components analysis with varimax rotation, by which 6 factors were extracted with 64 items. Because the questionnaire is lengthy, the current study aimed to develop a valid and reliable shorter version of the instrument to examine student accommodation preferences, thereby extending the previous work by collecting data from a subsequent sample. The confirmatory factor analysis and subsequent iterative process yielded a valid and reliable student accommodation preferences instrument (SAPI) with only 29 items. This is much shorter than the original 60-item instrument. The iterative process was performed by considering good measurement theory and retaining at least 4 items per construct. This shorter revised instrument has been shown to be both valid and reliable.
We need to remember that case study and live examples of efficient homes are still very much early days. There is not one model fits all in this case as each climate zone changes and varying orientation needs to be considered. However there are products that can reduce the standard running costs of a home, in very simple and affordable manner.
Life-cycle costing and the procurement of new buildings: The future direction...Josh Develop
Traditionally, building procurement was undertaken without further consideration as to the costs which would be incurred from acquisition to disposal. For all intents and purposes, such buildings were, amongst other things, to provide occupants with safe and secure shelter and deliver positive revenue streams and returns to the developer/registered proprietor/landlord. The registered proprietor/landlord has an obligation to ensure the building is maintained to an acceptable standard, which would require operation, maintenance, and repairs or replacement to building components and materials that had depreciated, failed and/or become obsolete. On the basis that buildings are long-term assets, attending to regular operation, maintenance and repairs or replacement was not only time consuming, but affected potentially favourable returns (Ellingham & Fawcett 2006; Kelly, Morledge & Wilkinson, 2008).
Habitability Study on Low-Cost House Design of Modern and Traditional Mid-ris...drboon
This study investigates the measurable factors which influence the residential level of satisfaction in low-cost house units in Mukalla, Yemen. The importance of this study is due to the development of this city that has been influenced by modern architecture since colonial period. It is the tradition in Mukalla that most population live in traditional (known as tower houses) and modern mid-rise houses. The work aims to examine the level of habitability of modern house design in comparison to the level of habitability of house design of the traditional houses. The result shows that levels of satisfaction of the respondents who live at traditional house units are generally higher than those in modern house units. The finding of the study indicates house design as an important factor that determines the level of residential satisfaction. This research contributes several proposals from the research findings considered for house design guideline for the local authority to improve quality of modern house layout units with reference to the traditional house design layout in the present and future development.
Dimensions and Indicators for Sustainable Construction Materials: A Review- C...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Dimensions and Indicators for Sustainable Construction Materials: A Review by Humphrey Danso* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
Department of Mechanical and Construction EngineeringFaculty of LinaCovington707
Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Environment
KB7052 Research Project Research Project Proposal
Student Details
Surname or Family Name
Enter your surname(s) or family name(s)
Jeela
Forename(s) or Given Name(s)
Enter your forename(s) or given name(s)
Rakesh Yadav
Student Registration Number
Enter your Northumbria University student registration number
W19047419
Programme of Study
Enter the programme you are studying
MSC CONSTRUCTON PROJECT MANAGEMENT WITH BIM WITH ADVANCE PRACTICE
Research Project Details
Title
State the title of your research project
Principles of sustainable development in the United Kingdom
Project Aim and Research Objectives (500 words)”
What is your research topic?
Principles of sustainable development in the United Kingdom
What does this mean in less technical words?
Sustainable development implies developmental efforts that try to address current needs without jeopardizing future generations’ ability to meet their needs.
Why is it important to do such research and how does this contribute to us?
The expected outcome of the research is that the principles of sustainable construction in the UK will be identified. Accepting this proposal will be beneficial as the research targets to shed a light on the current principles of sustainable construction. In addition, stakeholders in the construction industry, researchers, and students will benefit from this research as they will be able to learn about current principles of sustainable construction in the UK. The significance of conducting this research cannot be understated. Sustainability is such a crucial aspect in the modern world. Boundaries are necessary for sustainable development; these are not absolute limits, but rather restraints on environmental resources imposed by current technological and social organization, as well as the biosphere's ability to absorb the impacts of human activity (Ismael & Shealy, 2018). The need for long-term development is an unavoidable necessity. Anyone can benefit from this approach, from huge corporations to tiny businesses to individuals who use waste sorting to put it into practice. Regarding the environment, the resources of the Earth are depleting, and if we do not begin to care for it, future generations may be unable to provide for themselves. The building sector is crucial in addressing the difficulties of sustainable development because it deals with massive volumes of raw materials and energy in its operations. When it comes to the building sector, sustainable development means maintaining economic growth while reducing material consumption (both in terms of mass and energy). It also means designing structures that are environmentally conscious. This research will cover these aspects, known as the principles of sustainable development in the United Kingdom, which will greatly contribute to the existing scientific knowledge in sustainable construction. Comment by Nima Geram ...
