3. review faal endo [2017] 1
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This document provides an introduction to endocrine physiology. It begins with a comparison of the neural and hormonal systems, then outlines the main functions of the hormone system, which include regulating growth and development, muscle and gland cell activity, body rhythms, water and electrolyte levels, metabolic rate, and body defenses. It provides general concepts about hormones and the endocrine system. It also gives an overview of the major endocrine glands, including the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and endocrine pancreas. Key hormones such as ACTH, cortisol, somatotropin, ADH, calcitonin, and parathormone are also summarized.
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What Is Cortisol
Cortisol is a hormone that controls mood, well-being, immune function, and inflammation. It helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating fat breakdown and gluconeogenesis. Cortisol is essential for responding to stress, but excessive or prolonged levels can lead to side effects like obesity, bone loss, skin issues, high blood sugar, and increased blood pressure. It follows a normal daily rhythm that can be disrupted by shift work or medical conditions.
Homeostasis
This document discusses four main types of homeostasis regulation in the human body: thermoregulation, which regulates body temperature; urea and ion regulation by the kidneys; blood glucose regulation to maintain sufficient fuel for cells; and osmoregulation to control water balance in the body's fluids. Thermoregulation involves internal temperature control rather than simply adopting the surrounding temperature. Kidney failure disrupts urea and ion balance, building toxins to a fatal level without treatment. Blood glucose levels rise after eating and fall between meals as glucose is used by cells, with brain cells especially sensitive to low levels. Osmoregulation actively maintains the osmotic pressure of fluids to keep water content in homeostasis.
Adrenal glands and its secretions
The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys and produce hormones that regulate metabolism, the immune system, blood pressure, and stress response. Each gland has an outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla. The cortex produces cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. The medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. Disorders of the adrenal glands include Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, adrenal cancer, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Symptoms of disorders include fatigue, sweating, low blood pressure, and irregular periods.
Cortisol Blood Test
Cortisol is a hormone produced in the adrenal glands that plays an important role in stress response, regulating blood sugar and metabolism, blood pressure, and immune function. It follows a diurnal rhythm, being highest in the morning and decreasing throughout the day. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates cortisol levels through a negative feedback loop. Too much cortisol over time can lead to Cushing's syndrome with symptoms like weight gain, high blood pressure, and mood changes. Too little cortisol may indicate Addison's disease and cause fatigue, low blood pressure, and weight loss requiring treatment.
Endocrine system 3
The document describes several endocrine glands and their roles in regulating various bodily processes. It discusses the adrenal glands which secrete hormones like epinephrine, cortisol, and aldosterone to regulate metabolism, immune function, and electrolyte balance. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon to maintain blood glucose levels. The gonads and pituitary gland regulate the reproductive system through sex hormones and LH/FSH. The pineal gland secretes melatonin to influence circadian rhythms and reproduction.
Functios of thyroid hormones
The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism. It is located in the neck and has a butterfly shape. The thyroid secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which increase metabolic rate. Iodine is necessary for hormone production - it is absorbed into thyroid cells and combined with tyrosine to form the hormones. The hormones increase processes like carbohydrate metabolism, basal metabolic rate, respiration, and muscle function when secreted. Thyroid secretion is regulated by a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Abnormalities of Thyroid Hormone Secretion.ppt
Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are abnormalities in thyroid hormone secretion. Hyperthyroidism occurs when there is increased secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. Common causes include Graves' disease, toxic goiter, and thyroid adenomas. Hypothyroidism occurs when there is decreased secretion of thyroid hormones. Cretinism refers to hypothyroidism in infants while myxedema refers to hypothyroidism in adults. Both can be caused by autoimmune disorders, iodine deficiency, or genetic defects. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the age of onset but include changes to metabolism, growth, and development.
Adrenal glands
The adrenal glands are small endocrine glands located above each kidney that produce important hormones. They have an outer cortex that produces steroid hormones like cortisol and aldosterone. The inner medulla produces catecholamines like adrenaline. The hormones regulate processes like stress response, metabolism, blood pressure, and sexual development. Disorders can occur if the glands overproduce or underproduce hormones, leading to issues like Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, or primary aldosteronism.
