3 m sc vet-pharm training programme - main proposal

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA
SCHOOL OF HEALTH SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
Master of Science in Veterinary Pharmacy (MSc. VetPharm)
Curriculum for Master of Science in Veterinary Pharmacy
(Version 2017)
Curriculum
January 2017
Structural Arrangements of the Veterinary Pharmacy
Postgraduate Training Program
(PgDip / MSc in Veterinary Pharmacy)
LUNGWANI T. M. MUUNGO, PhD

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Alternative Route Alternative Route Main Route
(RT1) (RT2) (RT3)
RT2 RT3
Notes:
Alternative Route (RT1) Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Pharmacy Technology (PgDip VetTech)
Alternative Route (RT2) Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Pharmacy (PgDip VetPharm)
Main Route (RT3) Postgraduate Master of Sciences in Veterinary Pharmacy (MSc VetPharm)
PRIMARY ENTRY REQUIREMENTS for
Level 1
BACHELOR OF PHARMACY
BACHELOR OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
BASIC BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
BACHELOR OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE
HIGHER DIPLOMA IN ANIMAL HEALTH
RT 1, RT 2 & RT 3
QUALIFICATION
Master of Science in
Veterinary Pharmacy
YEAR I
RT1 (Full time)
 Veterinary Pharmacy & Public Health
 Comparative Veterinary Anatomy &
Physiology
 Comparative Veterinary Biochemistry &
Nutrition
 Comparative Veterinary Microbiology
& Pathology
 Comparative Veterinary Pharmacology
& Therapeutics
 Logistics of supply chain for Pharmacy
& Veterinary commodities
 Veterinary Vaccinology &
Biomanufacturing
 Pharmacy Law & Veterinary Medicines
Level 2
Postgraduate Diploma in
Veterinary Pharmacy Technology
YEAR II
RT 2 (Full time)
 Pharmaceutical Design &
Formulation
 Comparative Animal Healthcare
Provision & Management (Wound
Management, Farm Animals,
Equine, Pets)
 Comparative Animal Diet &
Nutrition
 Wildlife Epidemiology & Disease
 Veterinary Pharmacy Practice &
Ethics
 Veterinary Pharmacy
Management & Logistics
RT1 & RT 2
QUALIFICATION
Veterinary Pharmacy
YEAR III
RT3 (Full time)
 Veterinary Toxicology
 Technical Advances in Vet
Pharmacotherapy
 Technical Advances in Vet
Vaccine therapy
 Veterinary Pharmacy Residency
 Research Project
SCOPE OF PRACTICE
Specialty work-field Consultant;
Pharmacy practice specialist; Vet
practice specialist; Academic practice
specialist; Clinical Research specialist;
Clinical Trials specialist;
Regulatory compliance
RT 1
QUALIFICATION
Vet. Pharmacy Technology
SCOPE OF PRACTICE
Prescription service; Dosage regimen
design service; Drug therapeutical
dosage monitoring; Medicines & Clinical
information Advisory Services;
SCOPE OF PRACTICE
Procurement; Storage; Distribution;
Pharmaceutical Compounding;
Dispensing; Drug & Technical
information Advisory Services
Level 3

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Table of Contents Page
Course Program Background 4
Vision 5
Rationale 5
Aims 5
Objectives 6
Course overview 7
TrainingProgramBenefits 7
LegalJustificationforthetraining 7
Entryrequirements 8
Accreditation 8
Duration 8
Course Structure 9
Training Program Support 9
Course Outline 9
Year 1 Modules 10
Year 2 Modules 30
Year 3 Modules 53
Acknowledgements 66
Reference Journals 66
Reference Books 67

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Course Program Background
Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing and dispensing drugs. It is a health profession that
links health sciences with physicochemical sciences and aimed to ensure the safe and effective use
of pharmaceutical drugs.
The Scope of Pharmacy Practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing
medications, and it also includes more modern services related to health care, including clinical services,
reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmaceutical trained
professions, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who
optimize use of medication for the benefit of all types of patients (humans and animals).
An Establishment from which the pharmacy is practiced is generically called the same term,
pharmacy (this term is more common in the United States) or a chemist's (which is more common in
Great Britain). In the United States and Canada, drugstores commonly sell medicines, as well as
miscellaneous items such as confectionery, cosmetics, office supplies, toys, hair care products
and magazines and occasionally refreshments and groceries.
In Scientific Investigations of herbal and chemical ingredients, the work of the pharmaceutical
investigations may be regarded as a precursor of the modern sciences of chemistry and pharmacology,
prior to the formulation the scientific and therapeutical methods of any potential medicinal agents.
Pharmaceutical Practice in a variety of areas including community-based, hospital-based, health clinical
fields, extended care facilities, regulatory-based, academic-based and pharmaceutical personnel can
specialize in various areas of practice fields as outlined.
The Training Process as stated is also regarded as specialist training with a view that trained personnel
from pharmaceutical and veterinary training disciplines are branded to be pharmaceutical /veterinary
professionals. Hence, veterinary pharmacies, sometimes called animal pharmacies, may fall in the
category of hospital pharmacy, retail pharmacy or mail-order pharmacy. Veterinary pharmacies stock
different varieties and different strength lines of medications to fulfill the pharmaceutical needs of
animals health seeking requirements. Because the needs of animals, as well as the regulations
on veterinary medicine, are often very different from those related to people, veterinary pharmacy is
often kept separate from regular pharmacies. The current regulatory process only allows the
pharmaceutical trained persons to manage and distribute the pharmaceutical products to the end-use
points.
Hence, the main aim of this postgraduate training program is to ensure that pharmaceutical and
veterinary trained professional practitioners have the necessary technical and clinical knowledge and
skills as they interact to provide the necessary pharmaceutical care to the animal patients.

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Vision:
The Department of Pharmacy, with the help and participation of academic and health service collaborating
partners, is committed to develop and initiate the postgraduate training programs in various scientific and
practical fields of pharmaceutical operations. This is in line with Zambian government’s vision to provide
and actively support the development of pharmacy for the country in order to provide the pharmaceutical
services with appropriately trained personnel. Also, this vision is in line with that of the university to
develop a pool of staff that can be utilized in different fields of university activities through its staff
development fellowship (SDF)
Rationale:
While the country at large needs specialized personnel to provide specialized pharmaceutical care services
to the public from various points of health care points, in general and pharmaceutical care provisions in
particular, the university in general and the department of pharmacy in particular critically needs such
specialties as a source of pharmaceutical knowledge required by the upcoming pharmaceutical personnel
for the country.
Aims:
The graduates from this training program must possess specialized knowledge of veterinary pharmacy to
be able to demonstrate the following:
a. High quality of technological and veterinary pharmaceutical services provision.
b. Ability to solve veterinary and related animal patients’ problems and make expert decisions in
their professional career.
c. Effective expert communication with the animal health practitioners on issues of pharmaceutical
care services.
d. Effective contribution of expert animal healthcare service in general and pharmaceutical services.
e. Be a pharmaceutical care provider whose ability is to manage the specialized necessary requisites
of animal pharmaceutical care provision.
f. Have a general focus for students at developing veterinary skills necessary to promote or enable
the provision of expert service during the pharmaceutical care services to animal patients.
g. Train and gain knowledge, skills and behavioural characteristics for the exhibition of expertise in
veterinary pharmacy.
h. As a requirement for Lifelong learning with a propensity for continuing education.
Overall the profession of pharmacy practice is a dynamic science requiring lifelong continuous learning, so
as to invest time in the maintenance and further development of one’s own knowledge and skills, over
and above, for the pursuit of higher professional qualifications.