Life Cycle Assessment of Power Utility Poles – A Reviewinventionjournals
Worldwide, overhead electricity distribution is performed using poles made from various materials. The choice of the most efficient pole material is based on management strategies that integrate concerns for environmental sustainability. By quantifying environmental impacts of products, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool which can be very useful to decision-makers. But how, where and to which extent has it been applied to power utility poles until now, and which accomplishments and challenges can be pointed out from the findings of these LCA applications? To address these questions, a review of accessible published LCA studies of power utility poles has been carried out. By employing well established literature review methodologies, a computer search of journals, conference proceedings, and reports have been carried out and retrieved case studies have been analyzed according to the criteria derived from the four phases of LCA international standards. From a performed review process, it was realized that a total of 13 LCA case studies have been increasingly conducted during these last 26 years in only four countries around the world. The case studies included both comparative LCA of various pole materials and LCA of a single pole material. The main used utility pole materials, the main considered functional units, the main assessed impact categories, the most considered environmentally friendly pole material, and the main challenges in the field have been identified and documented. LCA constitute a useful research field when studying the sustainability of power utility poles. Although existing case studies are scarce, the review highlights several outstanding accomplishments which show what have been satisfactorily done and what needs to be done. Currently, the topic is mainly limited to USA and Swedish researchers; developing countries seem to have noting to do with and there is not yet a methodological consensus which could facilitate a deep comparison between published case studies.
Life Cycle Assessment of Power Utility Poles – A Reviewinventionjournals
Worldwide, overhead electricity distribution is performed using poles made from various materials. The choice of the most efficient pole material is based on management strategies that integrate concerns for environmental sustainability. By quantifying environmental impacts of products, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool which can be very useful to decision-makers. But how, where and to which extent has it been applied to power utility poles until now, and which accomplishments and challenges can be pointed out from the findings of these LCA applications? To address these questions, a review of accessible published LCA studies of power utility poles has been carried out. By employing well established literature review methodologies, a computer search of journals, conference proceedings, and reports have been carried out and retrieved case studies have been analyzed according to the criteria derived from the four phases of LCA international standards. From a performed review process, it was realized that a total of 13 LCA case studies have been increasingly conducted during these last 26 years in only four countries around the world. The case studies included both comparative LCA of various pole materials and LCA of a single pole material. The main used utility pole materials, the main considered functional units, the main assessed impact categories, the most considered environmentally friendly pole material, and the main challenges in the field have been identified and documented. LCA constitute a useful research field when studying the sustainability of power utility poles. Although existing case studies are scarce, the review highlights several outstanding accomplishments which show what have been satisfactorily done and what needs to be done. Currently, the topic is mainly limited to USA and Swedish researchers; developing countries seem to have noting to do with and there is not yet a methodological consensus which could facilitate a deep comparison between published case studies.
Research Paper Rough Draft Final DraftWrite a 2,500 – 3,500 wo.docxeleanorg1
Research Paper Rough Draft / Final Draft
Write a 2,500 – 3,500 word paper (8-10 pages, excluding Works Cited) defending a thesis that is the answer to your research question, using outside sources and documenting them according to MLA rules. The grade for both the rough draft and the final draft will be graded using these criteria.
Thesis
·
· Arguable, descriptive, unified
· Specific to scope of paper
· Answers the research question
Evidence
· Sufficient, relevant, representative
Quantity and Type of Sources
· Minimum of 8 sources:
· Minimum of 4 scholarly sources
· Minimum of 4 sources from approved library research databases
· Reference works and dictionaries may be used BUT don’t count in 8 sources.
· Sources are adequate and appropriate to topic
Use of Sources
· Use of summaries, paraphrases, quotations, critiques.
Reasoning
· Terms are defined.
· How conclusions follow from evidence is explained.
· Assumptions are valid; conclusions follow from evidence.
Organization
· Material is grouped appropriately.
· Organized point by point, not source by source.
· Focus is maintained throughout.
· Transitions are effective.
· Introduction and conclusion are effective.
· Relationships among ideas are clear.
Language
· Most of the paper is in your own words.
· Quotations are completely accurate, very few, short (one sentence) quotations, with correct punctuation and grammar are allowed.
· The mechanics (punctuation, spelling and grammar) of the paper are correct.
· The style is objective, formal, concise, precise and varied.
MLA documentation
· Correct in-text citations
· Complete and correct Works Cited, listing onlythose sources you have used in your paper, on a separate page at the end of the essay (MLA style).
Research Paper Rough Draft
Thesis: Arguable, descriptive, unified, specific to scope of paper, answers the research question.
Evidence: Sufficient, representative, relevant.
Sources: 8 minimum (5 from approved data bases, 3 scholarly). All are appropriate to topic. Adequate information to prove thesis.
Use of sources: Include summaries, paraphrases, quotations, critiques as needed.
Reasoning:
Terms are defined.
Explains how conclusions follow from evidence.
Assumptions are valid.
Conclusions follow from evidence.
Organization:
Material is grouped appropriately.
Organized point by point, not source by source.
Focus is maintained throughout.
Transitions are effective.
Introduction, conclusion are effective.
Relationships among ideas are clear.
Language:
Majority of the paper is in your own words.
Quotations - completely accurate, few, brief,
correct punctuation and grammar.
Mechanics (punctuation, spelling, grammar)
of the paper are correct.
Styleis objective, formal, concise, precise, varied.
MLA documentation: Correct in-text citations.