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What Is Cortisol
Cortisol is a hormone that controls mood, well-being, immune function, and inflammation. It helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating fat breakdown and gluconeogenesis. Cortisol is essential for responding to stress, but excessive or prolonged levels can lead to side effects like obesity, bone loss, skin issues, high blood sugar, and increased blood pressure. It follows a normal daily rhythm that can be disrupted by shift work or medical conditions.
Homeostasis
This document discusses four main types of homeostasis regulation in the human body: thermoregulation, which regulates body temperature; urea and ion regulation by the kidneys; blood glucose regulation to maintain sufficient fuel for cells; and osmoregulation to control water balance in the body's fluids. Thermoregulation involves internal temperature control rather than simply adopting the surrounding temperature. Kidney failure disrupts urea and ion balance, building toxins to a fatal level without treatment. Blood glucose levels rise after eating and fall between meals as glucose is used by cells, with brain cells especially sensitive to low levels. Osmoregulation actively maintains the osmotic pressure of fluids to keep water content in homeostasis.
Adrenal glands and its secretions
The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys and produce hormones that regulate metabolism, the immune system, blood pressure, and stress response. Each gland has an outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla. The cortex produces cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. The medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. Disorders of the adrenal glands include Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, adrenal cancer, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Symptoms of disorders include fatigue, sweating, low blood pressure, and irregular periods.
Cortisol Blood Test
Cortisol is a hormone produced in the adrenal glands that plays an important role in stress response, regulating blood sugar and metabolism, blood pressure, and immune function. It follows a diurnal rhythm, being highest in the morning and decreasing throughout the day. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates cortisol levels through a negative feedback loop. Too much cortisol over time can lead to Cushing's syndrome with symptoms like weight gain, high blood pressure, and mood changes. Too little cortisol may indicate Addison's disease and cause fatigue, low blood pressure, and weight loss requiring treatment.
Endocrine system 3
The document describes several endocrine glands and their roles in regulating various bodily processes. It discusses the adrenal glands which secrete hormones like epinephrine, cortisol, and aldosterone to regulate metabolism, immune function, and electrolyte balance. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon to maintain blood glucose levels. The gonads and pituitary gland regulate the reproductive system through sex hormones and LH/FSH. The pineal gland secretes melatonin to influence circadian rhythms and reproduction.
Functios of thyroid hormones
The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism. It is located in the neck and has a butterfly shape. The thyroid secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which increase metabolic rate. Iodine is necessary for hormone production - it is absorbed into thyroid cells and combined with tyrosine to form the hormones. The hormones increase processes like carbohydrate metabolism, basal metabolic rate, respiration, and muscle function when secreted. Thyroid secretion is regulated by a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Abnormalities of Thyroid Hormone Secretion.ppt
Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are abnormalities in thyroid hormone secretion. Hyperthyroidism occurs when there is increased secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. Common causes include Graves' disease, toxic goiter, and thyroid adenomas. Hypothyroidism occurs when there is decreased secretion of thyroid hormones. Cretinism refers to hypothyroidism in infants while myxedema refers to hypothyroidism in adults. Both can be caused by autoimmune disorders, iodine deficiency, or genetic defects. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the age of onset but include changes to metabolism, growth, and development.
Adrenal glands
The adrenal glands are small endocrine glands located above each kidney that produce important hormones. They have an outer cortex that produces steroid hormones like cortisol and aldosterone. The inner medulla produces catecholamines like adrenaline. The hormones regulate processes like stress response, metabolism, blood pressure, and sexual development. Disorders can occur if the glands overproduce or underproduce hormones, leading to issues like Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, or primary aldosteronism.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body. Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine, usually caused by untreated diabetes or ingesting large amounts of carbohydrates. Hypercalcemia is the condition of excessive calcium in the blood, which can interfere with muscle contraction, hormone release, nerve function, and brain function. It is caused by overactivity of the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium levels.
Lecture.pdf
The document discusses the levels of physiological organization in the human body from cells to organ systems. It describes the four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. It then focuses on cell differentiation from fertilization through embryonic development into the three germ layers and subsequent tissue differentiation. The role of stem cells in development and tissue regeneration is covered. Homeostasis and its regulation through feedback loops is explained using blood glucose control as an example. The document emphasizes that physiology integrates both the functional and mechanistic aspects of biological systems.