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Objectives:
The objectives of the degree program are to produce graduates who will have specialty attributes and
skills on entry as specialized program graduates and at that point, the graduates will have changed their
respective title status from mere pharmacists or veterinarians to Veterinary Pharmacists or
Pharmaceutical Veterinarians, depending on the first degree used for entry, with the following expert
skills knowledge:
1. Expert input to organization and control of the manufacturing, compounding and packaging of
pharmaceutical products for veterinary usage.
 This is a derivative of the outcomes from the primary degree qualification
2. Provide Expert Information and Education of health care in general and pharmaceutical care in
particular and expert use of medicines and other pharmaceutical products in the field of
veterinary pharmacy.
 Initiate and/or participate in the provision of expert health care education and information to
the public, as the owners of animal patients and participate in the training of animal health
care professions (veterinarians)
 Interpret scientific and veterinary information in terms of pharmaceutical knowledge to provide
basis for expert, prudent and rational drug use to animal patients
 Assist or actively participate in the training of undergraduate pharmacy veterinary in relevant
fields of training.
3. Provide and Promote expert advice to other health professionals and owners of animal patients
for optimal and effective pharmaceutical care provision.
 Disseminate expert drug information to other health care professionals and animal owners for
the benefit of animal patients
4. Have a board of knowledge, confidence, attitudes and skills, listen to function as an expert in
the field of veterinary field of pharmacy practice
 Have the ability to deal with any given veterinary pharmacy scenario with expertise
5. Participate in research to ensure the optimal use of animal medicine
 Always a learner, have skills to learn from problem solving experiences
 Able to use the animal health related professional and disciplinary literature as a means of
acquiring a continuing flow of new or expert knowledge
 To have a desire for scholarly concern for improvement in veterinary pharmacy and other
animal related health disciplines and must recognize the need to increase their knowledge to
advance the veterinary pharmacy profession through systematic, cumulative research on
problems of theory and practice
 Able to have the spirit of inquiry, critical analysis and logical and expert thinking
 Able to have the spirit of intellectual inquiry and curiosity and motivation for learning and
equip postgraduate students to learn throughout their professional lives
 Able to demonstrate expert leadership in problem solving of both veterinary and
pharmaceutical in nature

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Course overview:
The Veterinary Pharmacy course hosted by the Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences at the
University of Zambia, will be run in conjunction with the School of Veterinary, also incorporating relevant
professional partners. The Veterinary Pharmacy qualifications are intended for pharmacists and animal
science graduates or veterinary doctors involved, or wishing to develop an involvement, in the animal
health industry and in the supply and use of animal medicinal products.
Pharmacy technicians, basic qualified scientists or other trained health scientists or merchant support
staff will be allowed to study the taught modules over the first two years of the training modules, with at
least the postgraduate University Diploma qualification.
The full postgraduate programme would typically be delivered on full-time basis in a blended modular
format, studied over two academic years. Students studying all taught modules will enable them to
complete a Postgraduate Diploma Certification (PgDip) for Veterinary Pharmaceutical Technology, after
the first year, Postgraduate Diploma (PgDip) for Veterinary Pharmacy after the Second year, and those
continuing to MSc complete the Masters Dissertation and other prescribed advanced modular topics. The
Master Dissertation is typically completed within the third year of training.
TrainingProgramBenefits:
Successful candidates will gain skills knowledge base that will enable them to practice effectively in the
practice field of veterinary pharmacy. Also, an academic certification award which will be unique in the
fields of practice for pharmacy and veterinary. Completion and attainment of this award will be
representative of individual’s commitment and on-going industrial and professional Continuous
Professional Development (CPD) as required by the respective bodies (Pharmacy and Veterinary)
LegalJustificationforthetraining:
Legally, pharmacists are authorized to practice in veterinary prescriptions and trade with veterinary
products by virtue of their legal recognition by ZAMRA and so are the veterinary trained practitioners that
are legal prescribers of pharmaceutical products to animal patients.
In practice many pharmacists and veterinarians are unaware of the regulations associated with the
practice involving veterinary pharmaceutical products and this course will provide principle parts of the
information needed to confidently exploit the opportunities offered by the area of practice. It will also
provide an even platform for both pharmaceutical and veterinary officers to compliment their respective
professional knowledge and skills for the benefits of animal patients (crucial point as the patients have no
verbal communication ability to give an indication of the expected therapuetical outcome). It will also
show how to set up a section in the veterinary pharmacy and enables the development of both business
and therapuetical effective plans. The public health dimension is also important to community
pharmacists and veterinarians as well as domesticated animal rearing system.

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The programmes will be offered at different levels of study with a total of three years, therefore for each
award there will be different primary entry requirement as follows:
PgD VetTech / PgD VetPharm / MSc VetPharm
 In general, formal admission to UNZA will be followed. For university PgD VetTech / PgD
VetPharm / MSc VetPharm accredited program, including Veterinary Pharmacy candidates would
be expected to have obtained a minimum of second class degree in Pharmacy, Veterinary
medicine, or a related animal science subject.
 Some of the modules in the first year of the program may have in-process moderation to
accommodate students with lower qualifications than required or Non-graduates with significant
relevant work background.
 Applications may also be considered from candidates with a lower second class honours degree
from other universities that offer such degree certificates (together with related industrial or
professional experience of at least two years) or with postgraduate Diploma/Graduate Certificate
or equivalent with relevant first degree award.
 Non-graduates with significant relevant work background such as pharmaceutical and veterinary
personnel will informally be invited to apply for certificate training levels only after the
recruitment interview process.
Accreditation:
Through our accreditation as Higher Education Training Provider, it will be accredited by the Health
Professional Council of Zambia (HPCZ) while the professional status must be endorsed by both
Pharmaceutical Society of Zambia and Veterinary professional group.
Duration:
The program will be offered on optional pathway basis, either a full time of two years (2) years’ duration
or part-time of three (3) years, including six (6) months to each of the options, for field data collection,
compilation and oral defense for either of the two modes of study. An appropriate period of residency
will be attached to the training depending on the expert field being undertaken.
Course Structure:
 The course will follow yearly modular work system of 18 modules in all as stated below:
 The first 7 modules (VPY 6111, VPY 6112, VPY 6113, VPY 6124, VPY 6135, VPY 6136 & VPY 6137) will be done
in the first year.
 The next 10 modules with sub-modular course components (VPY 7211, VPY 7221, VPY 7222,v VPY 7223,
VPY 7224, VPY 7233, VPY 7234, VPY 7235, VPY 7245 & VPY 7246) will be done in the first half of second year
for full-time training pathway.
 The last 5 modules with accompanying final year research component as part of the optional or
elective module (VPY 8311, VPY 8312, VPY 8313, VPY 8334 & VPY 8040) will be done in the second half of
second year for full-time training pathway.

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 The last 5 modules with accompanying final year research component as part of the optional or
elective module, will be done in the third year for part-time training pathway.
 In the main, the last 5 modules will be undertaken while the trainees are on field training attachments
for veterinary pharmacy field work and research components.
Training Program Support:
It is hoped that, this program will be conducted on the same basis as the already existing postgraduate
programs at the School of Health Sciences. The structural, human and financial resources support will be
from the following:
 The enrolled students
 External partners such as both local and overseas pharmaceutical companies that will be
interested in the Research and Developmental fields of this program
 Identified government departments that will be interested in the Research and Developmental
fields of this program
 Local and overseas professional collaborative partners, principally from sister schools of UNZA that
will be joint partners to generate such advanced training pathways.
 Funded research fields of the Department of Pharmacy.
Course Outline:
Course Aim:
 To ensure that pharmaceutical and veterinary trained professional practitioners have the
necessary technical and clinical knowledge and skills to make an effective contribution towards
animal patients’ care provisions in any sector of the professional practice.
Learning Outcomes - On completion of the course the trained personnel will be able to:
 Demonstrate a comprehensive technical knowledge and understanding of therapeutics as the
ultimate outcomes of animal health care provision
 Demonstrate professional competence in formulating advice for both prescribing and dispensing
logistical pathways for animal patients treatment protocols
 Demonstrate application of knowledge necessary to appraise new therapeutic agents for improved
animal patient health care management
 Have effective inter-professional interactive and confident while managing animal patients
 Demonstrate professional competence in the full range of associated IT skills
For progression to the MSc level of training:
 Each trainee must demonstrate detailed understanding of research methodology and thus in
identified advanced professional practice fields of either pharmacy or veterinary.

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 Veterinary Pharmacy & Public Health
 Comparative Animal Anatomy & Physiology
 Comparative Veterinary Biochemistry & Nutrition
 Comparative Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology
 Comparative Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
 Logistics of supply chain for Pharmacy & Veterinary commodities
 Comparative Veterinary Vaccinology & Biomanufacturing
 Regulatory System for Pharmaceuticals & Veterinary Medicines

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Module 1: VETERINARY PHARMACY & PUBLIC HEALTH (VPH)
 PROGRAMME: PgDip/MSc in Veterinary Pharmacy (PgDip/MSc. VetPharm)
 CODE: VPY 6111
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Veterinary Pharmacy & Public health
 YEAR: 1
 PRESENTED TO: University of Zambia
 PRESENTED BY: Department of Pharmacy
 CREDITS:
 TERM OF OFFER: Term 1
 CONTACT HOURS: 2 hours per week for 12 weeks
 NOTIONAL HOURS: 24 hours
 PREREQUISITE: Bachelors Degrees in Pharmacy or Veterinary
Postgraduate Diploma / Certificate
 MODULE ASSESSMENT:
50% continuous assessment, 50% final exam (1 x 3 hour paper)
Module Description:
 This module introduces students to the field of veterinary pharmacy. It also provides introductory
information to the students on the Structure of Public Health Care in Zambia.
 The principle roles of the veterinary pharmacist in veterinary health care will be explored.
 The module discusses zoonoses in terms of significance, causative organisms (viral, bacterial,
fungal and protozoal) and mode of transmission.
 The development and the various mechanisms of antibiotic and anthelminthic resistance will be
discussed in detail.
 The modular course will also discuss practices that promote resistance.
 It describes the various meat borne diseases, milk borne diseases and gives an overview of food-
borne diseases.
 The module describes food safety including abattoir operations, food processing operations and
dairy operations.
 Prevention and management strategies including the use of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
(HACCP) in the food (fish, meat and milk) processing industries will be discussed.
 The focus is on recognising, identifying and combating/controlling outbreak of pandemics. The
course gives an overview of wildlife epidemiology.

