2001 curriculum for pharmacy degree at unza - 2000

UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
CURRICULUM
FOR THE DEGREE OF PHARMACY
(BPharm)
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA
VERSION 2001
June 2001

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
Preamble ……………………………………………………………………… 4
Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 5
Background…………………………………………………………………… 5
Career Prospects………………………………………………………………. 5
Vision of the Degree Programme……………………………………………... 6
Aims ………………………………………………………………………….. 6
Objectives…………………………………………………………………….. 7
Capacity for the School of Medicine…………………………………………. 8
Entry Requirement for the Programme……………………………………….. 10
Duration of Training…………………………………………………………... 10
Regulations……………………………………………………………………. 10
Courses Outline……………………………………………………………….. 12
Determining Candidates Results……………………………………………… 13
Programme Outline for Semester I of Second Year Courses…………………. 14
PMY 211………………………………………………………………………. 15
PMY 221………………………………………………………………………. 19
PMY 231………………………………………………………………………. 23
AN 211………………………………………………………………………. 27
PGY 221………………………………………………………………………. 31
Programme Outline for Semester II of Second Year Courses………………….35
PMY 212………………………………………………………………………. 36
PMY 222………………………………………………………………………. 39
PMY 232………………………………………………………………………. 42
AN 212………………………………………………………………………. 45
PGY 222………………………………………………………………………. 50
Programme Outline for Semester I of Third Year Courses…………………… 54
PMY 311………………………………………………………………………. 55
PMY 321………………………………………………………………………. 58
PMY 331………………………………………………………………………. 61
PMY 341………………………………………………………………………. 64
PMY 351………………………………………………………………………. 67
PTH 211…………………………………………………………………… …. 71

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Programme Outline for Semester II of Third Year Courses……………………76
PMY 312………………………………………………………………………. 77
PMY 322………………………………………………………………………. 80
PMY 332………………………………………………………………………. 84
PMY 342………………………………………………………………………. 87
PMY 352………………………………………………………………………. 90
PTH 212…………………………………………………………………… …. 95
Programme Outline for Fourth Year Courses…………………………………..101
PMY 410……………………………………………………………………….. 102
PMY 420……………………………………………………………………….. 107
PMY 430……………………………………………………………………….. 111
PMY 440……………………………………………………………………….. 115
PMY 450……………………………………………………………………….. 121
PMY 460……………………………………………………………………….. 125
Programme Outline for Fourth Year Courses…………………………………..132
PMY 510……………………………………………………………………….. 133
PMY 520……………………………………………………………………….. 137
PMY 530………………………………………………………………………... 141
PMY 540……………………………………………………………………….. 145
Training Facilities……………………………………………………………….. 149
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………... 157
Appendix I………………………………………………………………………. 153
Appendix II……………………………………………………………………… 154
Appendix III……………………………………………………………….. …… 156
Appendix IV……………………………………………………………….. …… 158
Appendix V……………………………………………………………………… 159
Appendix VI……………………………………………………………….. …… 160
Appendix VII……………………………………………………………….…… 161

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PREAMBLE
The School of Medicine for the University of Zambia is a separate institutional campus
that is mandated to train some of the health workers for the country. Among others that
are locally trained are medical doctors and the graduate nurses. The older of the two that
has continued to be trained at the School are the medical personnel while nursing was a
later program to convert the nursing diploma holders to a degree mainly for teaching
purpose in the many schools of nursing in the country while pharmacists training and
others has been non-existing until now.
The reasoning to localize the training was based on the critical understaffing of
appropriate pharmaceutical personnel both in the private and public health sector. There
was a political driving force behind the initiation of local pharmacy education at the
degree level through such government initiatives as the National Drug Policy of 1998 that
states that ‘as a matter of urgency the government shall actively support the
development of a pharmacy programme at university level in order to increase the
output of suitably trained pharmacists’. This with the training policy by the University
of Zambia for development of other health professionals in addition to the already
existing medical degree education, it was found very necessary and urgent that the degree
program for pharmacy is developed and initiated at the university of Zambia.
At the time, in line with the university regulations, pharmacy degree training was to be
initiated in the interim under the appropriate established training unit of the university
and the School of Medicine and specifically under the Physiological Sciences was found
to be more suitable. The program was started in 2001, after the appropriate curriculum
was formulated and ratified by the University Senate in 2000.
The program has been designed to run on a 5 years training pathway starting from the
Main Campus, from the School of Natural Sciences. The program will also recruit
students from Evelyn Hone College, from the diploma certificate pathways into the 3rd
year of the program after the applicants will have been screened for required entry
qualifications in line with the University of Zambia requirements.
Furthermore, the program is expected to add value to the general management of HIV /
AIDS by generating appropriately trained personnel that will effectively participate in
national remedial initiatives such as provision of ARVs, Rational Drug Use, Medication
and treatment counseling, proper storage of drugs both at ARV centers and pharmacies in
general.

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
All the pharmacists currently working within Zambia have all been trained from abroad
or overseas, except for pharmacy technicians who have trained from Evelyn Hone
College of Applied Arts and Commerce. This mode of training pharmacists has since
proved not only expensive but also unsustainable resulting in the shortage of pharmacists
to undertake vital public and private pharmaceutical services.
The need for the Department of Pharmacy has been recognized by the government for a
long time as is evidenced by a number of feasibility studies undertaken by the
government through the Ministry of Health, the government agency which utilizes a lot
of pharmacists. In fact the Zambia National Drug Policy (ZNDP) of the Ministry of
Health launched on 19th
February 1999, states that as a matter of urgency the government
shall actively support the development of a pharmacy programme at university level in
order to increase the output of suitably trained pharmacist.
The Ministry of Education, being responsible for training, has taken up the challenge to
implement the programme at the University of Zambia at the School of Medicine, which
is in fact in conformity with the Ten Year Programme of Development of the School of
Medicine. To this end, School of Medicine, through the department of Physiological
Sciences has constituted an Initiating Curriculum Committee to develop a training
program. The committee has constituted the appropriate staff from the university, who
have co-ordinated the proceedings and membership from various stakeholders including
the Zambian Pharmaceutical Society, Pharmacy and Poisons Board, Ministry of Health,
Lecturing staff from Evelyn Hone College and other pharmaceutical private practitioners.
1.2 Career prospects
The profession of pharmacy encompasses a wide range of opportunities. Therefore, the
design of the training curriculum for UNZA is based on those opportunities within the
profession. There will be a wide variety of subjects to be taught and offer graduating
students a wide range of career options to choose from, such as in hospital pharmacy
community pharmacy, industrial pharmacy, pharmacy management and administration
pharmacy business, forensic pharmacy, pharmaceutical regulatory authorities and many
more. In addition capable and willing graduates will proceed to higher degrees in
pharmacy to become academicians or specialists.

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1.3 Vision of the degree programme
The University of Zambia is committed to develop and initiate the pharmacy degree
programme in Zambia. This is in line with Zambian government’s vision to provide and
actively support the development of pharmacy for the country in order to provide the
pharmaceutical services with appropriately trained personnel. This is Bachelor of Pharmacy
(BPharm.) degree as an undergraduate degree.
The progression of training in pharmacy after the undergraduate degree may follow the
following: Post-graduate diploma (Post Dip. Pharmacy), Master of Sciences (M.Sc.) or
Master of Clinical Pharmacy (Depending to the need of the country), Philosophy
(M.Phil.) and Doctor of philosophy (PhD) in pharmacy. For the future developments,
revision of the bachelor’s degree may consider changing to Doctor of Pharmacy
(Pharm.D - doctorate degree certification for pharmacists training)
2. AIMS OF THE DEGREE PROGRAMME
a. The pharmacy graduates must possess both general and some specific pharmaceutical
knowledge and demonstrate such in their pharmacy practice.
b. High quality regulatory, clinical, analytical and technological services within the laws
and code of conduct (ethics) pertaining to the practice of pharmacy;
c. Ability to solve scientific and social problems and make novel decisions in their
professional career by employing open minded, and cross-disciplinary approach in
drug formulation, preparation, control and use; logically and laterally think rather
than simply apply standard techniques and procedures
d. Effective Communication with their colleagues, other professions, suppliers, patients,
clients and the community. The training graduate should be able to write, speak, read,
listen, computer literate, and acquire and use data to convey, critic and share their
technical expertise.
e. Healthcare service of multidisciplinary vocation. Where the pharmacist finds himself
in such an environment he/she should be able to assume leadership and accept to be
lead with compassion and empathy for the societal welfare;
f. Pharmaceutical care provider whose ability is to manage the necessary requisites of
pharmacotherapy and these include human resources, financial, infrastructure, public
health commodities, (pharmaceuticals, vaccines, medical equipment and supplies).
g. The training focus at developing clinical skills necessary to advise on actions uses of
medicines and treatment outcomes.
h. Education and training and gain knowledge, skills and behavioural characteristics to
share with others.
i. Lifelong learning with a propensity for continuing education. The profession of
pharmacy practice is a dynamic science requiring lifelong continuous learning. One
should be prepared to invest time in the maintenance and further development of
his/her own knowledge and skills, over and above the pursuit of higher professional
qualification.