Disorders of endocrine system
The endocrine system regulates hormones that control important bodily functions. Disorders can occur when glands produce too much or too little hormones. Cushing's syndrome is caused by excess cortisol from the adrenal glands, leading to obesity, high blood pressure, and other symptoms. Gigantism/Acromegaly is due to too much growth hormone from the pituitary gland, causing overgrowth of bones, organs and soft tissues. The document discusses the locations and roles of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes and their involvement in endocrine disorders.
Chemical Bonding
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body by chemically bonding to oxygen. This chemical bonding allows for increased cardiovascular fitness and oxygen delivery to muscles, helping athletes successfully climb Mount Everest. Low pH causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen, aiding performance. Blood doping artificially increases red blood cells, such as through autologous or homologous blood transfusions, or using EPO to boost red blood cell production. While used to treat anemia, blood doping is banned in sports due to its performance enhancing effects. Side effects include kidney damage and blood clots.
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The document discusses the endocrine system's response to exercise. It describes the major endocrine glands - hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal gland, ovaries, and testes. Key hormones involved in exercise include testosterone, norepinephrine, cortisol, thyroxine, human growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon. The effects of these hormones on metabolism and energy during exercise are explained. The document also discusses diabetes mellitus and how exercise can help manage blood glucose levels through increased insulin sensitivity and glucagon response. Regular exercise is recommended for people with diabetes to avoid hypoglycemia.
Steroids
Steroids are lipids found in the brain and alter electrical activity. They have a fused ring structure and many have a short tail and hydroxyl group, classifying them as sterols. Cholesterol is the precursor to important steroid hormones like estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, aldosterone, and cortisol that play roles in reproduction, metabolism, and other processes. Steroids are man-made versions of these natural hormones that reduce inflammation in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis by decreasing the immune response. They can provide fast symptom relief but are usually only prescribed short-term.
ADRENAL CORTEX AND GLUCOCORTICOIDS
This document summarizes the physiological actions and effects of glucocorticoids produced by the adrenal gland. It discusses their metabolic effects on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. It also describes their effects on electrolyte balance, muscle, bone, and other organ systems. The document further discusses the concepts of stress and the general adaptation syndrome. Finally, it provides details on Cushing's syndrome, which results from prolonged high glucocorticoid levels, and Addison's disease, which occurs due to adrenal insufficiency and low glucocorticoid levels.
Feedback loops
Negative feedback loops are cycles that stop the process from continuing once the outcome reaches the desired level. Examples given include checking grades in class and improving performance, becoming hydrated and stopping thirst, and body processes like regulating blood glucose and red blood cell production that maintain homeostasis. Positive feedback loops differ in that the outcome reinforces and strengthens the cycle.
Austin Journal of Endocrinology and Diabetes
Austin Journal of Endocrinology and Diabetes is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of endocrinology and diabetes. The renowned editorial team ensures a balanced, expert assessment of the articles published with an aim to provide a forum for physicians, researchers and other healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of endocrinology and diabetes.
Austin Journal of Endocrinology and Diabetes accepts original research articles, review articles and short communication on all the aspects of endocrinology and diabetes for review and possible publication.
metabolism of thyroid
1) The document summarizes the actions of thyroid hormones on various systems in the body. It increases metabolism, growth, and differentiation.
2) Thyroid hormones stimulate protein synthesis and breakdown, increase carbohydrate metabolism, stimulate lipid mobilization, and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.
3) The thyroid hormones also impact the cardiovascular, central nervous, skeletal, muscular, and reproductive systems. Diseases of the thyroid gland include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
Cellular adaptations
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The document summarizes adrenal hormones and their functions. It discusses that the adrenal glands are composed of the adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex produces steroid hormones like cortisol, aldosterone and androgens. The medulla produces catecholamines including epinephrine and norepinephrine. It describes the synthesis, regulation and effects of these hormones. It also discusses adrenal disorders like Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency.
Adrenocortical hormones
The document discusses adrenocortical hormones and their functions. It notes that the adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids including cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol affects carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. It stimulates gluconeogenesis and mobilizes fats and proteins. Cortisol also has anti-inflammatory effects and plays an important role in the body's response to stress. Cortisol secretion is regulated by ACTH from the pituitary gland which stimulates production through the cAMP pathway.