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Module topical Subjects:
 General introduction to Veterinary Pharmacy and Public Health
 Integrate and apply previously acquired knowledge and skills from pharmacy and veterinary
medicine to demonstrate effective veterinary pharmacy service lines.
 Evaluate current collaborations with other animal healthcare professionals to support optimum
health and welfare of animal health welfare.
 Epidemiological scenario of veterinary disease profiles in Zambia and the region
 Develop marketing and financial plans for a sustainable veterinary service business.
Learning Outcomes - at the end of this training, the trainees should:
 Be able to demonstrate knowledge of the public health structure as veterinary service provision is
incorporated into the Zambia health system grid
 Be able to demonstrate awareness of the public health role of the veterinary pharmacist
 Be aware of the potential zoonoses in Zambia and be able to provide information to clients
 Be able to recognise and identify a zoonotic disease
 Be aware of the legal requirement to report zoonotic/notifiable diseases
 Be able to demonstrate knowledge of the response structure to veterinary disease outbreak
Method of Assessment:
 Continuous Assessment: 50%
 Submission of two – three written assignments with corresponding presentations of long and
practical study-case scenarios using some of the skills learned, followed by oral examination
 Final Examination: 50%
Paper I - Multiple choices
Paper II - Essay questions
Resources:
1. Handbook of veterinary pharmacology - 13: 978-0-8138-2837-4/2008., 2008, Walter H. Hsu,
2. 1494-2014 Veterinary Pharmacology, 2014, Dr. Hc. Alexandra Trif, F.M.V. Timisoara
3. Short Textbook Of Public Health Medicine For The Tropics-ISBN-10: 0 340 80738 5 , 4th Ed, 2003, Hodder Arnold
4. New Public Health, Theodore H. Tulchinsky
5. Black's Veterinary Dictionary-eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0418-7, 21st edition, 2005

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Module 2: COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (CAP)
 CODE: VPY 6112
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Comparative anatomy and physiology
 YEAR: 1
 CREDITS:
 TERM OF OFFER: Term 1 & 2
Module Description:
 Students will gain an overview of the most important differences in anatomy and physiology of
common domestic animal species, household pets and game animals.
 Variations in skeletal structures, digestive systems, reproductive tract, integument, sensory
system, cardiovascular system will be demonstrated, the main differences between mammalian
animals, birds and reptiles emphasized.
 Specific features and particularities affecting and sometimes limiting drug administration,
distribution, metabolism and excretions will be discussed.
 Students will learn about the dissimilar digestive systems of herbivores, omnivores and carnivores,
the implications for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of veterinary medicines, the
consequences of inadequate feeding and husbandry for the animal health status and hence the
overall productivity.
 The different reproductive tracts of breeding animals will be explained, and common strategies of
alteration via medicines mentioned.
 Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology (Cells, and Environmental)
 Anatomy & Physiology of animal cell (Monogastric, Avian, Ruminant animals)
 Physiology of animal body systems (Excitable Tissues, Haematological, Cardiovascular, Endocrinology,
Reproductive, Renal, Neural, Radioisotope and Radiation)

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 Radioisotope and Radiation (Radiation & radionuclides, Radiation dose, physical Radiation protection,
direct & indirect action of Irradiation, principles of radioimmunoassay, radioisotopes in medicine and
their physiological effects)
Learning Outcomes:
 Demonstrate a basic knowledge pertaining to common features and relevant dissimilarities in
skeletal and organ structures of common domestic animals, pets, poultry
 Describe how these dissimilarities and particular features can affect pharmacokinetics and –
dynamics of veterinary medicines
 Explain the differences in the digestive systems of common domestic animals, pets, poultry, and
the consequences for drug distribution, metabolism and excretion
 Define types of digestive systems following the scheme of food source and stomach types
 Demonstrate a basic knowledge of reproductive cycles of common domestic animals, dog, cat and
poultry
 Explain the pathway and role of veterinary drugs used in alteration of reproductive cycles
 Submission of two – three written assignments with corresponding presentations of long and
Resources:
1. Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology- ISBN 0 7506 8782 7 2004, Victoria Aspinall, Melanie O’Reilly,
Butterworth-Heinemann
2. Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals 2nd
, R M Akers, D M Denbow
3. Veterinary physiology and applied anatomy-ISBN 0750688734, 2005, Louise Tartaglia,
4. Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals-ISBN 0-7817-43333-8, 2005, William O. Reece
5. Textbook of Physiology-ISBN 978-1-4160-3610-4, 2007, James G. Cunningham
6. An introduction to Veterinary Medicine-). ISBN 978 0 955906 53 4, Edited by Steven B. Kayne, Saltire Books, (Revised
Edition 2011
7. Veterinary Parasitology: Urquhart et al., 1996, 2nd
edition. ISBN 1-4051-1979-9
8. Veterinary Microbiology: Bacterial and Fungal agents of Animal Diseases (Sonder G and Post K, 2005),
9. Virology Method Manual (Mahy BWJ and Kangaroo HO, 1996).
10. Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 9th
ed, Jim E. Riviere (Editor), Mark G. Papich (Editor), ISBN: 978-0-8138-
2061-3
11. Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology Lecture notes, University of Sydney, 2010
12. Essential Pharmacokinetics: A Primer for Pharmaceutical Scientists, T Loftsson, 1st
ed, ISBN: 9780128014110

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Module 3: COMPARATIVE VETERINARY BIOCHEMISTRY & NUTRITION (VBN)
 CODE: VPY 6113
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Comparative Veterinary Biochemistry & Nutrition
 YEAR: 1
 CREDITS:
Module Description:
 An understanding of the Chemical Processes that occur in living organisms is essential to
understanding how plants, animals and microbes function, and therefore the best management
practices that will result in optimal health and productivity.
 This subject is being designed to introduce students to the discipline of biochemistry, to allow
them to develop a basic understanding of the biological chemistry underpinning function at the
cellular and system levels.
 Topics covered will include: cellular structure and biochemical function, structure of biomolecules
including proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, energy generating pathways, photosynthesis,
metabolism, fixation and assimilation of nitrogen, transformation of metals, phosphorus and
sulphur, comparative metabolism in ruminants and avians and the regulation of metabolism by
hormones and isoprenoids.
 On the other hand, meeting Livestock Nutritional Requirements is extremely important in
maintaining acceptable performance of neonatal, growing, finishing and breeding animals.
 From a practical standpoint, an optimal nutritional program should ensure adequate intakes of
amino acids (both traditionally classified essential and nonessential), carbohydrates, fatty acids,
minerals, and vitamins by animals through a supplementation program that corrects deficiencies
in basal diets (e.g., corn- and soybean meal-based diets for swine; milk replacers for calves and
lambs; and available forage for ruminants).
 Additionally, dietary supplementation with certain nutrients (e.g., arginine, glutamine, zinc, and
conjugated linoleic acid) can regulate gene expression and key biochemical processes through
such systemic processes as metabolic pathways to improve fertility, pregnancy outcome, immune
function, neonatal survival and growth, feed efficiency, and meat quality.