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3. DEGREE PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the degree programme are to produce a graduate who will have the
following attributes and skills on entry as a pharmacist:
3.1. Organize and control the manufacturing, compounding and packaging of
pharmaceutical products
The outcome of this objective is to produce a graduate who is able to:
3.1.1 Plan the manufacturing process
3.1.2 Organise the synthesis of or isolation of drugs
3.1.3 Plan and formulate drugs which will have the intended pharmaceutical outcomes
3.1.4 Ensure quality assurance for pharmaceutical products
3.1.5 Prepare extemporaneous preparations
3.1.6 Plan, direct and control pharmaceutical outcomes
3.1.7 Be aware of the cost and pricing of pharmaceutical products for the benefit of the
patient as the focal prime point to the profession
3.2. Pharmaceutical Supply Management
This objective aims to produce a graduate who can:
3.2.1 Organise and control the procurement and receipt of pharmaceutical materials and
products.
3.2.2 Store and inventory control of the stocks
3.2.3 Organize and distribute pharmaceutical materials and products
3.2.4 Lead and participate in team work
3.2.5 Teach colleagues and other health professionals
3.3. Dispense and ensure the optimal use of medicines prescribed to the patient
The outcome of this objective is to produce a graduate who is able to:
3.3.1 Read and evaluate a prescription
3.3.2 Communicate effectively with the Prescribers
3.3.3 Obtain patient profile
3.3.4 Interpret the prescription
3.3.5 Verify prescription with patient to ensure the optimum use of the medicines
3.3.6 Implement a care plan
3.3.7 Prepare the prescription
3.3.8 Provide drugs, instructions and advice on the use of the prescribed medicines
3.3.9 Counsel patients to encourage concordance with the recommended therapy
regimes

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3.3.10 Maintain records
3.3.11 Monitor the drug therapy
3.3.12 Assist in the training of pharmacist’s assistants, pharmacist’s interns in achieving
the capabilities mentioned above.
3.4. Provide pharmacists initiated care to the patient and ensure the optimum use of
the medicine
The outcome of this objective is to provide a graduate who is able to:
3.4.1 Determine the reason for the request for the service
3.4.2 Provide the requested information
3.4.3 Provide and advise on the appropriate and safe use of products where requested
3.4.4 Elicit patient history
3.4.5 Refer patient to other health care professions where appropriate
3.4.6 Identify patient signs and symptoms
3.4.7 Devise an appropriate care plan in consultation with patient
3.4.8 Implement the plan
3.4.9 Monitor, evaluate and adjust care plan
3.4.10 Assist in training pharmacist’s interns in providing pharmacist initiated care to the
patient and ensuring the optimum use of the medicines
3.5. Provide Information and education of health care and medicine
The outcome of this objective is to provide graduate who is able to:
3.5.1 Provide information on request
3.5.2 Initiate and/or participate in the provision of health care education and
information on the public and health care professions
3.5.3 Interpret scientific information to provide basis for rational drug use
3.5.4 Assist in the training of pharmacist interns in the provision of information and
educational health care and medicine.
3.6 Provide and Promote community health and related information and advice.
The outcome of this objective is to provide graduate to be to:
3.6.1 Disseminate drug information to other health care professionals and the public
3.6.2 Provide appropriate drug information to other participants in the manufacturing
industry
3.6.3 Gather and organize data and information pertinent to specific patients under their
care,
3.6.4 Are able to communicate with patients, colleagues and other health professionals,
3.6.5 Communicate with other citizens about health

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3.7 Have a board of knowledge, confidence, attitudes and skills to read, listen and
speak in effective manner
The graduate must have the following:
3.7.1 Ability to adequately deal with dissents
3.7.2 Ability to disagree articulately and persuasively regarding patients therapeutic
plans
3.7.3 Ability to collaborate with patients and other health professionals
3.7.4 Ability to advise and seek advice for other pharmacists and health professionals
3.8. Participate in research to ensure the optimal use of medicine
The outcome of this objective is to produce a graduate who should be:
3.8.1 Always a learner, have skills to learn from problem solving experiences
3.8.2 Able to use the health related professional and disciplinary literature as a means
of acquiring a continuing flow of new knowledge
3.8.3 To have a desire for scholarly concern for improvement and must recognize the
need to increase their knowledge to advance the profession through systematic,
cumulative research on problems of theory and practice
3.8.4 Able to have the spirit of inquiry, critical analysis and logical thinking
3.8.5 Able to have the spirit of intellectual inquiry and curiosity and motivation for
learning and equip students to learn throughout their professional lives
3.8.6 Able to lead others in problem solving
4. CAPACITY OF SCHOOL OF MEDICINE TO HOST THE PHARMACY
PROGRAM IN THE INTERIM
 The mission of the school as from the beginning was to basically train the medical
personnel for the country’s health sector. Hence to host pharmacy training in the
school would be the most appropriate university unit.
 Since the initial academic staff for pharmacy is significantly thin, most of the basic
sciences in pharmacy training such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pathology
& Microbiology and chemistry will be taught by the already employed staff from
UNZA units such as anatomy, Physiological Sciences and chemistry from the School
of Natural Sciences.
 At the same time, the co-coordinating team of the new unit will embark of developing
the unit to a department status and through the identification and recruitment of other
relevant staff members for the department such as honorary and part-time teaching
staff.

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5. ENTRY REQUIREMENTS
The course will be open to those with qualifications, which satisfy the general
University of Zambia (UNZA) requirements from either of the two categories:
(a) School Leavers:
From UNZA, Main campus, after One year of study in the School of Natural Sciences or
any equivalent.
(b) School Leavers:
This category will involve those applicants with four (4) ‘A’ levels passes including pure
or combined sciences and mathematics; 5 ‘O’ level good passes or any relevant primary
undergraduate qualifications
(c) Non-School Leavers:
Diploma holders in pharmacy technology shall be eligible for the training programme
after meeting the selection criteria as determined by the University of Zambia.
6. DURATION
The course will be full time of five (5) years duration:
(a) Minimum of one year for pre-pharmacy studies in the School of Natural Sciences
(UNZA) or any equivalents
(b) Four year period in the department of pharmacy
(c) Three year period in the department of pharmacy with diploma in pharmacy entry
qualifications
7. GENERAL AND SPECIFIC REGULATIONS FOR PROGRAMME
 These regulations should be read in conjunction with the general regulations for the
University of Zambia.
 General Provisions: Candidates are eligible for admission to the program of
pharmacy training with the following:
 At least 5 ‘O’ level passes including English, Mathematics and sciences either in
combination or pure forms, and 3 ‘A’ level passes with at least ‘C’ including biology,
chemistry or appropriate combinations and mathematics.

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Note: Normally, passes in Chemistry and Biology at ‘A’ level is a must and mathematics
and English may not be a pass or not done, but should indicated a good pass at ‘O’ level
for consideration into the pharmacy degree program.
Submission of the Applications:
 On the official form obtainable from the academic office, Registrar’s Office
 Adherence to the closing date as advertised by the school through the Registrar’s
office
 Late applications will be treated in accordance to the general regulations of the
university
Registration
 Before admission into the pharmacy program at Ridgeway Campus, the students are
expected to complete their registration formalities with academic office at the Main
Campus
 The registration is complete with full conformity with Financial obligations with the
administration.
Admission Regulations to Pharmacy Program
 This will follow the general regulations for admission into any of the university
programs
 Those that register will be expected to be in attendance in all learning sessions for the
program
 Any absence from any prescribed learning session will be expected to be expected to
be explained fully by the affected student
 Any abstinence from prescribed learning sessions other than health reason, will be
expected to be granted with prior permission by the Dean through the department of
pharmacy Head.
 Registered names for the pharmacy students will not be altered without the approval
of the university senate through the Registrar’s office.

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The Procession of the program of the five years period:
YEAR S E M E S T E R I S E M E S T E R II
1 FIRST YEAR OF
SCHOOL OF NATURAL
SCIENCES
FIRST YEAR OF SCHOOL OF
NATURAL SCIENCES
2
DDM – PMY 211
SBT – AN 211
SBT – PGY 221
SCD – PMY 221
SCD – PMY 231
DDM - PMY 212
SBT – AN 212
SBT – PGY 222
SCD – PMY 222
SCD – PMY 232
3
DDM – PMY 311
SBT – PMY 321
SBT – PTH 311
SCD – PMY 331
SCD – PMY 341
PHP – PMY 351
DDM – PMY 312
SBT – PMY 322
SBT – PTH 312
SCD – PMY 332
SCD – PMY 342
PHP – PMY 352
4
DDM – PMY 410; DDM – PMY 420; SBT – PMY 430
SCD – PMY 440; SCD – PMY 450;
PHP – PMY 460 (Pharmacy Practice Workshop sessions)
5
DDM – PMY 510; SBT – PMY 520; CPH – PMY 530
PROJECTS – PMY 540 (Final Year Project course)
Key
DDM (Dosage Form Design and Manufacture) – PMY 211 & PMY 212 (Pharmaceutics I & II)
SBT (Scientific Basis of Therapeutics) – AN 211 & AN 212 (Anatomy I & II)
SBT (Scientific Basis of Therapeutics) – PGY 211 & PGY 212 (Physiology I & II)
SCD (Sources and Chemistry of Drugs) – PMY 221 & PMY 222 (Pharm. Chemistry I & II)
SCD (Sources and Chemistry of Drugs) – PMY 231 & PMY 232 (Biochemistry I & II)
DDM (Dosage Form Design and Manufacture) – PMY 311 & PMY 312 (Pharmaceutics III & IV)
SBT (Scientific Basis of Therapeutics) - PMY 321 & PMY 322 (Pharmacology I & II)
SBT (Scientific Basis of Therapeutics) - PTH 211 & PTH 212 (Pathology I & II)
SCD (Sources and Chemistry of Drugs) - PMY 331 & PMY 332 (Pharm. Chemistry III & IV)
SCD (Sources and Chemistry of Drugs) - PMY 341 & PMY 342 (Pharmacognosy I & II)
PHP (Pharmacy Practice) - PMY 351 & PMY 352
DDF (Dosage Design and Formulation) – PMY 410(Pharmaceutics V)
SBT (Dosage Form Design and Manufacture) – PMY 420(Biopharmacy I)
SBT (Scientific Basis of Therapeutics) - PMY 430 (Clinical Pharmacology III)
SCD (Sources and Chemistry of Drugs) - PMY 440 (Medicinal Chemistry I)
SCD (Sources and Chemistry of Drugs) - PMY 450 (Clinical Pharmacognosy III)
PHP (Pharmacy Practice) - PMY 460 (Workshops)
DDF (Dosage Design and Formulation) - PMY 510 (Pharmaceutics VI)
SBT (Scientific Basis of Therapeutics) - PMY 520 (Clinical Pharmacological IV)
CPH (Clinical Pharmacy) - PMY 530 (Clinical Pharmacy I)
Final Year Project – PMY 540 (Final Year Project)