GLYCOGEN, GLYCOGEN METABOLIC DISEASE.
Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals and is stored primarily in the liver and muscle. Glycogen storage diseases are a group of metabolic disorders caused by defects in enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis or breakdown. The diseases are characterized by abnormal glycogen accumulation in tissues. Von Gierke's disease (type I) results from a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase leading to fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperlipidemia, and hyperuricemia. The diseases vary in their symptoms and tissues affected depending on the specific enzyme deficiency.
Thyroid Gland.ppt
The document summarizes the thyroid gland and its hormone production. It discusses:
- The thyroid gland's location in the neck and its lobes/isthmus.
- The three hormones it produces: thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin.
- The process of hormone biosynthesis, including iodine trapping, oxidation, thyroglobulin synthesis, iodination of tyrosine, and coupling reactions to form T3 and T4.
- Storage of hormones in thyroglobulin vesicles and their release into blood circulation.
Growth Hormone.ppt
Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and promotes body cell growth. It has a half-life of 5-20 minutes in humans. Growth hormone increases protein synthesis and amino acid uptake while decreasing protein breakdown. It also increases fat mobilization from adipose tissue while promoting fat breakdown for energy. Growth hormone stimulates bone and cartilage growth by increasing the production of somatomedins in the liver. Hypoglycemia, decreased fatty acids, and increased amino acids stimulate growth hormone secretion, while hyperglycemia, increased fatty acids, and decreased amino acids decrease its secretion.
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Daniel is feeling anxious and stressed because the examinations are only one week away and he has not started revising. His body is releasing adrenaline in response to these feelings, preparing his body for fight or flight. Adrenaline increases his heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism to provide more energy to his muscles from increased blood glucose and oxygen transport.
Cholesterol wps office
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in all cells that is needed to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that aid digestion. The liver produces cholesterol, but it can also come from foods like meat, eggs, and dairy. About 80% of daily cholesterol is made in the liver and intestines, with synthesis starting from acetyl CoA and following the mevalonate pathway. Cholesterol serves important functions like aiding hormone production, being a tissue building block, and assisting with bile production to digest food. A total cholesterol level below 200 mg/dL is considered desirable for adults.
Anti Diuretic Hormone(ADH).ppt
Vasopressin, also known as anti diuretic hormone (ADH), is secreted by the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It acts to conserve water in the body by increasing the permeability of collecting tubules and ducts in the kidneys to water absorption. ADH also causes vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure. Its secretion is regulated by factors like sodium concentration, blood volume, and blood pressure in order to maintain fluid homeostasis. Disorders of ADH secretion can cause diabetes insipidus, characterized by excessive urine production and thirst.
Hormones and Their Actions_Illustrated Notes
The document summarizes the major hormone systems in the human body, including the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and peripheral endocrine glands. It describes the roles and mechanisms of action of key hormones like thyroid hormones, insulin, estrogen and progesterone. It also discusses hormone-related diseases that can arise from deficiencies or excesses of hormones, such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and diabetes.
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ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE FOR 300L MBBS-BSc 2019-2020-1.ppt
This document provides an overview of a lecture on endocrine physiology. It begins with an introduction to the endocrine system and hormones. It then covers the classification, properties, and mechanisms of action of hormones. The document outlines the major endocrine glands and hormones, including the pituitary gland and hormones of the anterior and posterior pituitary. It discusses disorders of growth hormone and thyroid hormones, including dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly, cretinism, and myxedema. It concludes with an overview of hyperthyroidism.
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Endocrine system
The endocrine system secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body. Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine, usually caused by untreated diabetes or ingesting large amounts of carbohydrates. Hypercalcemia is the condition of excessive calcium in the blood, which can interfere with muscle contraction, hormone release, nerve function, and brain function. It is caused by overactivity of the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium levels.
Lecture.pdf
The document discusses the levels of physiological organization in the human body from cells to organ systems. It describes the four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. It then focuses on cell differentiation from fertilization through embryonic development into the three germ layers and subsequent tissue differentiation. The role of stem cells in development and tissue regeneration is covered. Homeostasis and its regulation through feedback loops is explained using blood glucose control as an example. The document emphasizes that physiology integrates both the functional and mechanistic aspects of biological systems.