Complete, correct works cited, listing onlythose sources you have used in your paperat the end of the essay (MLA style).
1
ENG 102
Final Rese.
IMPLEMENTATION OF VALUE MANAGEMENT AS AN ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY TOOL FOR BUI...ijmvsc
Today, several researches have been carried out in the area of sustainability with much emphasis being
placed on the environmental dimension. Though this is good, a balance needs to be created between the
environmental, economic and social sustainability dimensions. Bearing this in mind, the construction
professionals are saddled with the responsibility of delivering sustainable construction projects using
diverse tools. One of such tool is Value Management (VM). Hence, this research assessed the use of VM in
delivering economically sustainable constructions. A case study approach was employed and the study
revealed that VM has a great role to play in delivering economic sustainability in construction since both
VM and Sustainability (the economic dimension) have a common goal which is; achieving value for money.
Notable benefits of VM in providing economic sustainability in construction includes: reduction of overall
cost while maintaining function through identification and removal of unnecessary materials and process
and use of local materials to save cost of importation and transportation. The study therefore recommends
the implementation of VM in building construction and presentation at various workshops and seminars in
order to enhance sustainable construction development through VM practise
We need to remember that case study and live examples of efficient homes are still very much early days. There is not one model fits all in this case as each climate zone changes and varying orientation needs to be considered. However there are products that can reduce the standard running costs of a home, in very simple and affordable manner.
Life-cycle costing and the procurement of new buildings: The future direction...Josh Develop
Traditionally, building procurement was undertaken without further consideration as to the costs which would be incurred from acquisition to disposal. For all intents and purposes, such buildings were, amongst other things, to provide occupants with safe and secure shelter and deliver positive revenue streams and returns to the developer/registered proprietor/landlord. The registered proprietor/landlord has an obligation to ensure the building is maintained to an acceptable standard, which would require operation, maintenance, and repairs or replacement to building components and materials that had depreciated, failed and/or become obsolete. On the basis that buildings are long-term assets, attending to regular operation, maintenance and repairs or replacement was not only time consuming, but affected potentially favourable returns (Ellingham & Fawcett 2006; Kelly, Morledge & Wilkinson, 2008).
Habitability Study on Low-Cost House Design of Modern and Traditional Mid-ris...drboon
This study investigates the measurable factors which influence the residential level of satisfaction in low-cost house units in Mukalla, Yemen. The importance of this study is due to the development of this city that has been influenced by modern architecture since colonial period. It is the tradition in Mukalla that most population live in traditional (known as tower houses) and modern mid-rise houses. The work aims to examine the level of habitability of modern house design in comparison to the level of habitability of house design of the traditional houses. The result shows that levels of satisfaction of the respondents who live at traditional house units are generally higher than those in modern house units. The finding of the study indicates house design as an important factor that determines the level of residential satisfaction. This research contributes several proposals from the research findings considered for house design guideline for the local authority to improve quality of modern house layout units with reference to the traditional house design layout in the present and future development.
Dimensions and Indicators for Sustainable Construction Materials: A Review- C...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Dimensions and Indicators for Sustainable Construction Materials: A Review by Humphrey Danso* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
Department of Mechanical and Construction EngineeringFaculty of LinaCovington707
Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Environment
KB7052 Research Project Research Project Proposal
Student Details
Surname or Family Name
Enter your surname(s) or family name(s)
Jeela
Forename(s) or Given Name(s)
Enter your forename(s) or given name(s)
Rakesh Yadav
Student Registration Number
Enter your Northumbria University student registration number
W19047419
Programme of Study
Enter the programme you are studying
MSC CONSTRUCTON PROJECT MANAGEMENT WITH BIM WITH ADVANCE PRACTICE
Research Project Details
Title
State the title of your research project
Principles of sustainable development in the United Kingdom
Project Aim and Research Objectives (500 words)”
What is your research topic?
Principles of sustainable development in the United Kingdom
What does this mean in less technical words?
Sustainable development implies developmental efforts that try to address current needs without jeopardizing future generations’ ability to meet their needs.
Why is it important to do such research and how does this contribute to us?
The expected outcome of the research is that the principles of sustainable construction in the UK will be identified. Accepting this proposal will be beneficial as the research targets to shed a light on the current principles of sustainable construction. In addition, stakeholders in the construction industry, researchers, and students will benefit from this research as they will be able to learn about current principles of sustainable construction in the UK. The significance of conducting this research cannot be understated. Sustainability is such a crucial aspect in the modern world. Boundaries are necessary for sustainable development; these are not absolute limits, but rather restraints on environmental resources imposed by current technological and social organization, as well as the biosphere's ability to absorb the impacts of human activity (Ismael & Shealy, 2018). The need for long-term development is an unavoidable necessity. Anyone can benefit from this approach, from huge corporations to tiny businesses to individuals who use waste sorting to put it into practice. Regarding the environment, the resources of the Earth are depleting, and if we do not begin to care for it, future generations may be unable to provide for themselves. The building sector is crucial in addressing the difficulties of sustainable development because it deals with massive volumes of raw materials and energy in its operations. When it comes to the building sector, sustainable development means maintaining economic growth while reducing material consumption (both in terms of mass and energy). It also means designing structures that are environmentally conscious. This research will cover these aspects, known as the principles of sustainable development in the United Kingdom, which will greatly contribute to the existing scientific knowledge in sustainable construction. Comment by Nima Geram ...