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 Overall, the proper balance of protein, energy, vitamins and all nutritionally important minerals in
diets is needed to make a successful nutrition program that is both productive and economical.
 Both fundamental and applied researches are required to meet this goal.
 Also crucial to the nutrition program for animals is water.
 Livestock may have health problems resulting from substandard quality water.
 Consuming water is more important than consuming food.
 A successful livestock enterprise requires a good water supply, in terms both of quantity and
quality.
 Safe supplies of water are absolutely essential for livestock.
 If livestock do not drink enough safe water every day, intake of feed (roughages and concentrates)
will drop, production will fall and the livestock producer will lose money.
 Animal Molecular Biochemistry (Bacterial and viral chromosomes, bacterial plasmid, replication, transcription,
transcription and transport of Prokaryotic genomes; Regulation of protein biosynthesis; Transposons as mobile genetic
elements; Eukaryotic chromosomes and ultrastructural organization; DNA synthesis in eukaryotes and RNA
polymerase; Biochemical aspect of cell division, cell cloning and cell fusion; Genetic engineering and its social
implication; Biochemistry of growth and differentiation of eukaryotes. Molecular evolution and genetic code).
 Animal Nutritional Biochemistry (Dietary essentiality of carbohydrates and lipids. Concepts, quality and
biological value of proteins; Physiological function and biochemical mechanism of action of vitamins and inorganic
nutrients; Metabolic interaction of nutrients; Proximate composition of food stuff, estimation of fibre, toxin additives,
vitamins, trace elements and amino acids; Biochemical assessment of malnutrition adaptive responses to under
nutrition, fibre in nutrition, protein energy malnutrition; Deficiency of zinc, selenium and some vitamins).
 Clinical Veterinary Biochemistry (Composition of plasma of domestic animals in health and disease, Plasma
Proteins, Homeostasis, Serum enzymes in health and disease, Immunoglobulins, Haemoglobulins, Haemoglobulin
Chemistry and Respiratory function, Polymorphism. Lymph and Cerebrospinal fluid; Regulation of acid base balance in
health and disease).
 Advanced Veterinary Biochemistry (Enzymes and their properties; the roles of enzymes and hormones in
metabolic regulation; Biochemical oxidation and electron transport; changes in metabolic processes in ruminants and
non-ruminants, inborn errors in metabolism).
 Enzymology and Metabolic Pathways (Classification and nomenclature of enzymes; Extraction and
purification of enzymes; Specificity of enzyme action; Kinetics of single substrate enzymes catalyzed reactions; Enzyme
inhibitions; Kinetics of multi-substrate enzyme catalysis reaction; Investigation of active site structure; Application of
enzyme technology; Immobilized enzymes and enzyme utilization in industries; Ligand binding; Kinetics of multi-
binding sites; Structure and mechanism of selected enzymes; Integration and regulation of metabolism, oxidative and
photo-phosphorylation; Membrane carbohydrate and surface specificity).
Learning Outcomes:
 Be familiar with the terminology of biochemistry
 Understand the principles and important information regarding the chemical structures and
properties of cellular constituents, and the correlation of structure with function
 Comprehend the interrelationships of metabolic pathways and biochemical reactions between
organism and tissue systems
 Develop skills in the organization, analysis and interpretation of biochemical data

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 Demonstrate a basic knowledge pertaining to common features and relevant dissimilarities in
biochemical processes and nutritional requirements of common domestic animals, pets, poultry
 Describe how these dissimilarities and particular features can affect pharmacokinetics and –
dynamics of veterinary medicines
 Explain the differences in the biochemistry and nutritional in digestive systems of common
domestic animals, pets, poultry, and the consequences for drug distribution, metabolism and
excretion
 Define types of digestive systems following the scheme of food source and stomach types
 Demonstrate a basic knowledge of reproductive cycles of common domestic animals, dog, cat and
poultry in line with biochemical and nutritional requirements
 Explain the pathway and role of veterinary drugs used in modification or alteration of systemic
biochemical processes and nutritional effects
Submission of two – three written assignments with corresponding presentations of long and

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Module 4: COMPARATIVE VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY & PATHOLOGY (VMP)
 CODE: VPY 6114
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Veterinary microbiology & pathology
 YEAR: 1
 CREDITS:
Module Description:
 In this module students will learn about bacteria, fungi and viruses that are important in
veterinary medicine.
 Animal Bacteriology: Systematic study of the following pathogenic bacteria – Gram positive cocci,
endospore forming Gram positive rods and cocci, Bacillaceae genus Bacillus, Sporolactobacillus
and Clostridium. Other families will include Spirochetaeceae, Spirillaceae, Streptomycetaceae,
Mycobacteria and Nocardia, Chlamydia, Rickettsiae and Mycoploasma, anaerobic Gram negative
straight, curved and helical rods eg. Genus Fusobacterium and Bacteroides.
 Animal Mycology: Overview of the Morphology, physiology, reproduction and immunology of
pathogenic fungi. Systemic study of animal mycoses such as aspergillosis, candidiasis,
cryptococcosis, epizootic lymphagitis, mycotic abortion, mycotic mastitis, mycotic dermatitis,
mycotoxicosis and coccidioidomycosis.
 Systemic animal virology: Overview of the animal viruses belonging to the following families with
reference to antigens, cultivation, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, immunity and control:
Cowpoxvirus, bovine herpes virus, equine herpes virus, Marek’s disease, infectious
laryngotracheitis, infectious canine hepatitis virus, canine parvovirus and feline panleucopenia,
Newcastle disease virus, cainine distemper virus, rinderpest virus, rotavirus, bluetongue virus,
rabies virus.
 Practical: Isolation, characterisation and identification of bacteria from field materials. Study of
gross and microscopic characters of pathogenic fungi. Isolation of viruses in embryonated eggs.

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 Animal Parasitology: Students will be introduced to the principles of general parasitology. An
overview will be given of common endoparasites (helminths and protozoans) and respective
diseases of veterinary importance in Zambia, and more broadly within southern Africa region.
 The following topics will be covered: Parasites and parasitism, types of hosts, host-parasite
relationship; mode of transmission of parasites and methods of dissemination of the infective
stages of the parasite; classification of helminths (nematodes, cestodes, trematodes) and
protozoans (amoeba, flagellates, ciliates, sporozoa), characteristics of main groups, the life cycles
of in relation to transmission, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis.
 An emphasis will be given on the relevant pharmacological aspects pertaining to the pharmacist’s
role.
 An overview will be given of the current available antiparasitic drugs on the market, and the
practicability in administration – the broad topic of ectoparasites will be as well discussed: Insects
(biting and nuisance flies, lice, fleas) and arachnids (ticks and mites) relevant to Zambia and
southern Africa will be studied, including the morphology, life cycle, control and treatment of
selected species.
 Particular attention will be paid to the effects of chemical anti-parasitic drugs on different animal
species and the environment.
 The importance of biological control methods will also be considered. The role of arthropods as
vectors will be covered as well as their control, and the impact of parasitic diseases (e.g., tick-
borne diseases) on livestock and wild animals.
 Introduction to Veterinary microbiology
 Bacteria and fungi
 Viruses
 Clinical applications
 Parasite taxonomy and morphology
 Parasites of domestic animals
 Facultative ectoparasites and arthropod vectors
 The epidemiology of parasitic diseases
 Resistance to parasitic diseases
 Antiparasitics
 The laboratory diagnosis in microbiology - Isolation, characterisation and identification of
helminthic parasites from field materials (infested animals). Study of gross and microscopic
characters of ectoparasites; microscopic studies of mounted slides (eno- and ectoparasites:
Identification, description and discussion.

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Learning Outcomes:
 Demonstrate knowledge of the major bacteria, fungi and viruses that affect animals
 Distinguish between the species specificity of the various microbial infectious agents
 Demonstrate an understanding of the importance of the lifecycles of various infectious agents, the
disease onset and interventions to prevent the onset of disease.
 Recognize the various classes of endo- and ectoparasites, as well as certain representative species
 Describe the most relevant pathologic and economic effects of selected endo- and ectoparasites
 Describe life cycles of parasites and disease manifestations of in the most relevant endo- and
ectoparasites of southern Africa
 Demonstrate overall knowledge of most common diagnostic laboratory methods for the
identification of endo- and ectoparasites
 Recommend appropriate drug treatment for controlling or minimizing endo- and ectoparasite
infection, both in the individual animal and on a herd basis
 Discuss the use of various chemical anti-parasitic drugs in the control of ectoparasites and their
environmental impact
 Discuss the role and importance of biological control methods
Resources:
1. Pathologic basis of veterinary disease-ISBN-13: 978-0-323-02870-7, 2007, M. Donald McGavin
3. Veterinary Parasitology: Urquhart et al., 1996, 2
nd
5. Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 9
th
2061-3
ed, ISBN: 9780128014110

21
Module 5: COMPARATIVE VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (CVP)
 CODE: VPY 6125
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Comparative veterinary pharmacology & therapeutics
 YEAR: 1
 CREDITS:
MODULE ASSESSMENT:
Module Description:
 The module discusses drugs affecting various systems in animals.
 This includes Drugs affecting the gastrointestinal tract, Drugs affecting the cardiovascular system,
Drugs affecting the respiratory system and Drugs affecting the endocrine system, Nervous systems
 The module covers veterinary anaesthesiology and the drugs used to anesthetise animals
including wildlife.
 This includes Analgesics, Anaesthetics & Stimulants, Anticonvulsants and behaviour modifying
drugs.
 The following additional topics are discussed in the course: Anti-inflammatory drugs, Drugs
affecting the renal function & fluid electrolyte balance, Drugs acting on blood and blood elements,
Antimicrobials, Antiparasitics, Disinfectants and Antiseptics.
 Pharmacological process and actions of drug entities in animals
 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology (Biological membranes drug process, Molecular Transport
 Fundamental Principles of Pharmacology (Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics,
chemotherapy, Ethnopharmacology
 Veterinary therapeutics
 The Interface of systemic Animal and Human Pharmacology