Disorders of endocrine system
The endocrine system regulates hormones that control important bodily functions. Disorders can occur when glands produce too much or too little hormones. Cushing's syndrome is caused by excess cortisol from the adrenal glands, leading to obesity, high blood pressure, and other symptoms. Gigantism/Acromegaly is due to too much growth hormone from the pituitary gland, causing overgrowth of bones, organs and soft tissues. The document discusses the locations and roles of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes and their involvement in endocrine disorders.
Chemical Bonding
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body by chemically bonding to oxygen. This chemical bonding allows for increased cardiovascular fitness and oxygen delivery to muscles, helping athletes successfully climb Mount Everest. Low pH causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen, aiding performance. Blood doping artificially increases red blood cells, such as through autologous or homologous blood transfusions, or using EPO to boost red blood cell production. While used to treat anemia, blood doping is banned in sports due to its performance enhancing effects. Side effects include kidney damage and blood clots.
4 endocrine response to exercise; diabetes mellitus and fitness
The document discusses the endocrine system's response to exercise. It describes the major endocrine glands - hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal gland, ovaries, and testes. Key hormones involved in exercise include testosterone, norepinephrine, cortisol, thyroxine, human growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon. The effects of these hormones on metabolism and energy during exercise are explained. The document also discusses diabetes mellitus and how exercise can help manage blood glucose levels through increased insulin sensitivity and glucagon response. Regular exercise is recommended for people with diabetes to avoid hypoglycemia.
Steroids
Steroids are lipids found in the brain and alter electrical activity. They have a fused ring structure and many have a short tail and hydroxyl group, classifying them as sterols. Cholesterol is the precursor to important steroid hormones like estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, aldosterone, and cortisol that play roles in reproduction, metabolism, and other processes. Steroids are man-made versions of these natural hormones that reduce inflammation in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis by decreasing the immune response. They can provide fast symptom relief but are usually only prescribed short-term.
ADRENAL CORTEX AND GLUCOCORTICOIDS
This document summarizes the physiological actions and effects of glucocorticoids produced by the adrenal gland. It discusses their metabolic effects on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. It also describes their effects on electrolyte balance, muscle, bone, and other organ systems. The document further discusses the concepts of stress and the general adaptation syndrome. Finally, it provides details on Cushing's syndrome, which results from prolonged high glucocorticoid levels, and Addison's disease, which occurs due to adrenal insufficiency and low glucocorticoid levels.
Feedback loops
Negative feedback loops are cycles that stop the process from continuing once the outcome reaches the desired level. Examples given include checking grades in class and improving performance, becoming hydrated and stopping thirst, and body processes like regulating blood glucose and red blood cell production that maintain homeostasis. Positive feedback loops differ in that the outcome reinforces and strengthens the cycle.
Austin Journal of Endocrinology and Diabetes
Austin Journal of Endocrinology and Diabetes is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of endocrinology and diabetes. The renowned editorial team ensures a balanced, expert assessment of the articles published with an aim to provide a forum for physicians, researchers and other healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of endocrinology and diabetes.
Austin Journal of Endocrinology and Diabetes accepts original research articles, review articles and short communication on all the aspects of endocrinology and diabetes for review and possible publication.
metabolism of thyroid
1) The document summarizes the actions of thyroid hormones on various systems in the body. It increases metabolism, growth, and differentiation.
2) Thyroid hormones stimulate protein synthesis and breakdown, increase carbohydrate metabolism, stimulate lipid mobilization, and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.
3) The thyroid hormones also impact the cardiovascular, central nervous, skeletal, muscular, and reproductive systems. Diseases of the thyroid gland include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
Cellular adaptations
Characteristics of cellular adaptations
Etiological types
Morphological types
Examples
Clinical significance
Adrenal hormones
The document summarizes adrenal hormones and their functions. It discusses that the adrenal glands are composed of the adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex produces steroid hormones like cortisol, aldosterone and androgens. The medulla produces catecholamines including epinephrine and norepinephrine. It describes the synthesis, regulation and effects of these hormones. It also discusses adrenal disorders like Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency.