Life Cycle Assessment of Power Utility Poles – A Reviewinventionjournals
Worldwide, overhead electricity distribution is performed using poles made from various materials. The choice of the most efficient pole material is based on management strategies that integrate concerns for environmental sustainability. By quantifying environmental impacts of products, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool which can be very useful to decision-makers. But how, where and to which extent has it been applied to power utility poles until now, and which accomplishments and challenges can be pointed out from the findings of these LCA applications? To address these questions, a review of accessible published LCA studies of power utility poles has been carried out. By employing well established literature review methodologies, a computer search of journals, conference proceedings, and reports have been carried out and retrieved case studies have been analyzed according to the criteria derived from the four phases of LCA international standards. From a performed review process, it was realized that a total of 13 LCA case studies have been increasingly conducted during these last 26 years in only four countries around the world. The case studies included both comparative LCA of various pole materials and LCA of a single pole material. The main used utility pole materials, the main considered functional units, the main assessed impact categories, the most considered environmentally friendly pole material, and the main challenges in the field have been identified and documented. LCA constitute a useful research field when studying the sustainability of power utility poles. Although existing case studies are scarce, the review highlights several outstanding accomplishments which show what have been satisfactorily done and what needs to be done. Currently, the topic is mainly limited to USA and Swedish researchers; developing countries seem to have noting to do with and there is not yet a methodological consensus which could facilitate a deep comparison between published case studies.
Life Cycle Assessment of Power Utility Poles – A Reviewinventionjournals
Worldwide, overhead electricity distribution is performed using poles made from various materials. The choice of the most efficient pole material is based on management strategies that integrate concerns for environmental sustainability. By quantifying environmental impacts of products, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool which can be very useful to decision-makers. But how, where and to which extent has it been applied to power utility poles until now, and which accomplishments and challenges can be pointed out from the findings of these LCA applications? To address these questions, a review of accessible published LCA studies of power utility poles has been carried out. By employing well established literature review methodologies, a computer search of journals, conference proceedings, and reports have been carried out and retrieved case studies have been analyzed according to the criteria derived from the four phases of LCA international standards. From a performed review process, it was realized that a total of 13 LCA case studies have been increasingly conducted during these last 26 years in only four countries around the world. The case studies included both comparative LCA of various pole materials and LCA of a single pole material. The main used utility pole materials, the main considered functional units, the main assessed impact categories, the most considered environmentally friendly pole material, and the main challenges in the field have been identified and documented. LCA constitute a useful research field when studying the sustainability of power utility poles. Although existing case studies are scarce, the review highlights several outstanding accomplishments which show what have been satisfactorily done and what needs to be done. Currently, the topic is mainly limited to USA and Swedish researchers; developing countries seem to have noting to do with and there is not yet a methodological consensus which could facilitate a deep comparison between published case studies.
Research Paper Rough Draft Final DraftWrite a 2,500 – 3,500 wo.docxeleanorg1
Research Paper Rough Draft / Final Draft
Write a 2,500 – 3,500 word paper (8-10 pages, excluding Works Cited) defending a thesis that is the answer to your research question, using outside sources and documenting them according to MLA rules. The grade for both the rough draft and the final draft will be graded using these criteria.
Thesis
·
· Arguable, descriptive, unified
· Specific to scope of paper
· Answers the research question
Evidence
· Sufficient, relevant, representative
Quantity and Type of Sources
· Minimum of 8 sources:
· Minimum of 4 scholarly sources
· Minimum of 4 sources from approved library research databases
· Reference works and dictionaries may be used BUT don’t count in 8 sources.
· Sources are adequate and appropriate to topic
Use of Sources
· Use of summaries, paraphrases, quotations, critiques.
Reasoning
· Terms are defined.
· How conclusions follow from evidence is explained.
· Assumptions are valid; conclusions follow from evidence.
Organization
· Material is grouped appropriately.
· Organized point by point, not source by source.
· Focus is maintained throughout.
· Transitions are effective.
· Introduction and conclusion are effective.
· Relationships among ideas are clear.
Language
· Most of the paper is in your own words.
· Quotations are completely accurate, very few, short (one sentence) quotations, with correct punctuation and grammar are allowed.
· The mechanics (punctuation, spelling and grammar) of the paper are correct.
· The style is objective, formal, concise, precise and varied.
MLA documentation
· Correct in-text citations
· Complete and correct Works Cited, listing onlythose sources you have used in your paper, on a separate page at the end of the essay (MLA style).
Research Paper Rough Draft
Thesis: Arguable, descriptive, unified, specific to scope of paper, answers the research question.
Evidence: Sufficient, representative, relevant.
Sources: 8 minimum (5 from approved data bases, 3 scholarly). All are appropriate to topic. Adequate information to prove thesis.
Use of sources: Include summaries, paraphrases, quotations, critiques as needed.
Reasoning:
Terms are defined.
Explains how conclusions follow from evidence.
Assumptions are valid.