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Procedure for Determining Candidates’ Results
 Initially, there should be a departmental or unit Board of Examiners to agree on all
the departmental results outcome and make recommendations to the School of
Medicine Board of Examiners.
 This Board also compiles the list and makes recommendations for the award winners
in each category
 The membership of the Departmental Examiners Board includes the Head as the
chairperson, All course coordinators, departmental lecturers (Full or Part-time),
Departmental Tutors (Full or Part-time), Technical Staff (Full or Part-time) and the
Departmental Secretary as the secretary of the meeting
 The School of Medicine Board of Examiner follows the departmental Board meeting
to consider the recommendation from the departmental meeting and any other results
that may not have been discussed at the departmental level assessment meetings
 Minute the decisions of the School’s Board for the senate’s considerations and
decisions that are final after the vice-chancellor’s ratification process.
Failure to Satisfy the Examination Board(s)
 The School of Medicine Board of Examiners is mandated by the university examiners
regulations to make recommendations to the senate for the following decisions to be
undertaken and based on the guidance as given in the appendix II:
- Allowed to write a supplementary examination in the course(s) failed
- Allowed to repeat a semester or year in all the courses that are offered in that
particular semester or year of repeat.
- Excluded from the Program of Pharmacy
- Excluded from the School of Medicine
- Exclude from the university programs of training

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PROGRAMME OUTLINE
For
SEMESTER I OF SECOND YEAR COURSES

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1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PMY 211
3. COURSE TITLE : DDM - Pharmaceutics I
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : 1ST
Year of NS, UNZA
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : I
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 24
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT:
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIM OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To provide Introductory and the basic foundation in the study Dosage Form Design
and Manufacture
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
 Describe the evolution and development of pharmacy
 Carry out pharmaceutical calculations
 Describe the laws of thermodynamics and their application in pharmacy
 Explain the physical properties of matter and relate them to drug preparations
 Describe physicochemical processes of pharmaceutical significance
 Undertake some simple and common unit process according to pharmaceutical
procedures

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 Explain the rheological characteristics and applications of pharmaceutical
systems.
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
Introduction to foundations of physical pharmacy
 General Introduction to Pharmaceutical process
 Computing and pharmaceutical numeracy
 Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical systems
 Physical properties of matter
 Surface chemistry Properties
 Chemical equilibrium
 Electro-chemistry applications in pharmaceutical processes
Pharmaceutical formulation unit processes
- Review of the range of processes, factors affecting, physicochemical properties,
methods and equipments used, characteristics and applications of the following
processes:
 Heat transfer
 Evaporation
 Drying
 Mixing
 Communition
 Filtration
 Extraction
 Crystallization
 Distillation
 Sublimation
 Flocculation
 Precipitation
 Sedimentation
 Absorption / adsorption
 Lyophilization

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Rheology
 Flow of liquids
 Newtonian fluids
 Boundary layer laminar and turbulent flow
 Non-Newtonian behaviours of plastic and pseudo plastic bodies
 Dilantancy
 Instrumentation, measurements and values
 Application of Rheology in pharmacy
Pharmaceutics I Practical Topics
 Demonstrating different types of Heat transfer processes
 Demonstrating Evaporation Process
 The Process of Drying
 Factors affecting Mixing Process
 Communition as particle sizing method
 Demonstration of Filtration process
 Extraction as a separation process
 Crystallization
 Steam Distillation
 Sublimation
 Flocculation
 Factorial elucidation of Precipitation
 SedimentationProcess
 Operations of Rheometer:
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
 Pharmaceutical Practice; 2nd
ed., 1998, A.J. Winfield, R.M.E. Richards, Churchill Livingstone
 Physical Pharmacy, 4th
edition, Martin, Alfred
 Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy; 3rd
Ed. 2004, D. Attwood and A. T.
Florence, Churchill Livingstone
 Pharmaceutical Sciences of Dosage Form Design, 2nd
edition, 2001, Aulton M.
 Ansell’s Pharmaceutical Dosage forms and Drug Delivery Systems, 8th
edition, 2004,
Allen Lloyd

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17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
 Pharmaceutical Handbook; 10th
Ed., 1985, British Pharmaceutical Press
 British Pharmaceutical Codex; 11th
Ed., 1979, The Pharmaceutical Press, London
 British Pharmacopoeia; 1990, University Press, Cambridge
 Pharmaceutical Calculations, 4th
edition, Zatz, Joel
 International Pharmacopoeia; 1992, University Press, Cambridge
 Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st
Ed., 1997, The Pharmaceutical Press,
London

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3. COURSE TITLE : SCD - Pharmaceutical chemistry I
Year of NS, UNZA
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : I
To provide a sound foundation in the fundamentals of physical and inorganic
chemistry suitable for the study of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Sciences in general.
 Describe the principles and applications of chemical thermodynamics, reaction
kinetics, electrolyte conductance, laws of electrolysis and the concept of
photochemistry.
 Interpret the periodic table and atomic structure (including the transition
elements) and apply the principles to other pharmaceutical systems
 Carry out qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis in inorganic compounds

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Introduction to chemical thermodynamic
 Laws of thermodynamics
 Thermochemistry
 The calculation of enthalpies and equilibrium of chemical reactions
 Applications of Thermodynamics
Theory of chemical analysis
 Laws of mass action and activity concept
 Solubility
 Theory of precipitation
 Theories of acids and bases: Dissociation constants – pH;
 Hydrolysis of salts, pH-titration curves, Indicators use of indicators, choice for
titrations;
 Redox titrations
 Precipitation titrations
Introduction to Reaction Kinetics
 Rate, Order and Molecularity of reaction
 Factors influencing reaction rates
 Acid-base catalysis
 Decomposition of compounds
 Accelerated stability analysis
 Kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions
 Heterogeneous equilibrium
 Phase rule in chemical reactions
Electrochemistry
 Mechanism of electrolyte conductance and its measurement
 Laws of electrolysis
 Specific conductance – molar, ionic and equipment conductance
 Variation of conductance with concentration, Arrhenius, Debye, Hückel
 Electrodes and all potentials
 Reversible electrodes and cells
 Electrometric determination of pH
 Volumetric Analytical Procedures
 Electrophoresis
 Electrodialysis

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 X-rays analysis
 Radiochemical techniques
Phytochemistry
 General introduction of phytochemistry
 Fundamentals of phytochemical process
 Chemical structures of phytochemical agents
 Chemical classification of phytochemical agents
 Chemical separation and analysis of phytochemical agents
 Light absorption
 Photochemical reactions
 Primary and secondary reactions
 Photosensitization and photo catalysis
 Photochemical equilibrium
 Luminescence and fluorescence
 Photolysis of medical compounds and photostabilisation
 High energy reactions
Atomic structures, properties and pharmaceutical applications of chemical
agents / elements
 Occurrence, properties, preparations and applications of official inorganic
substances
 The periodic table of the elements as deduced from consideration of the atomic
radius
 Electronegative ionization and standard electrode potential;
 The chemistry of S-block elements of the periodic table (Alkali metals, Alkaline
earths, and hydrogen);
 Transition elements;
 The nature and general properties of co-ordination;
 Valence- bond treatments of structures;
 Influence of unfilled d-orbitals on properties (quantitative)
 Pharmaceutical and pharmacological actions of inorganic ions
 Pharmaceutical and pharmacological actions of non-essential ions
 Pharmaceutical and pharmacological actions of essential trace elements
 Concept of limit testing
 Titrimetric and quantitative analysis
 The preparation and properties of inorganic materials used in medicine;
 Analysis and synthesis
 Inhalants, respiratory stimulants, antidotes, antioxidants, dental products
 Pharmaceutical topic agents

22
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Practical Topics
Inorganic Preparations
Qualitative and Quantitative Estimations / Analysis / Titrations
Chemical Kinetics
Gravimetric analysis
Refractometric analysis
Polarimetry
Conductometry
 Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 5th
Ed., 1998, Silverstein, R.
M., Clayton G. Bassler, Terence C. Morrill, John Wiley and Sons Inc.
 Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part Two, 4th
Ed. 1994, Beckett A. H. and
Stenlake J. B The Athlone Press of the University of London.
 Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, 3rd
ed. 1983, Banwell, C. N. McGraw-Hill
Book Comp. UK Ltd.
 Modern Methods: Pharmaceutical Analysis; 4th
1990, Munson J. W, Marcel Dekker,
New York
 Medicinal Chemistry; 2nd
ed. 1992, A. Ganellin and C. Roberts, Academic Press

23
3. COURSE TITLE : SCD - Biochemistry I
Year of NS, UNZA
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : 1
To enable the students to have a basic understanding of the structures and functions of
biomolecules and explain the catalytic action of enzymes.
 Describe the structure of the main groups of simple biomolecules of
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
 Explain the catalytic action, enzyme kinetics and the clinical importance of
enzymes
 Use some basic biochemical techniques including electrophoresis,
Chromatography and Colorimetry.