Adrenocortical hormones
The document discusses adrenocortical hormones and their functions. It notes that the adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids including cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol affects carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. It stimulates gluconeogenesis and mobilizes fats and proteins. Cortisol also has anti-inflammatory effects and plays an important role in the body's response to stress. Cortisol secretion is regulated by ACTH from the pituitary gland which stimulates production through the cAMP pathway.
GLYCOGEN, GLYCOGEN METABOLIC DISEASE.
Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals and is stored primarily in the liver and muscle. Glycogen storage diseases are a group of metabolic disorders caused by defects in enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis or breakdown. The diseases are characterized by abnormal glycogen accumulation in tissues. Von Gierke's disease (type I) results from a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase leading to fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperlipidemia, and hyperuricemia. The diseases vary in their symptoms and tissues affected depending on the specific enzyme deficiency.
Thyroid Gland.ppt
The document summarizes the thyroid gland and its hormone production. It discusses:
- The thyroid gland's location in the neck and its lobes/isthmus.
- The three hormones it produces: thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin.
- The process of hormone biosynthesis, including iodine trapping, oxidation, thyroglobulin synthesis, iodination of tyrosine, and coupling reactions to form T3 and T4.
- Storage of hormones in thyroglobulin vesicles and their release into blood circulation.
Growth Hormone.ppt
Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and promotes body cell growth. It has a half-life of 5-20 minutes in humans. Growth hormone increases protein synthesis and amino acid uptake while decreasing protein breakdown. It also increases fat mobilization from adipose tissue while promoting fat breakdown for energy. Growth hormone stimulates bone and cartilage growth by increasing the production of somatomedins in the liver. Hypoglycemia, decreased fatty acids, and increased amino acids stimulate growth hormone secretion, while hyperglycemia, increased fatty acids, and decreased amino acids decrease its secretion.
Chapter 15 Hormones Lesson 2 - Effects of Adrenaline and Table of comparison ...
Daniel is feeling anxious and stressed because the examinations are only one week away and he has not started revising. His body is releasing adrenaline in response to these feelings, preparing his body for fight or flight. Adrenaline increases his heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism to provide more energy to his muscles from increased blood glucose and oxygen transport.
Cholesterol wps office
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in all cells that is needed to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that aid digestion. The liver produces cholesterol, but it can also come from foods like meat, eggs, and dairy. About 80% of daily cholesterol is made in the liver and intestines, with synthesis starting from acetyl CoA and following the mevalonate pathway. Cholesterol serves important functions like aiding hormone production, being a tissue building block, and assisting with bile production to digest food. A total cholesterol level below 200 mg/dL is considered desirable for adults.
Anti Diuretic Hormone(ADH).ppt
Vasopressin, also known as anti diuretic hormone (ADH), is secreted by the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It acts to conserve water in the body by increasing the permeability of collecting tubules and ducts in the kidneys to water absorption. ADH also causes vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure. Its secretion is regulated by factors like sodium concentration, blood volume, and blood pressure in order to maintain fluid homeostasis. Disorders of ADH secretion can cause diabetes insipidus, characterized by excessive urine production and thirst.
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4 endocrine response to exercise; diabetes mellitus and fitness
4 endocrine response to exercise; diabetes mellitus and fitness
Chapter 15 Hormones Lesson 2 - Effects of Adrenaline and Table of comparison ...
Chapter 15 Hormones Lesson 2 - Effects of Adrenaline and Table of comparison ...
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Hormones and Their Actions_Illustrated Notes
The document summarizes the major hormone systems in the human body, including the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and peripheral endocrine glands. It describes the roles and mechanisms of action of key hormones like thyroid hormones, insulin, estrogen and progesterone. It also discusses hormone-related diseases that can arise from deficiencies or excesses of hormones, such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and diabetes.
Thyroid Adrenals Natural Remedies
Thyroid and Adrenal Gland Function Determine many aspects of health, wellness and overall energy. If there is a miscommunication between these and other glands, it can lead to interferences in health, such as weight gain, infertility, digestive disorders and mood disorders. The Natural Nurse, Ellen Kamhi, PhD RN explains the basic function and feedback mechanisms involved in gland communication, along with Natural Remedy Support.
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- The endocrine system uses hormones to regulate bodily functions through slower chemical signaling compared to the nervous system.