Conclusions follow from evidence.
Organization:
Material is grouped appropriately.
Organized point by point, not source by source.
Focus is maintained throughout.
Transitions are effective.
Introduction, conclusion are effective.
Relationships among ideas are clear.
Language:
Majority of the paper is in your own words.
Quotations - completely accurate, few, brief,
correct punctuation and grammar.
Mechanics (punctuation, spelling, grammar)
of the paper are correct.
Styleis objective, formal, concise, precise, varied.
MLA documentation: Correct in-text citations.
Complete, correct works cited, listing onlythose sources you have used in your paperat the end of the essay (MLA style).
1
ENG 102
Final Rese.
IMPLEMENTATION OF VALUE MANAGEMENT AS AN ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY TOOL FOR BUI...ijmvsc
Today, several researches have been carried out in the area of sustainability with much emphasis being
placed on the environmental dimension. Though this is good, a balance needs to be created between the
environmental, economic and social sustainability dimensions. Bearing this in mind, the construction
professionals are saddled with the responsibility of delivering sustainable construction projects using
diverse tools. One of such tool is Value Management (VM). Hence, this research assessed the use of VM in
delivering economically sustainable constructions. A case study approach was employed and the study
revealed that VM has a great role to play in delivering economic sustainability in construction since both
VM and Sustainability (the economic dimension) have a common goal which is; achieving value for money.
Notable benefits of VM in providing economic sustainability in construction includes: reduction of overall
cost while maintaining function through identification and removal of unnecessary materials and process
and use of local materials to save cost of importation and transportation. The study therefore recommends
the implementation of VM in building construction and presentation at various workshops and seminars in
order to enhance sustainable construction development through VM practise
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING
1. A037 – 1
A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINABLE AND
AFFORDABLE HOUSING
Stephen Pullen
University of South Australia, stephen.pullen@unisa.edu.au
George Zillante
University of South Australia, george.zillante@unisa.edu.au
Michael Arman
University of South Australia, michael.arman@unisa.edu.au
Wilson Lou
University of South Australia, lou.wilson@unisa.edu.au
Jian Zuo
University of South Australia, jian.zuo@unisa.edu.au
Nicholas Chileshe
University of South Australia, nicholas.chileshe@unisa.edu.au
ABSTRACT
Housing affordability has become one of the dominant research topics in recent
years. However, few studies have been undertaken to test the compatibility
between affordable housing and sustainable housing. A fundamental
understanding of these two issues is necessary to develop successful examples of
this form of accommodation. This paper aims to identify a suite of built forms for
housing that are both affordable and environmentally sustainable. A series of case
studies were conducted to investigate both international and national best practice.
The result was the development of a framework that enables the assessment of the
overall performance of various types of housing developments.
Keywords: housing affordability, environmental sustainability, best practice.
2. A037 – 2
INTRODUCTION
Housing affordability is a critical issue all around the world and a particular a
challenge in Australia. A recent international study comparing housing
affordability in the developed world ranked no Australian urban area as
‘affordable’ and 25 of Australia’s 28 urban areas as ‘severely unaffordable’ (Cox
and Pavletich 2008 in AMP.NATSEM 2008). Housing affordability is currently at
an all time low with more than one million low and middle income households, in
a variety of housing tenures, now experiencing housing stress (Australian
Government, 2008) in both the purchasing and rental markets (Beer et al, 2007;
Disney, 2007; Yates et al, 2008).
Environmental sustainability of housing developments has drawn much attention
in recent years, as one response to the global goal of attaining sustainable
development. Sustainable housing discourse and practice is largely focused on the
physical application of well-grounded principles in the design of homes and the
methods and materials used in construction (Randolph et al, 2008).
Coincidentally, contemporary housing policy debate in Australia has emphasised
the social and economic sustainability implications of a growing housing
affordability challenge, without addressing environmental objectives. At a very
practical level, these two factors have resulted in a reluctance to consider housing
sustainability in the same context as housing affordability, even though both are
high-priority housing challenges (Arman et al, 2009a). This background has
highlighted the need to develop a comprehensive assessment framework which
recognizes the importance of all components of affordability and sustainability.
This paper reports on a study carried out within the Ecocents Living project which
was supported by the Department of Families & Communities and Hindmarsh to
investigate affordable and sustainable housing. The project was instigated by
Hindmarsh which is a property and construction company normally associated
with non-residential development. As such, the project represents an enlightened
initiative by Hindmarsh to work with a building education provider to determine
future construction requirement; a theme which is broadly consistent with this
conference’s aims. The work has led to a series of publications (Arman et al,
3. A037 – 3
2009a; Arman et al, 2009b; Zillante et al, 2009; Zillante et al, 2010; Pullen et al,
2010) that canvass three aspects which:
1) provide a theoretical foundation to the research including the conceptual
tensions between affordability, sustainability and core definitional issues;
2) develop a conceptual assessment framework to link indicators of affordability
with those of economic, social and environmental sustainability;
3) test this assessment framework using industry input.
After a brief summary of these three aspects, this paper is primarily aimed at
reporting on the follow-up research of the testing of this framework with nine
housing developments.