22
Learning Outcomes:
 Apply the fundamental principles of pharmacology to ensure appropriate and safe drug dosage
dependent on the patient’s species, breed, sex, age, stage of reproduction, body composition etc.
 Have formal knowledge on principles of drug action on various animal tissues and the
physiological systems
 Know the range and various types of drug classes pertinent to veterinary science and the
peculiarities of drugs in the core species.
 Learn and relate basic pharmacy techniques in veterinary practice.
 Learn about common medications used in common veterinary disease processes.
 Apply the fundamental principles of pharmacology to understand the actions of toxins
 Describe and be familiar with the indications, general mechanism of action and side effects of the
following commonly used agents in veterinary practice: NSAIDs, analgesics, corticosteroids,
antimicrobials and drugs of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems, sedatives, general and
local anaesthetic agents and anticonvulsants etc.
Resources:
th
2061-3
ed, ISBN: 9780128014110
4. An introduction to Veterinary Medicine. Edited by Steven B. Kayne, Saltire Books, revised edition 2011. ISBN 978 0
955906 53 4
nd
2061-3

23
Module 6: LOGISTICS OF SUPPLY CHAIN FOR PHARMACY & VETERINARY COMMODITIES (LSC)
 CODE: VPY 6136
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Logistics of supply chain for pharmacy & veterinary commodities
 YEAR: 1
 CREDITS:
Module Description:
 The module discusses on possible confusion regarding exactly what supply chain management
(SCM) involves.
 In fact, most people using the name supply chain management treat it as a synonym for logistics
or as logistics that includes customers and suppliers.
 However, successful SCM requires cross-functional integration of key business processes within
the firm and across the network of firms that comprise the supply chain, in this case, the
manufacturing, procurement, storage, distribution and delivery of pharmaceutical commodities to
various points of medicinal needs.
 The challenge is to determine how to successfully the accomplishment of this integration
achieved.
 The distinction between logistics and supply chain management is identified and it forms a
framework for SCM system.
 A class session will be devoted to each of the eight supply chain processes as well as to topics such
as: the management components of supply chain management; electronically linking the supply
chain; integrating supply chain strategy to corporate strategy; supply chain mapping; supply chain
metrics; developing and implementing partnerships in the supply chain; and, implementing supply
chain management.
 This supply chain management (SCM), a term which denotes the integration of key business
processes from end user through original suppliers for the purpose of adding value for the firm, its
key supply chain members, to include customers and other stakeholders.
 This course presents a framework for SCM that requires cross-functional integration of key
business processes within the firm and across the network of firms that comprise the supply chain.

24
 This module approaches SCM from a managerial perspective and introduces concepts in a format
useful for management decision making.
 Basic terms, concepts, and principles are examined in light of how they interrelate and interface
within the firm and across the supply chain.
 Illustrations are taken from corporate applications of these concepts to show how supply chain
management can be implemented.
 Introduction to supply chain management and logistics
 Fundamental Principles of supply chain processes
 Electronic linkage of supply chain system
 Supply chain performance measurement
 Developing and implementing partnerships in the supply chain
 Implementing supply chain management
Learning Outcomes:
 An understanding of the primary differences between logistics and supply chain management
 An understanding of the individual processes of supply chain management and their
interrelationships within individual companies and across the supply chain
 An understanding of the management components of supply chain management
 An understanding of the tools and techniques useful in implementing supply chain management
 Knowledge about the professional opportunities in supply chain management
Resources:
1. Supply Chain Theory and Applications-ISBN 978-3-902613-22-6, 2008, Vedran Kordic
2. Fundamentals of supply chain management, 2911, Dr. Dawei Lu, ISBN 978-87-7681-798-5
3. The Logistics Handbook, 2010, John Snow, Inc.
4. Integrated Supply Chain Modeling, 2004,
5. Essentials of inventory management-ISBN 0-8144-0751-X, 2003, MAX MULLER

25
Module 7: VETERINARY VACCINOLOGY & VACCINE BIOMANUFACTURING (VCB)
 CODE: VPY 6137
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Veterinary vaccinology & vaccine Biomanufacturing
 YEAR: 1
 CREDITS:
Module Description:
 The module gives an overview of immunology, maternal immunity, the role of colostrum,
placentation, and vaccination regimes.
 It relates physiology to the efficacy of vaccination across species.
 The course describes the various vaccine types including live attenuated vaccines (viral and
bacterial), inactivated vaccines (viral and bacterial), subunit vaccines (protein, carbohydrate,
conjugate and toxoid), recombinant vaccines and virus-like particles (VLPs).
 The course gives an exploration of the vaccine development process starting with the creation of
the seed culture from the working cell banks and discusses upstream and downstream processing
unit operations up to the fill-and-finish stage.
 The course discusses the various techniques available for vaccine formulation and stabilisation
including freeze-drying in line with pharmacopoeal requirements.
 It will also explore protein degradation and the various ways of stabilising proteins as well as cold
chain principles.
 Immunization schedules of veterinary vaccines, logistic issues and vaccination failure will be
discussed.
 Vaccine Biomanufacturing: The students gains knowledge of vaccine production facilities
platforms available including modular, stainless steel, hybrid and Flexible Facilities.
 Students will be introduced to cGMP principles and in process quality control during
manufacturing.

26
 The module discusses bacterial cell, mammalian cell, insect cell and yeast as production platforms.
Vaccine development including seed culture propagation, scale-up, overall upstream process
development including culture vessel configurations and downstream processing including
primary recovery and polishing stage and vaccine formulation will be covered.
 Vaccines and Diagnostic
 Concepts in Immunology and Vaccinology
 Vaccines and Diagnostics for domesticated and wild-life animals
 Adverse vaccine, reactions, failures, and post-marketing surveillance
 Regulation, licensing and standardization of vaccines and diagnostics
Learning Outcomes:
 Demonstrate ability to design a vaccination strategy for animals
 Describe the vaccine development process from raw material selection to fill-and-finish
 Apply the regulation to the vaccine manufacturing process
 Develop a clinical trial program for a newly developed vaccine
 Be aware of the methods for vaccine stabilisation and storage
 Demonstrate an appreciation for factors responsible for vaccine failures
 Distinguish between the various types of vaccines
 Be aware of the latest technologies in vaccine development
Resources:
1. Vaccinology: An essential guide, A Barrett and Greg N Milligan, Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
2. Vaccine Development and Manufacturing, E Wen. Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
3. Vaccinology principles and practice, Morrow, Sheikh, Schmit and Davies. Publisher: Wiley- Blackwell
4. Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostics, 1999, Ronald. D. Shultz
nd
2061-3

27
ed, ISBN: 9780128014110

28
Module 8: REGULATORY SYSTEM FOR PHARMACEUTICALS &VETERINARY MEDICINES (RPV)
 CODE: VPY 6138
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Regulatory system for pharmaceuticals &veterinary medicines
 YEAR: 1
 CREDITS:
Module Description:
 Regulatory Pharmacy: This module deepens the student’s knowledge of the regulation of
veterinary pharmaceuticals. It provides the scope of practice for the veterinary pharmaceutical
scientist and the veterinary pharmacist and describes the rules on prescribing and dispensing
of veterinary pharmaceuticals.
 The module discusses the classification of and extemporaneous preparation of veterinary
medicines. The role of the cascade as well as regulation of premises, wholesale supply,
internet supply and dispensing from mobile premises will be discussed.
 The roles of different veterinary health care professionals will be explored: veterinary surgeon,
animal health technician and para-professionals.
 It will outline the steps involved in the registration of medicines with the Namibia Medicines
Regulatory Council. The Veterinary Act and restrictions it places on veterinarians, other
veterinary professionals and paraprofessionals will be discussed in detail. The course will
provide an overview of Veterinary Drug Development and procedures for submitting a dossier
for a marketing authorisation. The structure and role of the national agencies in Namibia and
variations in the African region, United Kingdom and the United States of America will be
discussed.
 Veterinary medicines: The course describes the factors affecting formulation and efficacy of
veterinary drugs. The classification of veterinary medicines will be discussed with regard to:
antibiotics, vaccines, anti-inflammatories, antiseptics and disinfectants, parasiticides,
rehydration and electrolytes, opioids, tranquilizers and anaesthetics.