- Major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries/testes, thymus, placenta, and pineal glands.
- Hormone secretion is regulated by negative and positive feedback loops to maintain homeostasis. Endocrine disorders can result from too much or too little hormone production.
Adrenal cortex.pptx
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the adrenal cortex. It describes the following key points:
1) The adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoid hormones like aldosterone and glucocorticoid hormones like cortisol.
2) Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body while cortisol regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism and helps the body respond to stress.
3) Conditions like Cushing's syndrome and Conn's syndrome can result from excessive secretion of cortisol or aldosterone respectively.
Hormones and endocrine system.pdf
The document discusses the endocrine system and hormones. It provides information on the endocrine glands that make up the endocrine system, what they regulate in the body, and how hormones work. Hormones are chemical messengers released from endocrine glands into the bloodstream that target and influence cells in other parts of the body. The endocrine system uses hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, sexual development, and many other bodily functions.
hormone of gonad
The growth hormone is produced by somatotropes cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Its release is regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone release inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus. Growth hormone promotes growth and influences metabolism. Deficiencies cause dwarfism while overproduction causes gigantism or acromegaly. The gonads produce sex hormones and germ cells. Androgens are produced in males and influence physiological functions and metabolism. Estrogens are predominantly ovarian hormones and influence the menstrual cycle and female development. Progesterone is required for pregnancy and influences the uterus and mammary glands.
Alexander ch23 lecture
1) The document discusses endocrine disorders and diabetic emergencies. It provides objectives, definitions of key terms, and descriptions of the pathophysiology of conditions like diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia.
2) Details are given on assessing patients for endocrine-related complaints like altered mental status and weaknesses. Common causes like acidosis, infection, and insulin problems are reviewed.
3) The differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes are outlined, including causes, risks, complications, and management of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemic emergencies for each.
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE.pptx
Growth hormone promotes growth in many tissues by increasing cell size, cell division, and protein synthesis. It is a small protein secreted by the pituitary gland in response to growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin from the hypothalamus. Growth hormone increases fat metabolism and mobilization while decreasing glucose utilization, and has diverse effects on bone, muscle, and organ growth primarily mediated by insulin-like growth factors.
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PH1.38 Describe the mechanism of action, types, doses, side effects, indications and contraindications of corticosteroidsENDOCRINE SYSTEM.pptx
Endocrine System includes Endocrine Glands which releases hormone in bloodstream.
Hormones
Chemical messengers
Secretions
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ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE FOR 300L MBBS-BSc 2019-2020-1.ppt
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3. review faal endo [2017] 1
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY Qushay Umar Malinta qushay20019@gmail.com
- 2. Comparison of neural & hormonal system
- 3. Main functions of hormone system is… …REGULATION… of: Growth & development Muscle & gland cells activity Body rhythms (circadian, menstrual, etc.) Level of water, electrolytes and nutrients Level of energy & metabolic rate Body defense mechanisms (partially)
- 4. General concepts about hormone & endocrine system
- 7. General concepts about hormone & endocrine system (cont’d)
- 8. OVERVIEW OF HORMONES from Major Endocrine Glands
- 9. Summary of major endocrine glands
- 14. ACTH & Cortisol
- 15. Indirect effect: • stimulates production & secretion of IGFs (insulin-like growth factors) Direct effect: • Breaks down fat storage in adipose cells • Prevents hypoglycemia by reducing cellular usage of glucose AND by breaking down glycogen in the liver (glycogenolysis) Main effects of IGFs on cells are: • Stimulate cells to use nutrients cells & tissues grow larger • Stimulates collagen formation & also bone hardening (mineral deposition on cartilage) Somatotropin (= GH, Growth Hormone)
- 17. ADH/ vasopressin acts in different target organs to preserve body water and is regulated via negative feedback mechanism ADH (=vasopressin)
- 18. Thyroid
- 19. Calcitonin from parafollicular cells lowers blood Ca++ Parathormone from parathyroid gland increases blood Ca++
- 20. Adrenal gland
- 24. References • Sherwood - Human Physiology 8th ed 2013 • Marieb - Human Anatomy & Physiology 9th ed 2013 • Tortora - Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14th ed 2014 • Martini - Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 10th ed 2014 TERIMA KASIH