BACKGROUND TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ASSESSMENT
INDICATOR FRAMEWORK
The process of developing an assessment framework covered three stages:
• Analysis of existing literature and assessment frameworks for affordable
and sustainable housing
• Development of an interim affordability and sustainability assessment
framework
• Validation of this framework in an industry discussion forum.
Firstly, background literature and assessment frameworks were considered.
International studies into affordability in housing have been critically reviewed by
Berry et al (2004) and Gurran et al (2008). Sustainability in housing has been
studied by Chui (2004), Priemus (2005), Sparks (2007) and Winston and
Eastaway (2008) in Hong Kong, The Netherlands, USA, and the European Union,
respectively. The literature review indicated that past research has predominantly
looked separately at the two aspects of affordability and sustainability.
The following assessment frameworks with some relevance to affordable and
sustainable housing were also reviewed.
4. A037 – 4
• Reducing the Environmental Impact of Housing prepared for the UK
Royal Commission for Environmental Pollution (Palmer et al, 2006)
• EnviroDevelopment ranking system produced by the Urban Development
Institute of Australia (UDIA, 2009)
• A comprehensive sustainable housing framework with 37 equally
weighted indicators developed by Blair et al. (2004)
• A sustainable community rating system developed by VicUrban, the
Victorian government’s urban development agency (VicUrban, 2010)
Secondly, an interim assessment framework was developed to reflect the literature
findings. Affordable and sustainable housing has been defined as: “Housing that
meets the needs and demands of the present generation without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their housing needs and demands. Affordable
and sustainable housing has strong and inter-related economic, social and
environmental components” (Arman et al, 2009b). Hence, this type of housing is
complex but there is some coalescing of requirements at the conceptual level
when a triple bottom line approach is taken. Arman et al. (2009a) argued that a
number of pragmatic challenges exist to reconcile the tensions between
affordability and sustainability. However, at the level of design, construction and
operation of a house, there is at least some common ground where low energy
materials, energy and water efficiency can be contributory factors to greater
affordability.
Therefore, based on the derived definition, the conceptual findings from the
literature reviews and particular aspects of related assessment frameworks, a list
of key characteristics or indicators was formulated which closely reflected the
important environmental, economic and social aspects of affordable and
sustainable housing. These indicators form the basis of the assessment framework
and they are as follows.
1. Efficiency in the use of resources e.g. energy and water.
2. Construction, e.g. materials and methods
3. Financial procurement, e.g. government, private and public private
partnership
4. Affordability, e.g. purchase and rent
5. A037 – 5
5. Dwelling size, e.g. mixed sizes and subjective size assessment
6. Appropriate density, e.g. low, medium and high
7. Adaptability, e.g. adopting Universal Design Principles
8. Social acceptability, e.g. acceptability to surrounding community
9. Desirability, e.g. market value of dwelling
The definitions of these indicators are shown in Table 2 of this paper.
Thirdly, in order to test the interim assessment framework, a panel of 12 experts
was invited to a discussion forum. These experts represented construction,
architectural, urban and social planning companies, local governments,
government agencies and consumers of affordable and sustainable housing. The
experts welcomed the assessment framework and suggested incorporating aspects
such as safety, quality of life, quality of place and health.
This paper applies the interim assessment framework to nine recent housing
developments.
APPLICATION OF THE FRAMEWORK TO CASE STUDIES
The framework was tested in recent housing developments which demonstrate
current best practice in one or more components of affordability and sustainability.
South Australia has a number of housing developments that claim to have such
features and these were selected for analysis. The fact that some were believed to
have an emphasis on sustainability rather than affordability (or vice versa) was
seen as being useful as it would test the range of the framework. In addition two
interstate developments were analysed to provide a national perspective and two
overseas developments to give an international dimension.
The locations and scale of these developments are shown in Table 1.
No Name State/
country
Location Development Size
1 Inspire South
Australia
Noarlunga, 30km to
south of Adelaide
CBD
28 dwellings in Stage 1
6. A037 – 6
2 Lochiel Park South
Australia
Campbelltown, 8km to
north east of Adelaide
CBD
100 dwellings when
complete
3 Christie Walk South
Australia
Adelaide CBD 24 dwellings of various
forms
4 Mawson Lakes South
Australia
12km to the north of
Adelaide CBD
4,000 dwellings by 2010
5 Aldinga Arts Eco
Village
South
Australia
45km to the south of
Adelaide CBD
Currently 55 dwellings
6 Landcom NSW
designs
New South
Wales,
Australia
Various across NSW Various depending on
particular project
7 K2 Melbourne Victoria,
Australia
5km to the south east
of Melbourne CBD
96 apartments
8 BedZED United
Kingdom
14km to south of
London CBD, near
Mitcham
99 dwellings
9 Oxley Park United
Kingdom
70km to north west of
London
145 dwellings
Table 1. Housing developments selected for analysis and their location.
Some background details of the nine developments are as follows.
Housing SA Project – Inspire, Noarlunga, (outer suburb) South Australia
Inspire was developed by Housing SA but with most dwellings being sold to
home purchasers, (Brock Harcourts, n.d.)..