24
Cells
 Molecular composition, properties and functions
 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Water
 Structure and physical properties
 Hydrogen bonding
 Henderson Hasselbalch equation
 Buffers
Amino acids
Structure and classification
Chemical reactions
Peptide bond formation
Proteins
 Levels of structure
 Methods of separation and purification
 Heamoglobin – structure and formation
 Myoglobin – structure
 Heamoglobinopathics
 Heamo metabolism
 Collagen and elastin
Enzymes
 General properties
 Classification
 Coenzymes
 Km and Vmax
 Enzymes of clinical importance
 Isoenzymes

25
Purines and pyrimidines
 Nucleosides
 Nucleotides
 Nucleic acid – RNA and DNA
Lipids
 Chemistry of fatty acids, Triglycerides, cholesterol phospholipids
 Membrane lipids – cholesterol, phospholipids
Carbohydrates
 Chemistry
 General reactions
 Homo and hetero polysaccharides
Biochemistry Practical Topics
Chemical Reactions involving water
Buffering Effect of selected reaction processes
Chemical Reactions of the triglycerides
Chemical reactions of carbohydrates
Kinetics of a chemical reaction
 Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations Thomas M Devlin 6th
edition 2006.
 Clinical Chemistry Theory, Analysis, Correlation Laurence A Kaplan Amadeo
J Pesce Steven C Kazmierczak 4 th edition , 2003
 Clinical Medicine and Metabolic Medicine Martin A. Crook 7th edition, 2006.
 Textbook of Medical Biochemistry MN Chaherjea and Rana Shinde, 7th edition
, 2007
 Lippincott’s Reviews of Biochemistry 8th
edition by Champe PC, Harvey RA,
Ferrier DR, Lippincott 3
 William & Wilkins London, 2005Principles of Biochemistry; 6th
Ed., 1990, A.L.
Lechninger, D.I. Nelson Worth Publishers, New York.
 Harpers Review of biochemistry; 1991, D. W. Martin, P.A. Hayes and V.M.
 Rodwell, Lange Medical Publications, California.
 Biochemistry; 3rd
ed. 2000, Lupert Stryer, W. H. Freeman and Co.,

27
2. COURSE CODE : AN 211
3. COURSE TITLE : Human Anatomy I
Year of NS, UNZA
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : 1
13. AIMS OF THE STUDY COURSE:
 To impart knowledge on gross, microscopic and developmental anatomy of the
human body and correlate this with the relationships of the various structures and
their functional and applied aspects.
 To equip the students with knowledge of relevant radiological and clinical
anatomy.

28
 Demonstrate by inspection and palpation on the living body the position and
relationships of all major structures and bony prominences.
 Identify on the cadaver all main gross anatomical structures in the regions studied
and relate them to their histology and embryology.
 Identify on the skeleton, cadaver or models, the bones and major muscles nerves
blood vessels and lymph nodes groups and relate them to their function in the
living body.
 Interpret anatomical appearances in radiographs of the regions studied.
 Analyse locomotors functions of the body and explain their anatomical basis.
 Describe in simple terms the effect of injury or dysfunction of the above
structures.
NOMENCLATURE
 General anatomical terms for body parts
 Anatomical planes
 Terms for movements
 Terms for positions
CYTOLOGY
 Structure of the cell
 Cell division – mitosis, meiosis
EMBRYOLOGY
 Muscular system
 Skeletal system
 Nervous system
HISTOLOGY OF BASIC TISSUES
 Epithelium
 Connective tissue (including bone and cartilage)
 Muscle
 Nerve

29
SKIN
 Gross appearance
 Histology
 Applied aspects
UPPER LIMB
 Osteology
 Pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula)
 Humerus
 Radius
 Ulna
 Carpal bones
 Metacarpal bones
 Phalanges
 Surface anatomy
 Muscles
 Neurovascular supply (including brachial plexus)
 Joints
 Radiographic anatomy
LOWER LIMB
 Osteology
 Pelvis
 Femur
 Tibia
 Fibula
 Tarsal bones
 Metatarsal bones
 Phalanges
 Surface anatomy
 Muscles
 Neurovascular supply (including lumbar and sacral plexuses)
 Joints
AXIAL SKELTON
 Skull
 Cervical vertebra

30
 Thoracic vertebra
 Lumbar vertebra
 Sacrum
 Coccyx
 Erector spinae muscles
Anatomy I Practical Topics
 Microscopic observation of human cell slides
 Identification measurements of some selected human bones
 Anatomy, Palpation and Surface markings. Field D 1997). Butterworth
Heinemann.
 Surface Anatomy. The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Examination Lumley JSP
(1996). 2nd Ed. Churchill Livingstone, London.
 Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students. Snell RS (1995). 5th
Ed. Little Brown
Boston.
 Colour Textbook of Histology. Garter PL, Haitt LJ (1997). WB Saunders
 Functional Anatomy of the Lower Limbs and Back. Jenkins DB (1991). W B
Saunders Company.
 Before We Were Born, Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. Moore
KL, Persaud TVN (1998). 5th
Ed. WB Saunders
 Pocket Atlas of Anatomy. Pauchet V & Dupret S (1983) Oxford University
Press, New York.
 Imaging Atlas of Human Anatomy. Weir J, Abrahams PH (1997). 2nd
Ed.
 Gray’s Anatomy. Williams PL, Rodgers W, Dyson M, Reader LHB, Berry MM,
Collins P, Dussek JE, Reader MD, Ellis H, Gabella G, Salmons S, Soames R,
Standring SM, Ferguson MWJ (1995). Churchill Livingstone.

31
2. COURSE CODE : PGY 221
3. COURSE TITLE : Human Physiology I
Year of NS, UNZA
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : 1
 To enable the students have an understanding of the basic physiological
processes.
 To have the basis to understand the pathophysiology as compared to normal
physiology
 Describe the important aspects of cellular physiology
 Outline the various parts of the nerve, function and transmission at synapses.
 Describe the overall functions of the gastro-intestinal system.
 Outline the functions of the blood cells.
 Describe the layout of the cardiovascular system and the various factors affecting
the system.

32
BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS
 Regulation of body fluids
CELL MEMBRANE PHYSIOLOGY
 The cell and its function
 Physical structure of the cell.
 Genetic control of the cell functions and cell reproduction.
 Transport across cell membrane
 Membrane potentials
 Action potentials
 Propagation of the action potentials
 Excitation – the process of eliciting the action potential
SYNAPTIC AND JUNCTIONAL TRANSMISSION
 Synaptic transmission
 Chemical transmission
 Neuromuscular transmission
PHSIOLOGY OF THE NERVE
 Nerve cells.
 Excitation and conduction, ionic basis for:
 Excitation and conduction
 Nerve fiber types and their function
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MUSCLE
 Skeletal and smooth muscles
 Contractile responses
 Excitation – contraction coupling
 Mechanisms of muscle fatigue
 Relation between muscle strength, fibre type and muscle length.

33
GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT
 Function of the gastrointestinal tract innervations of the Gastrointestinal tract
 GIT smooth tract
 Motility of the GIT
 Secretion of the GIT
 Digestion and absorption
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 Blood and its functions
 Blood groups
 Blood coagulation
 Cardiac cycle
 Cardiac output and its control
 Blood flow and circulation and circulation to various regions
 Integrated responses of the cardiovascular system
 Posture
 Exercise
 Cardiovascular regulatory mechanism
Physiology I Practical Topics
 The use of dissecting instruments on lower primates
 Dissecting a lower and high primates e.g. mouse and rabbit
 Chemical enervations on both smooth and striated muscles from the frog and
the mouse
 Review of Medical Physiology, Ganong WG (1996). 19th
Ed. Lange Medical
Publications, California.
 Textbook of Medical Physiology Guyton AC, Hall JE (2000) 10th
Ed. WB
Saunders Co. Philadelphia

34
 Physiology Berne RA, Koeppen BM, Levy MN, Staton BA (1998). 4th
Ed.
Mosby, St Louis
 Principles of Physiology. Berne RM, Levy MN (2000). 3rd
Ed. Mosby, St Louis.
 An Introduction to Human Physiology. Green JH (1990) Medical Publications,
 Oxford.
 Illustrated Physiology. Mackenna BR, Collander R (1990). Churchill
Livingstone
 Principles of Physiology. A Scientific Basis of Physical Therapy. Bovell D,
Nimme M
 (1995). WB Saunders, Glasgow.