29
 Quality of medicines: This theme explores the critical parameters with regard to quality of
medicines, implementation of quality assurance, principles of design space and its use in drug
development and manufacturing and principles of GMP in quality assurance.
 Vaccines and Diagnostic
 Concepts in Immunology and Vaccinology
 Vaccines and Diagnostics for domesticated and wild-life animals
 Adverse vaccine, reactions, failures, and post-marketing surveillance
 Regulation, licensing and standardization of vaccines and diagnostics
Learning Outcomes:
 Demonstrate knowledge of legal requirements regarding prescribing and dispensing veterinary
medicines
 Be aware of the use of the cascade in veterinary pharmacy
 Identify the classes of veterinary medicines
 Relate species anatomical and physiological differences to the formulation of veterinary
medicines.
 Demonstrate knowledge of the mechanisms of action of the main groups of veterinary
medicines.
Resources:
1. Dale and Appelbe’s Pharmacy Law and Ethics- ISBN 978 0 85369 827 2, 2009, by Thomson Digital
2. Dictionary of Law- ISBN 0 7475 6636 4, 2004, P.H. Collin
3. Environmental policy and Public health- ISBN 978-0-470-59343-1 , 2012, William N. Rom
4. Public Health, Ethics, and Equity- ISBN 0–19–927636–6, 2006, Sudhir Anand; Fabienne Peter; Amartya Sen
5. Textbook of Healthcare Ethics- ISBN: 1-4020-1460-0, 2005, Erich H. Loewy, Roberta Springer Loewy
6. The veterinary act, 2003
7. Rules and regulations for the licensure of veterinarians
8. Veterinary Surgeons Act in Zambia, Chapter 243
9. The Veterinary and Veterinary Para-Professions Act, 2010
10. Veterinary ethics in the liberalised market: the Zambian environment, J.E.D. Mlangwa, P. Chilonda & G.S. Pandey

30
11. Regulation of Veterinary Profession,2012, Celina P Chauwa
12. Animal Health Act, 2012, Andivwenji Phiri
13. Management guidelines for private wildlife estates in Zambia, Kampamba G., Chansa, W., Siamudaala, V., and
Changwe, K., June 2005
14. Laws OF Zambia, 1995 Ed (Revised)
15. Fees and charges on livestock sector, January 2012
16. Community-based animal health delivery systems, 2002, Tim Leyland1 and Andy Catley
17. Policy for National Parks and Wildlife in Zambia, 1998

31
 Pharmaceutical Design & Formulation
 Comparative Animal Healthcare Provision & Management systems
[I,II,III & IV]
 Comparative Animal Diet & Nutrition
 Domesticated & Wildlife Animal Epidemiology & Disease Control
 Veterinary Pharmacy Practice Laws & Ethics
[I & II]
 Logistics of Veterinary Pharmacy Management System

32
Module 1: PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN & FORMULATION (PDF)
 CODE: VPY 7211
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Pharmaceutical design & formulation
 YEAR: 2
 CREDITS: 16
 PREREQUISITE: First Year Results
Module Description:
 For pharmaceutical formulation - This process involves production of drug which is characterized
by two things: first it must be a stable product, second it must be acceptable to the patient who
will use it. Besides that in case of synthesis of an oral medication (tablet or capsule) it will contain
a variety of ingredients besides the drug itself so it is an obligate matter to be sure that all of these
ingredients must be incorporate with each other. Therefore it is very important to do a lot of
formulation studies in order to detect the point of incorporation. Besides that formulation studies
must focus on other factors like particle size, polymorphism, pH and solubility, in order to check
whether these factors will have direct or indirect effects on bioavailability of the drug or not.
 For drug design - In case of drugs design, computer modeling techniques consider as a very
important factor in this field. The phrase “drug design” precisely means design of small molecule
that will bind tightly to the required target i.e., ligand. The target will refer either to a
particular metabolic or signalling pathway that is specific to a disease condition or pathology or to
the infectivity or survival of a microbial pathogen. But there are important points which need to
optimized first before a ligand can consider safe and effective, these points are metabolic half-life,
bioavailability and drug side effects.
 Introduction and Perspective of pharmaceutical dosage form design and Formulation
 Aiding Candidate Drug Selection
 Principles of Drug Development process
 Commercialization of Dosage Form design

33
Learning Outcomes:
 List reasons for the incorporation of drugs into various dosage forms
 Compare and contrast the advantages/disadvantages of various drug dosage forms
 Describe the information needed in preformulation process to characterize a drug substance for
possible inclusion into a dosage form
 Describe the mechanisms of drug degradation and provide examples of each
 Describe both the minor and major types of drug instability of concern to the practicing specialist
worker
 Summarize approaches employed to stabilize drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms
 Calculate rate reactions for various liquid dosage forms
 Categorize various pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients
Resources:
1. Pharmaceutical preformulation and formulation, 2004, Mark Gibson
2. Pharmaceutical manufacturing handbook-ISBN: 978-0-470-25958-0, 2008, SHAYNE COX GAD
3. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology-ISBN : 978-81-224-2424-9, 2006, K. Sambamurthy
4. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - Fundamentals and Applications, 2008, Daan J. A. Crommelin
5. Modern Pharmaceutics, 2002, Gilbert S. Banker

34
Module 2: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL HEALTHCARE PROVISION & MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (I)
(Wound management & care)
 CODE: VPY 7221
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Comparative animal healthcare provision & management systems[I]
 YEAR: 2
 CREDITS: 08
 CONTACT HOURS: 2 hrs lectures & 2 hrs practicals per week for 12 weeks
Module Description:
 Wound healing is the restoration of the normal anatomic continuity to a disrupted area of tissue.
An understanding of the normal process of wound healing is essential to make sound decisions in
the management of wounds. Correctly using the principles of wound management helps avoid
premature wound closure and its potential complications.
 Wounds may be classified as clean, contaminated, or infected. Clean wounds are those created
under aseptic conditions, e.g., surgical incisions.
 The number of bacteria present can determine the difference between contaminated and infected
wounds. As a guideline, >105
bacteria per gram of tissue is considered adequate to cause
infection. The level of contamination, blood supply, and the cause of the wound all contribute to
development of the necessary conditions for infection, and each case must be assessed
individually.
 Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process of replacing devitalized and missing cellular
structures and tissue layers.
 The animal wound healing process can be divided into 3 or 4 distinct phases, just like for adult
humans — inflammatory, fibroblastic, and maturation, which has also been denoted as
inflammatory, proliferation, and remodeling.
 In the 4-phases concept, there are the hemostasis phase, the inflammatory phase, the
proliferation phase, and the remodeling phase. In the 3-phases approach, the hemostasis phase is
contained within the inflammatory phase.
 This course therefore describes the wound healing process, types of wounds, dressings and their
use. Passive wound management products, absorbents, deodorizing dressings, adhesive dressings,
surgical adhesive tapes, bandages, polymeric dressings, polymeric foams, In situ foams, xerogels,
alginate dressings, Collagen dressings, hydrogels and hydrocolloids.

35
 Historical background
 Comparative Biology of normal wound healing
 Factors affecting wound healing
 Excessive healing / abnormal scars
 Comparative Wound care and management
Learning Outcomes:
 Identify the different types of wounds and their characteristics
 Identify and distinguish between the various wound dressing materials
 To discuss the body’s response to injury and the sequence of events that follow during the course
of normal wound healing;
 To define the effects of local and systemic factors on wound healing;
 To describe the steps in the proper evaluation, care and treatment of the different types of
wounds.
 Design a treatment strategy for a particular wound type
Resources:
1. An introduction to Veterinary Medicine. Edited by Steven B. Kayne, Saltire Books, revised edition 2011.
ISBN 978 0 955906 53 4
ed, Jim E. Riviere (Editor), Mark G. Papich (Editor), ISBN: 978-0-
8138-2061-3
ed, ISBN: 9780128014110
9. Veterinary Pharmacy, SB Kayne, M Jepston
10. Introduction to veterinary medicine, SB Kayne
11. Nutrition and wound healing-ISBN 10: 0-8493-1731-2, 2007, Stacey J. Bell

36

37
Module 2: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL HEALTHCARE PROVISION & MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (II)
(Farm animal health care)
 CODE: VPY 7222
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Comparative animal healthcare provision & management systems[II]
 YEAR: 2
 CREDITS: 08
Module Description:
 Diseases of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry, Notifiable diseases e.g. Anthrax, Bluetongue,
Brucellosis, Foot and Mouth Disease, Rabies, Clostridial diseases, Tetanus, Enterotoxaemia. Hoof
conditions.
 Parasitic diseases of farm animals - endo- and ectoparasites.
 Respiratory disorders and Reproductive disorders - Mastitis, Salmonellosis, Campylobateriosis,
toxoplasmosis.
 Babesiosis, Diarrhoea and bloat and mineral deficiencies, foot trauma and lameness.
 Poultry: Bacterial diseases e.g. Salmonella, Viral diseases: arthritis, avian influenza, Newcastle
disease, Marek’s disease, bronchitis Parasitic, fungal and protozoal diseases.
 Treatment of each condition will be explored in the context of rational drug use.
 Mites, midges, lice and flies will be discussed as ectoparasites. Reference will be made to zoonosis
and notifiable diseases for each species.
 Transboundary disease control: Transboundary diseases such as Foot and Mouth, CCBP and PPR
and the need for surveillance at community level will be discussed.
 Antibiotic and anthelmintic Resistance: Students will learn about the development of resistance,
factors that promote the development of resistance, control strategies to reduce anthelmintic and
antibiotic resistance. Farm health plans and their role in reducing the incidence of resistance will
be discussed.

