28.wild l ife as affected by climate change A series of Presentation ByMr Allah Dad Khan Special Consultant NRM , Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK Province , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
A series of Presentation ByMr Allah Dad Khan Special Consultant NRM , Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK Province , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
Impacts of climate change on wildlife A Presentation ByMr. Allah dad KhanV...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Impacts of climate change on wildlife A Presentation ByMr. Allah dad KhanVisiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
8.wild life and impacts of climate change on wildlifeMr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of Presentation ByMr Allah Dad Khan Special Consultant NRM , Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK Province , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON AQUATIC FLORA AND FAUNAMahendra Pal
A rise in temperature as small as 1° C could have important and rapid effects on the geographical distributions and mortality of some organisms. The more mobile species should be able to adjust their ranges over time, but less mobile and sedentary species may not.There are many factors that can cause a warming of our climate; for example, more energy from the sun, large natural events such as El Nino or an increased greenhouse effect. Rising temperatures can directly affect the metabolism, life cycle, and behaviour of marine species. For many species, temperature serves as a cue for reproduction. Clearly, changes in sea temperature could affect their successful breeding. The number of male and female offspring is determined by temperature for marine turtles, as well as some fish and copepods (tiny shrimp-like animals on which many other marine animals feed). Changing climate could therefore skew sex ratios and threaten population survival.
An overview of climate change effects potentially impacting the Southeastern United States. Provides references, image credits, and supporting citations in "slide notes" view. For more climate change information, visit the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII), Southeast Information Node Climate Change Web site at http://go.usa.gov/OIs
Climate like any other physical phenomena it is dynamic and not static.
In every part of the world one year, one decade or one century is different than the other.
The change does not only have academic important but its effects in all the forms of life.
Plants, animals, human beings change with changes of climate.
In general, all living species thrive under definite and limit conditions and any great deviation from that will leads to destruction and death of the species.
Ecology: Scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments which includes Biotic Factors: (Living organisms) , Abiotic Factors: (Nonliving physical and chemical conditions of an environment).
What are the levels of the Ecology?
Ecology has Five Levels.
Individual organism: Single organism in an environment
Populations: Group of individual organisms of same species living in the same area
Communities: All of the organisms that inhabit a particular area make up a community, like coral reef and other organisms live around in the reef
Ecosystems: An ecosystem includes both the biotic and abiotic factors of an area
Biosphere:
Sum of all of Earth's ecosystems, it is an envelope of air, land, and water supporting all living things on Earth. It consists of both the atmosphere and ocean.
Ecologists investigate global issues in the biosphere, including climate change and its effect on living things
The effects have been most dramatic at high latitudes, where multiple processes contribute to decreased surface reflectivity
Changes in temperature are causing species to shift their natural ranges; however, those are unable to move in line with changing temperatures are being put at risk.
Impacts of climate change on wildlife A Presentation ByMr. Allah dad KhanV...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Impacts of climate change on wildlife A Presentation ByMr. Allah dad KhanVisiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
8.wild life and impacts of climate change on wildlifeMr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of Presentation ByMr Allah Dad Khan Special Consultant NRM , Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK Province , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON AQUATIC FLORA AND FAUNAMahendra Pal
A rise in temperature as small as 1° C could have important and rapid effects on the geographical distributions and mortality of some organisms. The more mobile species should be able to adjust their ranges over time, but less mobile and sedentary species may not.There are many factors that can cause a warming of our climate; for example, more energy from the sun, large natural events such as El Nino or an increased greenhouse effect. Rising temperatures can directly affect the metabolism, life cycle, and behaviour of marine species. For many species, temperature serves as a cue for reproduction. Clearly, changes in sea temperature could affect their successful breeding. The number of male and female offspring is determined by temperature for marine turtles, as well as some fish and copepods (tiny shrimp-like animals on which many other marine animals feed). Changing climate could therefore skew sex ratios and threaten population survival.
An overview of climate change effects potentially impacting the Southeastern United States. Provides references, image credits, and supporting citations in "slide notes" view. For more climate change information, visit the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII), Southeast Information Node Climate Change Web site at http://go.usa.gov/OIs
Climate like any other physical phenomena it is dynamic and not static.
In every part of the world one year, one decade or one century is different than the other.
The change does not only have academic important but its effects in all the forms of life.
Plants, animals, human beings change with changes of climate.
In general, all living species thrive under definite and limit conditions and any great deviation from that will leads to destruction and death of the species.