35
PROGRAMME OUTLINE
For
SEMESTER II OF SECOND YEAR COURSES

36
3. COURSE TITLE : DDM - Pharmaceutics II
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : Pharmaceutics I
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : II
To lay a strong base in the further understanding of solution behaviour in drug
formulation
 Describe the effect of hydration and solutions on drugs
 Describe colligative properties of solutions
 Describe drug ionization processes
 Describe factors influencing solubility of drugs in liquids

37
Solution
 Solubility control
 pH profiles
 common ion effects
 pKa determinations
 temperature effects
 partition coefficient
 dissolution process
 Ideal and non-ideal solutions
 Saturation curves
Colligative properties
 Vapour pressure lowering
 Elevation of boiling point
 Freezing point depression
 Osmotic pressure
Solubility of drugs in liquids
 Expression for solubility
 Factors affecting drug solubility
 Solubility parameters on pharmaceutical and biological processes
 Drug solubility on pharmaceutical and biological activity
Pharmaceutics II Practical Topics
 Laboratory procedures in the preparations of solutions, suspensions,
mixtures, emulsions
 Volumetric assays of solutions
 Determination of colligative characteristics of selected substance
 Demonstration to determine the solubility of selected substances
 Quantification methods for quality assessment

38
ed., 1998, A.J. Winfield, R.M.E. Richards,
Churchill Livingstone
London
 International Pharmacopoeia; 1992, University Press, Cambridge
 Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st
Ed., 1997, The Pharmaceutical
Press, London
 Pharmaceutics: The science of dosage design; 1998, M. Aulton, Churchill
Livingstone

39
3. COURSE TITLE : SCD - Pharmaceutical chemistry II
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : Pharmaceutical chemistry I
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : II
To introduce to the students the principles of analysis and laboratory procedures
necessary to determine and quality of medicine and other products in pharmaceutical
procedures.
 Illustrate the importance of quality concepts such as accurate, precision
 Describe various physical methods of analysis using emission and absorption
electromagnetic radiation.
 Describe the application of physical methods of measurement using emission and
absorption of electromagnetic radiation.
 Explain the use of other analytical methods in pharmacy
 Obtain and interpret analytical assay data to the approved standards in the country

40
Principles of Pharmaceutical Analysis
 Theory of analytical process
 Overview of Analytical methods in pharmacy
General nature of electromagnetic radiation
 Nomenclature
 The absorption of energy by molecules
 Light sources
 Monochrometers, monochromatic radiation, measurement, detectors
 Filters
Spectrophotometry methods
 Single
 Double
 Infra-red (IR) spectrometry
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometry
 Mass Spectrometry
 Atomic absorption and Emission Spectrometry
 Flame Photometry
 Fluorometry
Absorption spectroscopy
 Lambert’s law
 Beer’s law
 Beer-Lambert law and its application
 Factors influencing intensity and position of UV spectrometry
 Visible Spectrophotometry
 Practical application
Thermal methods of analysis
 Flame photometry
 Atomic absorption (AA) Spectrophotometry
 An introduction to inductively coupled plasma (ICP) AA
 Spectrofluometry: fluoresce, Spectrofluorimetry
 Infrared Spectrophotometry
 Practical application

41
Chromatographic methods
 Thin layer
 Gas liquid
 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
 Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS)
Other Available Methods
 Potentiometry
 Polarography
 Radiochemical techniques
Pharmaceutical Chemistry II Practical Topics
 Raw materials identification
 Titrimetric versus spectrometric analytical procedures of Ferrous Sulphate
 Chromatographic separation methods
 Other analytical methods
Ed., 1998,
Silverstein, R. M., Clayton G. Bassler, Terence C. Morrill, John Wiley and
Sons Inc.
Ed. 1994, Beckett A. H.
and Stenlake J. B. The Athlone Press of the University of London.
ed. 1993, Banwell, C. N. McGraw-
Hill Book Comp. UK Ltd.
1990, Munson J. W, Marcel
Dekker, New York

42
3. COURSE TITLE : SCD - Biochemistry II
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : Biochemistry I
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : II
To enable students to have basic understanding of metabolism of biomolecules with
particular emphasis on energy metabolism in human tissues.
 Describe various pathways of energy metabolism
 Explain the link of energy metabolism with other synthetic pathways of the cell
 Describe the basic metabolism of nitrogenous compounds including nucleic acid
and protein synthesis.
 Recognize the role of human nutrition
 Use some basic biochemical techniques including some clinical tests
 Describe the principles related to the commercial production of natural plants
 Describe the phytochemistry of plants of medicinal value

43
Bio-energetic
 Principles
 Standard and free energy
 High energy compounds
 Electron transport chain and oxidative, phosphorylation
Metabolic processes of the body
 Carbohydrate metabolism
 Lipid metabolism
 Protein and amino acid metabolism
 Nucleotide metabolism
 Nucleic acid metabolism
Blood
 Composition
 Plasma protein and their separation
 Lipoproteins
 Immunoglobins
Human nutrition
 Nutritional requirements
 Protein energy malnutrition
 Major and trace elements
 Water soluble and fat soluble vitamins
Hormones
 Peptide hormones and their mode of action
 Steroid hormones and their mode of action
Biochemistry II Practical Topics
 Elucidation of metabolic pathways of the body cells
 Identification and quantitative determination of trace elements
 Confirm the varying solubility of vitamins

44
 Organic Chemistry, 3rd
Ed. 1996, Morrison, R. T. and Boyd R.N. Academic
Press, London
 Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, 3rd
Ed. 1992, Fessenden and Fessenden,
Academic Press
 Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy: 14th
Edition, 1996, W.C. Evans, Bailliere
Tindall, London
 A guide to Mechanism in organic chemistry, 7th
Ed. 1995, Peter Sykes,
Longman.
 Harpers Review of Biochemistry: 1991, D. W. Martin, P. A. Hayes and V. M.
Rodwell. Lange Medical Publications, California.
 Principles of Biochemistry: 1990, A. L. Lechninger, D.I. Nelson Worth
Publishers, New York.

45
2. COURSE CODE : AN 212
3. COURSE TITLE : Human Anatomy II
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : Human Anatomy I
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : II
To impart knowledge of the different systems of the body in relation to their function.
 Describe the gross, microscopic and developmental anatomy of the systems
studied.
 Discuss the relationship of the structure to function.
 Interpret the radiological images of these systems.
 Discuss the clinical anatomical basis of the examination of these systems.
 Describe the relevant anatomy of the disordered structure and function of these
systems.

46
HEAD AND NECK AND NEUROANATOMY
 Osteology
 Skull
 Muscles
 Oral cavity
 Nose, pharynx, larynx
 Neuromuscular supply
 Joints
 Surface anatomy
 CNS
 Brain (functional lobes, blood supply)
 Internal structures of hemispheres
 Basal nuclei
 Cerebellum
 Spinal cord (structure, blood supply)
 Main ascending and descending tracts
 Ventricular system
 Applied anatomy
 PNS
 Spinal nerves (formation and distribution)
 Cranial nerves
 ANS
 Sympathetic system
 Parasympathetic system
THORACIC CAGE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Osteology
 Ribs and costal cartilage
 Sternum
 Surface anatomy
 Muscles
 Neuro-vascular supply
 Joints
 Trachea, bronchi, lungs
 Anterior and posterior mediastinum
 Pleura and pleural cavity
 Neuromuscular supply
 Lymphatic drainage

47
 Development
 Histology
 Applied anatomy
SUPERIOR AND MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM AND CARDIO-VASCULAR
SYSTEM
 Heart, great vessels
 Main vessels
 Development
 Histology (of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins)
 Applied anatomy
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
 Thymus, Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils GALT, MALT
 Development
 Histology
 Applied anatomy
ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall
 Muscles of the posterior abdominal wall (and diaphragm)
 Neurovascular supply
 Inguinal hernia
 Stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum, anal canal
 Salivary glands, liver and biliary system, pancreas
 Development
 Histology
 Applied anatomy

48
POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL AND URINARY SYSTEM
 Muscles of the posterior abdominal wall (and diaphragm)
 Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
 Development
 Histology
 Applied anatomy
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine, Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
 Development
 Histology
 Applied anatomy
GENITAL SYSTEM
 Male – testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, prostrate,
bulbourethral glands, penis
 Female- ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, muscles of the
pelvic floor
 Development
 Histology
 Applied anatomy
Human Anatomy II Practical Topics
 Microscopic observation of human cell slides
 Identification measurements of some selected human bones

49
 Anatomy, Palpation and Surface markings. Field D 1997). Butterworth
Heinemann.
 Surface Anatomy. The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Examination. Lumley
JSP (1990). Churchill Livingstone.
 Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students. Snell RS (1995). 5th
Ed. Little Brown,
Boston.
 Moore KL (1992). Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Garter Pl, Hiatt LJ (1997). 3rd
Ed. William, s and Wilkins, Baltimore.
 Before We Were Born; Essentials of Embryology and Birth defects. Moore
KL, Persaud TVN (1998). 5th
Ed. WB Saunders.
 Pocket Atlas of Anatomy. Pauchet V & Dupret S (1983). Oxford University
Press, New York.
 Imaging Atlas of Human Anatomy. Weir J, Abrahams PH (1997). 2nd Ed.
Churchill Livingstone.