38
 Introduction
 Impact of disease on farm animal welfare
 Impact of surveillance and monitoring on farm animal disease
 Prevention of disease
 Treatment of disease
 Strategies to improve animal health and welfare in the future and the role of different
stakeholders
Learning Outcomes:
 Demonstrate knowledge of the major disease conditions in goats, sheep, cattle, pigs and poultry
 Apply knowledge of animal husbandry to minimise the risk of disease
 Identify husbandry practices that increase risk of disease
 Design a vaccination strategy for food animals
 Be able to advise farmers on appropriate use of medicines to reduce the development of
resistance
 Demonstrate knowledge of practices that promote the development of resistance in animals
 Be able to design a farm health plan to reduce the development of resistance in animals
Resources:
1. Farm animal welfare: health and disease, 2012, Farm Animal Welfare Committee
2. A n i m a l c a r e reference manual, 2013, National Milk Producers Federation
3. Animal Health - best practices from FARM-Africa’s, 2002, Pastoralist Development Project in Kenya
4. Guide to good dairy farming practice, 2004
5. Goat keepers' animal health care manual, 2007
955906 53 4
2061-3

39
12. Essential Pharmacokinetics: A Primer for Pharmaceutical Scientists, T Loftsson, 1
st
ed, ISBN: 9780128014110

40
Module 2: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL HEALTHCARE PROVISION & MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (III)
(Equine (horse) health care)
 CODE: VPY 7223
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Comparative animal healthcare provision & management systems[III]
 YEAR: 2
 CREDITS: 08
Module Description:
 Diseases of the horse: Endoparasites and their control - Parascaris equorum, Strongyloides
westeri, Strongyles vulgaris, cyathostomiasis (small redworms), Oxyuris equi (pinworm),
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (lungworms), Gastropihilus equi and nasalis, Fasciola hepatica. Ectoparasites
and their control - flies and lice, midges (Culicoides spp.), Gastro-intestinal tract: diarrhoea.
Respiratory diseases: Cough, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Exercise induced
pulmonary haemorrhage, Inflammatory airway disease, Strangles and recurrent airway
obstruction.
 Skin diseases: dermatitis, dermatophilosis, mud fever, dermatomycosis (ringworm). Equine herpes
virus 1 and 4, Equine influenza, Equine viral arteritis, Tetanus, enteritis, Rabies
 Metabolic disorders: colic, obesity, lamminitis
 Equine dentistry: An overall view of equine dental issues will be given with reference to the
professional equine dental technician and the role thereof.
 Introduction
 Impact of disease on equine welfare
 Impact of surveillance and monitoring on equine disease
 Prevention of diseases
 Treatment of diseases
 Strategies to improve equine health and welfare in the future and the role of different
stakeholders

41
Learning Outcomes:
 Identify the major metabolic diseases and be able to advise on their treatment
 Identify the major parasites affecting the horse and be able to advise on their treatment
 Identify conditions that lie outside the pharmacist’s scope of knowledge and be able to refer to
appropriate veterinary professional
 Design an appropriate diet for racing horses
 Demonstrate knowledge of good husbandry practices required for optimum horse health
Resources:
1. Equine Reproduction, 2011- ePDF 9781444397635, Volume 1, Angus O. McKinnon
2. Farm animal welfare: health and disease, 2012, Farm Animal Welfare Committee
3. A n i m a l c a r e reference manual, 2013, National Milk Producers Federation
4. Handbook on poultry diseases, 2
nd
Ed, 2005, American Soybean Association
5. Atlas of Clinical Avian Hematology- ISBN 978-1-4051-9248-4, 2009, Phillip Clark, Wayne S. J. Boardman, Shane R.
Raidal
6. A colour atlas of poultry diseases- ISBN 978-81-8189-130-3, 2007, J.L. Vegad
7. Handbook of Fish diseases, 1989, Howard h. Hirschhorn
8. Veterinary laboratory medicine: clinical pathology-ISBN 978-0-8138-2014-9,, 2011, Kenneth S. Larimer
955906 53 4
nd
2061-3
st
ed, ISBN: 9780128014110

42
Module 2: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL HEALTHCARE PROVISION & MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (IV)
(Pet animal health care)
 CODE: VPY 7224
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Comparative animal healthcare provision & management systems[IV]
 YEAR: 2
 CREDITS: 08
Module Description:
 The course focuses on disease conditions commonly present in dogs and cats and includes other
pet species including parrots, pidgeons and rabbits.
 The learning approach will be on how to recognise general signs of disease in the target species.
 Treatment strategies are taught from a scope of practice perspective to facilitate appropriate
veterinary referral. Prevention of disease and other actions to keep animals healthy such as
vaccination and nutrition are core components of the course.
 Introduction
 Impact of disease on pet animal welfare
 Impact of surveillance and monitoring on farm animal disease
 Prevention of disease
 Treatment of disease
 Strategies to improve animal health and welfare in the future and the role of different
stakeholders

43
Learning Outcomes:
 Recognise specific conditions in a range of companion animals
 Design appropriate control and prevention strategies for identified disease conditions
 Recognise disease conditions that fall outside their competence and/or legal jurisdiction and be
able to refer appropriately
 Demonstrate knowledge of the major disease conditions in pet animals
 Be able to advise pet animal owners on appropriate use of medicines to reduce the development
of resistance
 Demonstrate knowledge of practices that promote the development of resistance in pet animals
 Be able to design a home health plan to reduce the development of resistance in pet animals.
Resources:
1. Veterinary epidemiology- ISBN: 978-1-405-15627-1, 2007, Michael Thrusfield
2. Veterinary Forensics: Animal Cruelty Investigations- ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-1501-5, 2007, Melinda D. Merck, DVM
955906 53 4
4. Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats, 2006, 10
th
Ed., O. M. Radostits
nd
2061-3
st
ed, ISBN: 9780128014110

44
Module 3: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL DIET & NUTRITION (CVP)
 CODE: VPY 7233
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Comparative animal diet & nutrition
 YEAR: 2
 CREDITS: 32
Module Description:
 Companion animal nutrition - Ruminant nutrition: Ruminant specialization, Energy balance
problems: cattle, sheep & goats, Non-ruminant nutrition: pigs, horses and chickens.
 Mineral deficiencies: Calcium, Magnesium, phosphorus, iron and copper.
 Trace compounds: Vitamin B1, Vitamin B12 + Cobalt, Vitamin E + Selenium, Vitamin D, Iodine,
Bloat.
 Wildlife Nutrition: The care of orphaned animals including rhino, elephant, cheetah and
antelopes. The course will discuss topics such as compounding milk formulae for orphaned species
including elephant, rhino, giraffe and cheetah.
 Boma feeding, weaning calves and other practical considerations will be discussed as part of
rearing and rehabilitation of orphaned calves and injured wildlife. Minerals, trace minerals,
vitamin supplementation and mineral interaction will be discussed in detail.
 The components of animal foods
 The digestion and metabolism of nutrients
 Quantifying the nutrient content of foods: digestibility, energy and protein values
 The nutrient requirements of animals
 The nutritional characteristics of foods
 Animal products and human nutrition

45
Learning Outcomes:
 Demonstrate an appreciation for the differences in the nutritional requirements of species
 Assess the nutritional requirements of diseased animals
 Design a feeding strategy for different species based on age and health status
Resources:
1. Animal Nutrition, 2010, P MacDonald
2. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition, Charles Robbins, ISBN: 978-0-12-589383-1
3. Dairy cattle feeding and nutrition, 1979, W. J. Miller
4. American Dietetic Association Complete Food and Nutrition Guide- ISBN 0-471-44144-9, 2002, Roberta Larson Duyff
5. Comparative animal nutrition and metabolism, P R Cheeke, E S Dierenfeld, Publisher: CABI; First edition
6. ABC of nutrition-ISBN 0 7279 1664 5, 2003, Stewart Truswell
7. Contemporary nutrition: a functional approach- ISBN 978–0–07–340253–6, 2009, McGraw-Hill
8. Understanding normal and clinical Nutrition- ISBN-10: 0-495-55646-7, 2009, Sharon Rady Rolfes
9. Sports nutrition Energy Metabolism and Exercise, 2008, IRA WOLINSKY, JUDY A. DRISKELL
955906 53 4
11. Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats, 2006, 10
th
Ed., O. M. Radostits
13. Veterinary Microbiology: Bacterial and Fungal agents of Animal Diseases (Sonder G and Post K), 2005),
th
2061-3
ed, ISBN: 9780128014110