All houses are designed to achieve a 6.5 star energy rating. Landscaping design is
environmentally sensitive with water tolerant plantings and efficient irrigation
systems (ibid). Water is collected at each dwelling and water efficient appliances
have been installed. All homes have a 1000 litre rainwater tank plumbed to the
toilet and drip irrigation systems for watering the front yard. The land was
subdivided to provide a range of small, well oriented and affordable Torrens Title
allotments with the cheapest property priced at $249,500.
Selected affordable housing and sustainability criteria
7. A037 – 7
Single storey homes within the project were carefully designed to meet the
Housing SA requirements for adaptability. The adaptability features of all
dwellings reflect the Housing SA ”Design Criteria for Adaptable Housing"
(Department for Families and Communities, n.d.).
Lochiel Park at Campbelltown (middle-ring suburb), South Australia
Commenced in 2004, Lochiel Park is aimed at serving as a model for other urban
developments with regard to sustainable housing and land development (LMC
n.d., Lochiel Park Online n.d.).
Completed homes have used passive design techniques to achieve energy
efficiency by maximising the thermal performance of the dwellings. The aim of
the development is to decrease the use of fossil fuel derived energy by increasing
to 15% the energy generated via renewable techniques within ten years
(LMC, n.d.).
Selected affordable housing and sustainability criteria
With respect to construction materials, building designers have considered the
environmental effects of construction materials and products over their whole life
cycle. Other examples of sustainability include the use of reverse brick veneer to
maximise thermal mass and energy efficiency (LMC, n.d.).
Construction waste is aimed at conserving resources through re-use or recycling
of materials to reduce the environmental impact from manufacturing and transport.
Christie Walk, Adelaide, (inner city) South Australia
Christie Walk is an ‘eco-city’ development consisting of three-storey townhouses,
a three storey block of six apartments, four cottages and a ‘community house’
(Urban Ecology 2007; Reid 2005).
Mains electricity is drawn from the grid but photovoltaic panels set on pergolas
over the apartments’ roof garden generate electricity for the grid. Additionally, the
dwellings have solar hot water with electrical boosting. (Urban Ecology 2007;
Reid 2005).
Selected affordable housing and sustainability criteria
8. A037 – 8
Construction materials and finishes used throughout are non-toxic. Timbers are
plantation or recycled (typically, oregon). All concrete in slabs and mass walls
contained the maximum percentage of flyash allowed.
The financial procurement model adopted evolved around the project being
designed for a group of clients represented by a development cooperative,
Wirranendi Inc. (Urban Ecology 2007; Reid 2005). With respect to affordability,
the house prices (which include a share in community areas and facilities) range
from $150,000 to over $400,000.
Mawson Lakes (middle-ring suburb), South Australia
Mawson Lakes is a fully planned 600 hectare community which, by 2010 will
have 10,000 residents in up to 4,000 homes, and facilities for 7,000 workers and
7,500 students (Delfin n.d).
Homes have been designed for energy efficiency with Home Management
Systems which have the ability to control irrigation, air-conditioning and energy
usage. Base power load demand is believed to be lower than Adelaide’s average
per dwelling but this is offset somewhat by the high peak loads in summer and
winter due to a reliance on air conditioning in most homes (Saman and Mudge
2003).
Selected affordable housing and sustainability criteria
Water management includes connection to a recycled water system and
mandatory solar hot water. All property titles have an encumbrance that requires
each house to have a dual water supply at the time of construction. Non-potable
water is delivered by a purple pipe system and permitted uses for this are for toilet
flushing, garden watering and car washing.
Aldinga Arts Eco Village (outer suburb), South Australia
The Aldinga Arts Eco Village consists of 169 allotments, as well as communal
neighbourhood orchards, eight stormwater collection points and an amphitheatre
for outdoor events (AAEV 2008; Xu 2008).
Selected affordable housing and sustainability criteria
9. A037 – 9
Another site within the development is providing affordable housing that is
consistent with the village by-laws in terms of environmental sustainability
features. ‘The cottages’ as it is known is being developed by Co-Built and will
contain 24 detached and semi-detached homes, each containing 2-bedrooms and
having a floor area of 76 m2
(Co Built, 2009). These cottages, which sold off the
plan for approximately $185,000 each, contain impressive environmental features,
such as in-ground rainwater tanks, solar hot water, solar PV cells and internal
thermal mass (being constructed as reverse brick-veneer) (ibid).
Landcom NSW designs (various locations)
Landcom (originally named the Land Commission) was established in 1975 to
offer affordable houses on Sydney's fringe.
Landcom claim that they are the only developer in the world that measures its
performance of social and environmental achievements as well as financial
outcomes (Landcom, n.d.). They produce an annual sustainability report based on
Triple Bottom Line reporting which includes 34 indicators. Whilst most of its
projects are residential in nature, Landcom also engages in a range of industrial,
commercial, retail and mixed-use developments.
Selected affordable housing and sustainability criteria
K2 (inner suburb), Melbourne, Victoria
The K2 development has been described as the “most environmentally sustainable
public housing development in Australia” (Victorian Government, 2009). The
development contains four buildings on a 4800 sqm site.