50
2. COURSE CODE : PGY 222
3. COURSE TITLE : Human Physiology II
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : Human Physiology I
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : II
To equip the student with the knowledge of the normal systemic physiology and be
able them to describe the patho-physiology aspects.
 Describe the respiratory system and the factors involved in its regulation
 Outline the functions of the kidney
 Outline the steps involved in the biosynthesis of hormones and describe the
physiological actions on the body
 Describe the organization of the CNS
 Outline the neural connections and the pathways of various sensations
 Describe how posture and movement are regulated
 Describe the autonomic nervous system

51
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Gas transport between the lungs and the tissues
 Regulation of respiration
 Respiratory adjustment in health and disease
 Effects of exercise
 Hypoxia
 Oxygen treatment
 Hypo and hypercapmia
THE RENAL SYSTEM
 Nephron function
 Renal blood flow and pressures
 Formation of urine
 Glomerular filtration
 Control of glomerular filtration role and renal blood flow.
PHYSIOLOGY OF EXERCISE
 Muscles in exercise
 Blood flow to tissues at rest and during exercise
 Muscle metabolic systems in exercise
 Nutrients used during muscle activity
 Respiratory system in exercise
 The cardiovascular system in exercise
 Body heat in exercise
 Body fluids and salt
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY
 Hormone synthesis, storage and secretion
 Regulation and hormone action
 The hypothalamus and pituitary gland
 Effects and functions of hormones
 Pituitary gland
 Thyroid gland
 Parathyroid gland
 Pancreas
 Adrenal cortex and medulla

52
REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION
 Sexual differentiation
 Synthesis of sex hormones
 Regulation of gonadal steroid hormone
 Age-related changes in reproduction
MALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION
 Male hormones and their actions
 Spermatogenesis and its regulation
 Male puberty
FEMALE REPRODUCTION
 Ovarian hormones and their actions
 Oogenesis
 Menstrual cycle, hormonal patterns
 Female puberty
 Menopause
 Pregnancy-placental function
 Maternal-fetal metabolism
 Parturition changes at birth
 Lactation
 Contraception.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 General design of the NS
 Major levels of central nervous system function
 Somatic sensations
 Motor systems
 Motor functions of the spinal cord and muscle receptors
 Reflex activity and proprioception
 Protective reflexes
 Postural reflexes
 Conditional reflexes
 Cortical and brain stem control of motor function

53
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Sympathetic nervous system
 Parasympathetic nervous system
 Interplay of both systems
 Visceral reflexes.
Human Physiology II Practical Topics
 The use of dissecting instruments on lower primates
 Dissecting a lower and high primates e.g. mouse and rabbit
 Chemical enervations on both smooth and striated muscles from the frog and
the mouse
 An Introduction to Human Physiology. Green JH (1990). Medical Publications,
Oxford.
Livingstone
 Principles of Physiology. Berne RM, Levy MN (2000). 3rd
Ed. Mosby, St Louis.
 Physiology Berne RA, Koeppen BM, Levy MN, Staton BA (1998). 4th
Ed.
Mosby, St Louis.
 Physiology. Berne RA (1998) Mosby USA
Livingstone.
 Textbook of Medical Physiology Guyton AC, Hall JE (2000). 10th
Ed. WB
 Saunders, Philadelphia.

54
PROGRAMME OUTLINE
FOR
SEMESTER I OF THIRD YEAR COURSES

55
3. COURSE TITLE : DDM - Pharmaceutics III
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : Pharmaceutics II
5. YEAR : 3
6. SEMESTER : I
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT :
To further understand the basic physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical
systems.
 Describe chemical kinetics and stability in pharmaceutical systems
 Explain the effects of Radio- pharmacy in pharmaceutical systems
 Describe the properties of polymeric and colloidal systems in pharmaceutical
formulations
 Describe the sterilization processes

56
Chemical kinetics and stability
 Molecularity
 Rate constants
 Reaction types
 Reaction systems
 Factors affecting rate of chemical reactions
 Instabilities and incompatibilities of pharmaceuticals and containers
 Stability testing of drugs
Radiopharmacy
 Properties of ionizing particles
 Radiation phenomena
 Radiological safety and precautions
 Applications of radio-pharmaceuticals
Polymeric systems
 Introduction and definitions
 Properties of polymeric systems
 Types and chemical reactions
 General, pharmaceutical and medical uses
Colloidal and dispersed systems
 Properties of the systems
 Types
 HLB system, determination
 Pharmaceutical application of the systems and their theories to other systems
 Biopharmaceutical aspects of the systems
Sterile systems
 Properties
 Sterilization methods or types
 Sterilization techniques, equipments and products
 Design and operations of sterile rooms
 Uses of sterilization
 Sterility testing
 Stability evaluation of specific sterile products

57
Pharmaceutics III Practical Topics
 Preparation of polymeric pharmaceutical systems
 Preparation of a sterile systems
 Identification of radioactive substances
ed., 1998, A.J. Winfield, R.M.E. Richards,
Churchill Livingstone
 Pharmacopoeia; 1992, University Press, Cambridge Martindale,
 The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st
Livingstone
 Pharmaceutical Preformulation. The Physicochemical properties of drug
substances, 1992, James I. Wells, Allis Harwood.

58
3. COURSE TITLE : SBT – General Pharmacology I
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSES : Physiology PGY 222 / Anatomy 212
5. YEAR : 3
6. SEMESTER : I
 To provide a solid foundation in the fundamental concepts of pharmacology
suitable for the study of therapeutics and other uses of drugs.
 To study therapeutic applications to pharmacological aspects of nervous,
cardiovascular and respiratory systems
 Discuss the development of pharmacology, clinical pharmacology and
therapeutics
 Describe the principles of pharmacodynamics and their applications
 Perform basic experiments elaborating the pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamics principles
 Discuss the basics of chemical transmission in the autonomic nervous systems
and central nervous system
 Describe the treatment of the specific pathological state using pharmacological
agents.

59
 Describe the beneficial outcomes, drug interactions, and side effects, from the
treatment of the diseases.
15. COURSE CONTENT
General Pharmacology
 Introduction to the pharmacological basis of clinical pharmacy
 Basic aspects of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
Drugs acting on the nervous systems
 Classification of drugs
 Eye
 Gastro Intestinal Tract (GIT)
 Neuromuscular Junction
 Cardiovascular System
 Respiratory System
 Genito Urinary Tract
 Central Nervous System
 Peripheral Nervous System
 Miscellaneous Action
Drugs acting on Cardiovascular System (CVS)
 Cardiac arrhythmia
 Heart failure
 Angina pectoris
 Hypertension
 Hyperlipidaemia
Drugs acting on Respiratory System
 Obstructive defects
 Diffusion defects
 Restrictive defects
 Ventilatory defects
General Pharmacology I Practical Topics
 Design and set animal experiments for chemical innervations

60
 Pharmacology, 3rd
Edition, 1998, Rang, Dale and Ritter, Churchill Livingstone
 Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 1987, Walker and Edwards, Churchill
Livingstone
 Lecture notes on Clinical Pharmacology, 5th
Edition, 1996, J.L. Reid, P.C. Rubin
and B. Whiting, Oxford Blackwell Science
 Pathology and Therapeutics for Pharmacists, 1st
Edition, 1993, R. J. Greene and
N.D. Harris, Chapman and Hall.
Livingstone
 Text book of Pharmacology; 2nd
Ed., 1982, W.C. Bowman and M.J. Rand,
Blackwell Scientific Ltd, London
 Antibiotic and chemotherapy, 6th
Edition (1991), L. O. Garrote, H.P. Lambert
and F.O. Grady, Churchill Livingstone.
 Minor illness or Major disease? Responding to symptoms in the Pharmacy, 2nd
Edition (1995), C. Edwards and P. Stillman, London, The Pharmaceutical Press.
 Pathophysiology: Concepts of altered health states, 5th
ed. (1998), C. M. Porth,
Lippincott, New York.
 Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Treatment,
Graeme-Smith D.G., Aronson J. K., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.
 Pathology and Therapeutics for Pharmacists: A Basis for Clinical Pharmacy
Practice, Green R. J., Harris N. D., Chapman and Hall, London, 1993.
 Lecture notes on respiratory disease, 4th
Edition (1991) B. Ral, Oxford, Blackwell
Scientific
 Lecture notes on gastroenterology, 1st
Edition (1991), E.E. Hawkins, Oxford,
Jackwell Scientific
 Lecture notes on rheumatology 1st
Edition 1992, J. Edmonds and G. Hughes,
Oxford, Blackwell Scientific

61
3. COURSE TITLE : SCD – Pharmaceutical Chemistry III
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSES : Pharmaceutical II
5. YEAR : 3
6. SEMESTER : I
To introduce advanced spectroscopic methods of measurement, study
chromatographic methods of separation and purification and radioactivity and its
application and study heterocyclic and macromolecular organic compounds.
 Define the structure and nomenclature of various organic compounds / substances
 Describe the configurational and conformational structures of organic compounds
 Describe the structure of benzene and other ring structured systems
 Describe the general methods of preparations for both biological and
pharmaceutical applications
 Describe the general and physical aspects of organic compounds
 Explain the reaction kinetics involving organic compounds
 Describe the rearrangement of neighbouring group effects of non-classical ions
 Describe the Heterocyclic organic compounds and their relevance in medicine and
pharmaceutical science.