46
Module 4: DOMESTICATED & WILDLIFE ANIMAL EPIDEMIOLOGY & DISEASE CONTROL
(Route 2 and 3 only)
 CODE: VPY 7234
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Domesticated & wildlife animal epidemiology & disease control
 YEAR: 2
 CREDITS: 32
Module Description:
 This course will provide an overview of the current health status of wildlife in southern Africa with
focus on Namibia (FMD, rabies, Bluetongue, TB, brucellosis, avian influenza, etc).
 Other aspects include host-pathogen interaction, diagnostic techniques and wildlife disease
surveillance.
 Student will be exposed to key diagnostic techniques an epidemiological research context and
disease control at the human/wildlife interface.
 Focusing on the endangered species such as the cheetah, rhinoceros, giraffe, desert elephant,
desert lion and pangolin the course covers aspects of rehabilitation and diseases that afflict these
species.
 Students will learn laboratory procedures, practical demonstrations on immobilization skills and
capture, field study techniques, and microscopy.
 The course will consist of lectures and field work in conservation settings.
 Specific topics include pharmacological principles from injection to recovery; current and new
pharmacological preparations; equipment used in darting and basic principles of immobilization
and capture.
 Species specific information during immobilization and capture; problems encountered under
anaesthesia; Accidental human injection; darting in a confined space, legal aspects of darting and
keeping records and registers.
 Learning will mainly occur in the field pulling together conservation veterinarians, animal health
scientists and conservationists. The veterinary pharmacy pharmacist is expected to work as part of
the other animal health care professionals and use laboratory and field tool for wildlife disease
monitoring.

47
 Current health status of Zambian wildlife: birds – lagomorphs – carnivores – wild boar –
ruminants.
 Diagnostics: key techniques and their special challenges in wildlife.
 Ecology of the host-pathogen interaction.
 Epidemiology research: experimental design and sampling techniques.
 Data analysis and epidemiology software.
 Wildlife disease surveillance and wildlife monitoring.
 Options for disease control at the human/livestock/wildlife interface. Contingency plans.
Learning Outcomes:
 Recognise anatomical and physiological differences among wildlife species and be able to respond
to these in their health care management
 Recognise the major disease conditions in specific wildlife species and devise appropriate
treatment and control strategies
 Apply field techniques to each animal species during immobilisation and capture
 Demonstrate skills in data collection, handling and presentation
 Identify and critically discuss disease risk factors
Resources:
1. Applied Epidemiology Theory to Practice-ISBN 0-19-511190-7, 1998, Ross c. Brownson, Diana b. Petitti
2. An introduction to Veterinary Medicine. Edited by Steven B. Kayne, Saltire Books, revised edition 2011.
ISBN 978 0 955906 53 4
3. Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats, 2006, 10th
Ed., O.
M. Radostits
5. Veterinary Microbiology: Bacterial and Fungal agents of Animal Diseases (Sonder G and Post K), 2005),
ed, Jim E. Riviere (Editor), Mark G. Papich (Editor), ISBN: 978-0-
8138-2061-3

48
ed, ISBN: 9780128014110

49
Module 5: VETERINARY PHARMACY PRACTICE LAWS & ETHICS [I] (VPP)
(Basic Practice)
 CODE: VPY 7235
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Veterinary pharmacy practice & ethics [I]
 YEAR: 2
 CREDITS: 16
 CONTACT HOURS: 2 hrs lectures per week for 12 weeks
Module Description:
 Upon completing this course, both Pharmaceutical and Veterinary practitioners will have obtained
knowledge and skills that can positively impact educational, veterinary and economic outcomes by
applying their drug knowledge resources to veterinary pharmacy practical situations.
 This course will provide valuable instruction on the uses and indications of human and veterinary
labeled medications used in the treatment of diseases affecting companion animals.
 Common disease states affecting companion animals will be presented. Legal and regulatory
issues that affect the practice of veterinary pharmacy will be emphasized.
 Exploration and utilization of text and documented veterinary-specific resources will be
highlighted. Additionally, current topics in veterinary medicine and veterinary pharmacy will be
discussed.
 This module therefore will seek to expose the student to the professional practice as a veterinary
pharmacist.
 A brief history of veterinary medicines will be given to provide a context for veterinary pharmacy
practice.
 Students will learn Dispensing skills, Stock management and Inventory control both as theory and
through a placement component.

50
 Fundamentals of pharmacy practice
 The scope of pharmacy practice
 Responding to minor and major Symptoms
 Health, Illness and Medicines Use
 Professional Practice
 Meeting the Pharmaceutical Care Needs of Specific Patient (Humans & Animals) Populations
 Patient care
 Measuring and Regulating Medicines’ Use
Learning Outcomes:
 Recall and explain the unique legal and regulatory restrictions applicable to veterinary medicine, food-
animal medicine and compounding for animal patients by pharmacists and veterinarians.
 Be able to evaluate compounded medication request and applying ethical standards when providing
services to veterinarians, animal owners and animal patients.
 Identify, locate and interpret veterinary specific informatics
 Explain, define, and distinguish both minor and major disease states in companion animals with
particular emphasis on the ability to summarize pharmacotherapy options.
 List and describe pharmacotherapy options for all the diagnonized animal disease states
 Describe the human/animal bond and its positive effects upon human health
 Describe the anesthetic and analgesic agents most commonly used in veterinary medicine
 Discuss public health issues that impact veterinary and human pharmacy
 Apply effective communication skills with animal owners and veterinarians to: meet state-mandated
counseling requirements, enhance medication compliance, solve drug administration problems, and
recommend appropriate drug therapy choices for the betterment of animal health.
 Practice veterinary pharmacy in a competent and safe manner to include the accurate dispensing of
chronic and preventative medication prescriptions for animal patients.
Submission of two – three written assignments with corresponding presentations of long and practical
study-case scenarios using some of the skills learned, followed by oral examination
Resources:
1. An Introduction to Pharmacy-ISBN 978 0 85711 104 3, 2013, Loyd V Allen Jr
2. Pharmacy Practice-ISBN 0-415-27158-4, 2001, Kevin M.G.Taylor
3. Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology-ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-2837-4, 2008, Walter H. Hsu
4. Plumb’s Veterinary Drug Handbook-ISBN: 978-0-8138-1097-3, 2008, Donald C. Plumb
5. Saunders Handbook of VETERINARY DRUGS-Small and Large Animal-ISBN: 978-1-4377-0152-4, 2011, Mark G. Papich
6. Restraint and Handling of Wild and Domestic Animals-ISBN-10: 0-8138-1432-4, 2008, Murray E. Fowler

51
Module 5: VETERINARY PHARMACY PRACTICE LAWS & ETHICS [II] (VPP)
(Clinical Practice)
 CODE: VPY 7245
 COURSE / MODULE TITLE: Veterinary pharmacy practice & ethics [II]
 YEAR: 2
 CREDITS: 16
 CONTACT HOURS: 2 hrs lectures per week for 12 weeks
Module Description:
 The core philosophy of this training component for veterinary pharmacy is both for trained
pharmaceutical and veterinary practitioners to make meaningful contributions to non-human
patient care through hospitalized service, education, community service and research.
 Optimal pharmaceutical care can be defined as the identification, resolution and prevention of
drug-related problems that affect positive patient outcomes.
 It is a philosophical belief that this is the best way to provide such a pharmaceutical care through a
team approach that effectively integrates the knowledge and skills of the pharmacist with those of
other animals’ health care professionals.
 The principle aim for such a health service is to ensure the safe and optimal use of
pharmaceuticals for such patients so is by having pharmaceutical personnel to provide a central,
balanced and visible role in all aspects of medication management.
 Therefore, this module has a clinical bias and a component case-based training. Through a series
of cases, the student will acquire skills (techniques) to assess the medicine needs of various animal
health and therapeutical needs.
 Principles of clinical rounds in both small animal, large animal and exotic animal clinics
 Drug utilization review on hospitalized animal patients
 Good clinical practices in veterinary pharmacy or clinical pharmacology laboratory providing drug
information, preparing sterile and non-sterile compounds and chemotherapeutics agents,
designing implementing and monitoring clinical drug studies
 Provision of clinical pharmacy services, mentoring of pharmaceutical and veterinary students on
practical site attachments

3 m sc vet-pharm training programme - main proposal

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