The orientation and positioning of the buildings themselves and each individual
apartment in the buildings was carefully considered to ensure maximum amounts
of natural light. The buildings are four, five and eight storeys tall. Consideration
was also given to air temperature and quality, with apartments designed to allow
cross-ventilation.
Selected affordable housing and sustainability criteria
Because of rainwater harvesting, grey water re-use, solar water heating and
photovoltaic panels, each K2 apartment is anticipated to use 55 per cent less
10. A037 – 10
mains electricity, 46 per cent less gas and 53 per cent less mains water compared
to a standard apartment (Victorian Government 2009).
BedZED (inner suburb), London, UK
The BedZED design concept was driven by the desire to create a net 'zero fossil
energy development', one that will produce at least as much energy from
renewable sources as it consumes. (Twinn 2003; Bioregional, 2007.).
Homes have been designed for energy efficiency with a typical 3-bedroom semi-
detached house built to the 2002 Building Regulations with a gross floor area of
100 m2
now produces around 0.47 tonnes of carbon (tC) emissions per year on
average. The use of energy meters in each home helps make energy consumption
more visible to the individuals in their homes.
Selected affordable housing and sustainability criteria
Waste water recycling and efficient fixtures and fittings have reduced mains water
consumption. Construction materials were specially designed to store heat when
warm and release heat during colder weather, therefore the BedZED eco-
community is built using renewable or recycled materials.
Oxley Park, (outer suburb), Milton Keynes, UK
Oxley Woods is a greenfields development in the UK resulting from the
“Designed for Manufacture” competition (DFMC), a government sponsored
competition which was developed to showcase affordable and sustainable housing
(DFMC 2006). One winner was the residential construction company George
Wimpey who came up with ‘flat pack’ starter homes (DFMC, 2008).
Homes in Oxley Park have low embodied energy materials, good solar orientation,
high levels of insulation, air-tight construction, and ‘EcoHats’, which, being the
‘next generation of chimney stacks’, filter all incoming air, re-circulate hot air,
maximise the intake of solar heat and provide passive solar water heating as an
optional extra (George Wimpey, n.d.). Reductions in the carbon footprint are
claimed to be 27% from house construction, 40% with the inclusion of the EcoHat
and 50% when the EcoHat is attached to top-up energy for a hot water system.
Selected affordable housing and sustainability criteria
11. A037 – 11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 2 shows the assessment of all nine housing developments according to the
assessment framework.
A rating scheme (0: does not meet; 1: some way to meet; 3: meets or exceeds) is
employed to measure to what degree of each individual development meets the
criteria of the indicator listed in Table 2. The categorisation was developed as the
result of analysis using the assessment framework with 24 sub-indicators. Equal
weighting was given to economic, social and environmental indicators.
When arriving at conclusions from these summary scores, it is necessary to be
aware of the following limitations.
• The assessment framework and index scores are rudimentary and have
been developed making a series of assumptions
• Many of the indicators are complex and the assessment using three
possible options (the ∆ or x) does not reflect the complexity of each of
the measures
• There are strong inter-relationships between economic, social and
environmental sustainability which are not recognised in the ‘silo’
approach of triple-bottom-line sustainability
• The equal weighting of economic, social and environmental components
may need further consideration. Indeed, a stronger emphasis on affordable
housing may result in a need for a stronger weighting for economic
sustainability.
Having acknowledged the above limitations of the weightings and summary
scores, it is still possible to proceed with some general conclusions. The weighted
summary scores provides an indication of which of the nine developments best
reflect the identified characteristics of affordable and sustainable housing, in a
context that provided equal emphasis on the environmental, economic and social
components of housing.
The development that stands out is K2, the medium-to-high density public
housing development in inner-Melbourne. The weighted summary score for this
12. A037 – 12
development suggests that the project reflects nearly three quarters of the
affordability and sustainability criteria that were identified. Other developments
that scored well in the assessment described in this paper include the Aldinga Arts
Eco Village, BedZED and Christie Walk.
The assessment framework was found to be sufficiently comprehensive to cover
the majority of affordable and sustainable features of the nine case studies. The
environmental indicators were the most robust with metrics and performance
benchmarks mainly available. The economic and particularly the social
sustainability indicators were satisfactory for qualitative analysis but their metrics
require further development.
13. A037 – 13
Table 2. Assessment of affordability and sustainability of nine housing projects.
14. A037 – 14
CONCLUSIONS
This paper has adopted a case study approach to identify and evaluate similarities and
differences of nine recent housing developments using a comparative analysis in the
form of an assessment framework. The basis for comparison was the extent to which
the affordable housing and sustainable criteria had been addressed.
In conclusion, the indicators for environmental sustainability are quite well developed
with substantial knowledge available on measurement and benchmarking of
performance. However, it is likely that the benchmarks will need to be raised with
time as higher levels of performance become desirable. The measurement of social
sustainability, on the other hand, is subject to differing interpretation and
contemporary indicators will require further development. A comprehensive range of
indicators and benchmarks will enable the identification of housing models which can
provide affordable and sustainable outcomes across the full range of requirements.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was funded by Hindmarsh and the Department of Families and
Communities (Government of South Australia) and their support is gratefully
acknowledged.
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