62
An introduction to the organic chemistry
Nomenclature of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons compounds.
Industrial sources of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons compounds.
Preparations of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons compounds.
Reactions and mechanisms of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons compounds.
Isomerism (configurational and confirmational)
 Configurational and confirmational stereoisomerism to include projection
formulae
 Relative and absolute configuration of aliphatic and alicyclic compounds
Other organic compounds
 Alkyl halides
 Alcohols, ethers and epoxides
 Carboxylic acids, Aldehydes and ketones
 Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids, Carbon ion, Amines and aryl halides.
Benzene chemistry
 The structure of benzene,
 Aromaticity and stability of the benzene structure
 Nomenclature
 The reaction of benzene and its derivatives
 Orientation: Functional group transformation of some benzene derivatives.
Heterocyclic systems
Five member rings
 Structure of pyrrole, furan, thiophene
 Sources of pyrrole, furan, thiophene
 Reactions of pyrrole, furan, thiophene
Heterocyclic analogues of naphthalene with one heteroatom
 Structures
 Physical and chemical properties
 Derivatives
 Synthetic pathways
Compounds with two heteroatoms in a five-member ring
 Physical and chemical properties of pyrazole and imidazole
 Derivatives and synthetic methods of pyrazole and imidazole

63
Compounds with two heteroatoms in six members ring
 Structure and source of pyrimidines
 Reactions of pyrimidines
Heterocyclic compounds with seven member and larger rings
 Structure of diazepines
 Synthetic methods
Rearrangements and neighbouring group effects
 Hoffman rearrangements
 Rearrangement of hydroperoxides
 Pinol rearrangements
Polynuclear aromatic compounds
 Naphthalene derivatives
 Naphalenene derivatives
 Anthracene and phenanthrene
Pharmaceutical Chemistry III Practical Topics
 Refractometry analysis
 Synthetic process
 Identification processes of organic compounds
 An introduction of the Chemistry of Heterocyclic compounds, 3rd
Ed., 1991,
Acheson, A.M., Wiley-Interscience Publication.
 Organic Chemistry; 3rd
Ed. 1996, Morrison, R. T. and Boyd R. N., Prentice
Hall, London
 Fundamentals of Chemotherapy; 5th
Ed., 1998, W.B. Pratt. Oxford University
Press.

64
3. COURSE TITLE : SCD – General Pharmacognosy I
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSES : Pharmaceutics I
Pharmaceutics II
Pharmaceutical Chemistry II
5. YEAR : 3
6. SEMESTER : I
 To introduce the principles related to the commercial production, quality and
standardization of natural products.
 Identify natural products
 Extract and isolate active principle components
 Describe the source and principles related to the commercial production of natural
plants
 Describe the phytochemistry of plants of medicinal value.
 Have an understanding of common existing medicinal plants in the country

65
Natural sources and products
 Introduction: History of pharmacognosy; Development of pharmacognosy in the
middle ages; Approaches to the study of medicinal plants; Importance and
relevance of pharmacognosy in modern therapeutics
 Overview of plants and animals as sources of drugs: Biological and
geographical sources of drugs; Biological active compounds from marine
organisms; other products
 Medicinal plants: Overview of taxonomy; Biological nomenclature; Botanical
systems of classification; Thallophytes; Bryophytes; Pteridophytes;
Gymnosperms; Monocotyledons and dictyledons
 Morphology and anatomy of medicinal plants: Definition, chemical structure,
physicochemical evaluations of the following Leaves and tops; Herbs; Barks and
wood; Flowers; Fruits and Seeds
Commercialization of natural products:
 Environmental conditions: Cultivated and wild plants; Plants and soil
relationship; Plants growth regulators
 Plant cell and tissue culture: Biochemical conversions; Clonal propagation,
Genetic aspects; Deterioration; Quality control
 Plant phytochemistry: Introduction to general methods; The living plant cell;
Basic metabolic pathways; Origin of secondary metabolites
General Pharmacognosy I Practical Topics
 Physicochemical evaluation sessions for identified therapeutical agents from
leaves and tops, herbs, barks, wood, flowers, fruits and seeds
 Separation of therapeutic agents from the natural sources for formulation
 Chemical structure determination and elucidation of the extracted therapeutical
agents
 Qualification and Quantification of the therapeutical agents
 Formulation exercise for the extracted agents from the natural sources

66
 Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy: 14th
Edition, 1996, W. C. Evans, W.B.
Saunders, London
Ed., 1998, Silverstein, R.
M., Clayton G. Bassler, Terence C. Morrill: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Ed. 1994, Beckett A. H. and
Stenlake J. B.: The Athlone Press of the University of London.
ed. 1993, Banwell, C. N. ,
McGraw-Hill Book Comp. UK Ltd.
1990, Munson J. W. Marcel
Dekker, New York
 Medical Botany: Plants affecting Mans’ health; 1998, W.H. Lewis, John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., New York

67
3. COURSE TITLE : Pharmacy Practice I
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSES : Pharmaceutics I
Pharmaceutics II
5. YEAR : 3
6. SEMESTER : I
 To introduce the students, the history of pharmacy and the general principles of
law.
 To provide detailed knowledge of the various aspects and branches of the practice
of pharmacy and to provide an understanding of the role of pharmacy in the health
care system.
 Describe the history of the profession of pharmacy and how it has evolved
 Describe the nature of law, sources of law and the legislative system in Zambia
 Describe the organization of the health care system

68
 Describe the role of the pharmacist as a health care professional and his
relationship with other health care professionals.
 Explain the local and international Pharmaceutical Organization
History of pharmacy
 Antiques
 Middle age
 Renaissance
Principles of Pharmacy Practice
 Hospital Pharmacy
 Industrial Pharmacy
 Forensic Pharmacy
 Community Pharmacy
 Operational and non operational Research in pharmacy
 Pharmaceutical Literature and Information
 Pharmacy Education and Administration
General principles of law
 Nature of law: Law in general; Law in the strict sense; Law and morality;
Private & public law; Common Law; Substantive law and procedure; Law
and fact
 Source of law: Customary law; English common law; Legislation; Case law;
Equity
 Legislature, executive and judicial systems in Zambia: Parliament; Local
courts; Subordinate /Magistrate’s courts; The High court; The Industrial
relations court; The Supreme Court
Branches of pharmacy practice and its role in health care system
 Health Care Organization: Central level; Tertiary level; Secondary level;
Primary level; Referral system; Community level
 Prescribers and patients: Different categories of prescribers; Prescriber
obligations; Patient rights; Patients obligations

69
Manufacture and marketing of pharmaceuticals
 Supplies of pharmaceuticals: Branded product; Generic products; Specialized
Dispensing services
 Government control of pharmaceuticals: Suppliers; Drug manufacturers;
Wholesalers; Marketing of pharmaceuticals; Prescribing process; Supplies &
Distribution and the personnel
 Promotional activities: New drugs; Role of the pharmacist in clinical trials;
Post marketing studies of licensed products; Qualified person or company
pharmacist
 Pharmacist as a health care profession: Characteristics of a profession;
Profession of pharmacy; Doctors and pharmacists professional relationship;
Pharmacists and Nurses professional relationship; Pharmacist and Law
enforcements Officers; Professional practice standards; Procedures for
maintaining safety standards; Poisoning; Pharmacist and the patient
Pharmacy Practice I Practical Topics
 Hospital Pharmacy professional procedures
 Retail Pharmacy professional procedures
 Wholesale Pharmacy professional procedures
 Pharmaceutical Warehousing procedural requirements
 Drug / medicines procurement process
 Cold chain mechanics in pharmaceutical setting
 Understanding the regulatory framework of the country on medicines
control
 National policy implementation on pain management
 Implementation process on the control of infectious diseases in the country
 Immunization process during the pandemics or epidemics
 Pharmacy History: A Pictorial Record, 1991, The pharmaceutical press,
London
 Pharmacy and Ethics; 5th
Ed., 1993, The pharmaceutical press, London
 Code of Ethics for Pharmacists, Pharmaceutical Society of Zambia, 1992
 Textbook of Pharmaceutical Information, 2000, A. Robson, Churchill
Livingstone

70
 National Drug Policy, Ministry of Health – Zambia, 1998
 Pharmaceutical Regulatory Authority, 2004
 Medicines, Ethics and Practice; A guide for pharmacists, S/N 21, 1999,
The pharmaceutical press, London
 Pharmacists’ directory and year book, 1998, The pharmaceutical press,
London
 Pharmaceutical Handbook 10th
Ed., 1992, The pharmaceutical press,
London
 Managing drug supply; 2nd
ed., 1992, Management Sciences for Health,
Boston
 Zambia’s’ Pharmacy and Poisons Act
 Medical and Allied Professions Act
 The Constitution: Pharmaceutical Society of Zambia
 World Health Organization (WHO) Model Drug Legislation and
Guidelines to Small Drug Regulatory Authorities (SDRA)
 History of Pharmacy: A guide and a Survey; 26th
Ed., 1991, E. Kremer
and G. Urdang, J.B. Lippincott Company
 History of Pharmacy in Britain: 7th
ed., 1992, L.G. Mathews, E & S
Livingstone Ltd, London

71
2. COURSE CODE : PTH 211
3. COURSE TITLE : General Pathology I
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSES : Human Anatomy &
Human Physiology
5. YEAR : 3
6. SEMESTER : I
 To provide the student with the knowledge of the abnormal functioning of the
body systems caused by disease and injury
 Demonstrate the knowledge of microorganism in general and HIV in particular
 Describe psychosocial therapy of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases
 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the body’s reaction to disease and
injury
 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of signs and symptoms of abnormal
functioning of the body systems.
 Briefly trace the history of the AIDS epidemic, transmission and effective means
treatment

72
PATHOLOGY
 INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY
o Definition, aims and objectives of Pathology
o Concept of disease
 TYPES OF INJURIES AND THEIR EFFECTS
o Endogenous injury
o Exogenous injury
o Effects of injury
 HOST RESPONSE TO INJURY
o Acute inflammation
o Chronic inflammation
o Tissue repair and wound healing
 DISORDERS OF DEVELOPMENT DIFFERENTIATION MATURATION
 AND GROWTH
o Disorders of development
o Disorders of differentiation
o Disorders of maturation
o Disorders of growth
 CANCER BIOLOGY
o Carcinogenesis and pre-neoplasia
o Classification and differentiation of tumours
o Genetics of cancer
o Diagnosis and treatment of cancer
o Cancer Epidemiology
o Methods of cancer control
INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY
 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY
o Impact of infectious disease
o Immune system

73
o Immune response
BIOLOGY OF MICRO-ORGANISMS – (Viral microbial)
Properties of viruses
Structure of viruses
The effect of physicochemical agents on viruses
Types of viruses
Reproduction of viruses
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
PATHOGENICITY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF (MICRO-ORGANISMS (viral
infections in general)
o Entry routes
o Establishments
o Manifestation of disease
o Host tissue damage
o Exit of microorganisms
o Clinical course of the disease
o Psychosocial issues of the disease
o Epidemic and transmission of the HIV
 VIRAL INFECTIONS
Health education for prevention and precautions
Antimicrobial agents and their mechanism of action
Immune boosters and their mode of action
 INNATE IMMUNITY
Physical and chemical defenses
Leukocytes
Extracellular chemical defenses
Complement system
Acute inflammatory reaction
 ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
o Cells of adaptive immunity
o Molecules of adaptive immunity (Antibody, MHC & T cell receptor)
 ANTIGENS
o General features of antigens
o Types of antigen

74
o Antigen-antibody interactions
 IMMUNITY TO INFECTION
Collaboration between innate and adaptive immunity
Adversarial strategies: Bacterial, viral and parasite escape strategies
Prophylaxis: Vaccination
 IMMUNOREGULATION
o Consequences of immune response
o Regulatory mechanisms
 DISORDERS OF IMMUNITY
Immunodeficiency: Congenital and Acquired
Hypersensitivity reactions
Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases
Tumour immunology
 TOLERANCE AND TRANSPLANTATION
o Mechanisms of tolerance induction
o Induction and maintenance of tolerance
o Histocompatibility antigens
o Mechanisms of graft rejection
o Prevention of graft rejection
INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY
 INTRODUCTION TO PARASITISM
o Common nomenclature
o Parasitic taxonomy
o Host-parasite relationships
o Epidemiology of parasitic diseases
 ROTOZOA
o Pathogenic amoebae
o Intestinal and haemoflagellates
o Ciliates

75
 HELMINTHS
o Cestodes (tapeworms)
o Nematodes (roundworms)
o Trematodes (flukes)
 PICOMPLEXA
o Opportunistic parasites and HIV infection
o Cryptosporidium
o Microsporidium
o Isospora belli
o Pneumocystis carinii
o Toxoplasma gondii,
o Babesia
o Plasmodia – falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae
General Pathology I Practical Topics
 Use of microscopic method for examinations or assessment
 Preparatory stages for microscopic examination procedure
8. Concise Pathology. Lange, Prentice-Hall International, Chandrasoma P, Taylor
CR (1995). New Jersey.
9. Muir’s Textbook of Pathology. Macsween, R., (1996). Edward Arnold London.
10. General and Systematic Pathology Underwood, JCE, Hunter J (2000). 3rd Ed.
Churchill Livingstone.
1. Basic Pathology. Robbins, S.L. and Kumar, V. (1996). W.B. Saunders Co.,
London.
2. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. Goodmann CC, Boissonault
WG, Madison WI (1998). WB Saunders. Indianapolis.
3. General Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology for Health Care Students.
Playfair JHL, Lydyard PM (1997). Churchill Livingstone, London.

76
PROGRAMME OUTLINE
For
SEMESTER II OF THIRD YEAR COURSES

77
3. COURSE TITLE : DDM - Pharmaceutics IV
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : Pharmaceutics III
5. YEAR : 3
6. SEMESTER : II
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5
completed practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
 To further understand the properties of solution in drug compounding
 To describe surface chemistry of solutes in solution
 To undertake interfacial studies and be able to relate to pharmaceutical
concept such as wettability, adsorption, detergents action
 To describe the solubilisation process in solution

78
Surface chemistry of solutes
 Amphiphilic compounds
 Effects of amphiphiles on the surface and interfacial tension
 Adsorption Isotherms
 Pharmaceutical application of Adsorption Isotherms
 Surface activity of drugs
 Insoluble mono-layers and spreading
 Pharmaceutical applications of surface film studies
Interfacial studies
 Contact angle
 Wettability of solid surfaces
 Adsorption at the solid-liquid interface
 Micellization
 Surfactants and their properties
 Detergents and their properties
Solubilisation studies
 Determination of maximum additive concentration
 Location of solubilisate
 Factors affecting solubilisation
 Pharmaceutical application of solubilisation
Pharmaceutics IV Practical Topics
 Set up an experimental procedure to study surface effects of various
detergents
 How to measure and vary the contact angle of a detergent solution
 Location of a solubilisate in a micelle solution using a tracer
 To prepare a solubilized pharmaceutical solution
 Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy, 3rd
Ed., 1998, A.T. Florence
and D. Atwood, MacMillan, London
 Lecture notes on Tropical Medicine; 4th
Ed., 1998, D.R. Bell, Blackwell
Science Ltd., London

79
London
 Pharmacopoeia; 1992, University Press, Cambridge Martindale,
 The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st
London
Livingstone
 Pharmaceutical Preformulation. The Physicochemical properties of drug
substances, 1992, James I. Wells, Allis Harwood.

80
3. COURSE TITLE : SBT - Pharmacology II
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : Pharmacology I
5. YEAR : 3
6. SEMESTER : II
To study therapeutic applications to pharmacology of specific organ systems
1. Describe the treatment of the specific pathological state of gastrointestinal,
body defence, renal and body joints using pharmacological agents.
2. Describe the beneficial outcomes, drug interactions, and side effects, from the
treatment of the diseases.

81
Drugs acting on Gastro-intestinal Tract (GIT)
 Oesophageal defects
 Stomach and duodenum defects
 Small intestine defects
 Inflammation bowel disease
 Constipation
 Diarrhoea
 Irritable bowel syndrome
 Diverticular disease
Body defence and drugs
 Iron deficiency anaemia
 Megaloblastic anaemia
 Drug induced blood conditions
 Drug induced marrow depression
 Drug induced neutropenia
 Haemostasis and thrombosis
 Cancer chemotherapy
 Infections
Drugs affecting renal functions, fluid and electrolyte
 Defects in body fluid and electrolytes
 Dehydration
 Hypernatraemia
 Hyponatraemia
 Hypokalaemia
 Hyperkalaemia
 Acid-base imbalance
 Acute renal failure
 Chronic renal failure
 Renal diseases

82
Drugs, which cause alterations in neural, skeletal and musculotendi
 Defects of brain junction
 Cerebral oedema
 Hydrocephalus
 Stroke
 Anaeurysmal subarachoid haemorrhage
 Seizure disorders
 Extra pyramidal diseases
 Headache
 Skeletal muscle disorders
 Neuromuscular junctions disorders
 Peripheral nerve disorders
 Basal ganglia disorders
 Cerebellum disorders
 Multiple sclerosis
 Psychotropic conditions
 Depression and anxiety
 Hypnosis
 Symptom modifying antirheumatic therapies (SMARTS)
 Disease controlling antirheumatic therapies (DCARTS)
 Gout condition
General Pharmacology Practical Topics
 Design and set animal experiments for chemical innervations
 Pharmacology, 3rd
Edition, 1998, Rang, Dale and Ritter, Churchill
Livingstone
 Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 1987, Walker and Edwards, Churchill
Livingstone
 Lecture notes on Clinical Pharmacology, 5th
Edition, 1996, J.L. Reid, P.C.
Rubin and B. Whiting, Oxford Blackwell Science
 Pathology and Therapeutics for Pharmacists, 1st
Edition, 1993, R. J. Greene
and N.D. Harris, Chapman and Hall.
Livingstone

83
 Text book of Pharmacology; 2nd
Ed., 1982, W.C. Bowman and M.J. Rand,
Blackwell Scientific Ltd, London
 Antibiotic and chemotherapy, 6th
Edition (1991), L. O. Garrod, H.P.
Lambert and F.O. Grady, Churchill Livingstone.
 Minor illness or Major disease? Responding to symptoms in the Pharmacy,
2nd
Edition (1995), C. Edwards and P. Stillman, London, The
Pharmaceutical Press.
 Pathophysiology: Concepts of altered health states, 5th
ed. (1998), C. M.
Porth, Lippincott, New York.
 Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Treatment,
 Graeme-Smith D.G., Aronson J. K., Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1984.
 Pathology and Therapeutics for Pharmacists: A Basis for Clinical Pharmacy
 Practice, Green R. J., Harris N. D., Chapman and Hall, London, 1993.
 Lecture notes on respiratory disease, 4th
Edition (1991) B. Ral, Oxford,
Blackwell Scientific
 Lecture notes on gastroenterology, 1st
Edition (1991), E.E. Hawkins, Oxford,
Jackwell Scientific
 Lecture notes on rheumatology 1st
Edition 1992, J. Edmonds and G.
Hughes, Oxford, Blackwell Scientific

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