Ecology: Scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments which includes Biotic Factors: (Living organisms) , Abiotic Factors: (Nonliving physical and chemical conditions of an environment).
What are the levels of the Ecology?
Ecology has Five Levels.
Individual organism: Single organism in an environment
Populations: Group of individual organisms of same species living in the same area
Communities: All of the organisms that inhabit a particular area make up a community, like coral reef and other organisms live around in the reef
Ecosystems: An ecosystem includes both the biotic and abiotic factors of an area
Biosphere:
Sum of all of Earth's ecosystems, it is an envelope of air, land, and water supporting all living things on Earth. It consists of both the atmosphere and ocean.
Ecologists investigate global issues in the biosphere, including climate change and its effect on living things
The effects have been most dramatic at high latitudes, where multiple processes contribute to decreased surface reflectivity
Changes in temperature are causing species to shift their natural ranges; however, those are unable to move in line with changing temperatures are being put at risk.
Another high-quality presentation about climate change in Houston, by the venerable Dr. Ronald L. Sass, Professor Emeritus Rice University. Like most academic treatments of the topics covered, only that known with high certainty is reported. There are far more uncertainties that science has not yet pinned down, but that empirical investigations of the past have shown to be worrisome, potentially catastrophic for coastal civilization within a human lifetime. The reader is left to other sources and to their own developing understanding of the immense complexities of rapid climate feedback interactions to imagine the meaning to Houston of the topic covered by Dr. Sass at the conference. Still, an excellent and authoritative place for Houston to begin!
CONTENTS:
1).INTRODUCTION
2).CLIMATE CHANGE
3).ENERGY EMERGENCY
4).WASTED WATER
5).PLASTIC PLIGHT
6).BIODIVERSITY IN A BIND
In this PPT we talk about various factors which would help us in making this world a better place to live and sustain.
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Natural Causes of Extinctions. It also talks about the definition, characteristics and the concepts about the Natural Causes of Extinctions.
Presentation given by Chris Swanston to the the Hudson to Housatonic (H2H) Conservation Initiative for the H2H Conservation in a Changing Climate workshop on December 11, 2014.
Another high-quality presentation about climate change in Houston, by the venerable Dr. Ronald L. Sass, Professor Emeritus Rice University. Like most academic treatments of the topics covered, only that known with high certainty is reported. There are far more uncertainties that science has not yet pinned down, but that empirical investigations of the past have shown to be worrisome, potentially catastrophic for coastal civilization within a human lifetime. The reader is left to other sources and to their own developing understanding of the immense complexities of rapid climate feedback interactions to imagine the meaning to Houston of the topic covered by Dr. Sass at the conference. Still, an excellent and authoritative place for Houston to begin!
CONTENTS:
1).INTRODUCTION
2).CLIMATE CHANGE
3).ENERGY EMERGENCY
4).WASTED WATER
5).PLASTIC PLIGHT
6).BIODIVERSITY IN A BIND
In this PPT we talk about various factors which would help us in making this world a better place to live and sustain.
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Natural Causes of Extinctions. It also talks about the definition, characteristics and the concepts about the Natural Causes of Extinctions.
Presentation given by Chris Swanston to the the Hudson to Housatonic (H2H) Conservation Initiative for the H2H Conservation in a Changing Climate workshop on December 11, 2014.
Similar to 28.wild l ife as affected by climate change A series of Presentation ByMr Allah Dad Khan Special Consultant NRM , Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK Province , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
The presentation analyses the causative factors, phenomenon and effects of global warming and tries to find answers to this perplexing problem facing mankind
Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function an.pdfanandhomeneeds
Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function and distribution of plants, in
combination with other factors. Changes in long term environmental conditions that can be
collectively coined climate change are known to have had enormous impacts on plant diversity
patterns in the future and are seen as having significant current impacts. It is predicted that
climate change will remain one of the major drivers of biodiversity patterns in the future.
The Earth has experienced a constantly changing climate in the time since plants first evolved. In
comparison to the present day, this history has seen Earth as cooler, warmer, drier and wetter,
and CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations have been both higher and lower. These changes have
been reflected by constantly shifting vegetation, for example forest communities dominating
most areas in interglacial periods, and herbaceous communities dominating during glacial
periods. It has been shown that past climatic change has been a major driver of the processes of
speciation and extinction. The best known example of this is the Carboniferous Rainforest
Collapse which occurred 350 million years ago. This event decimated amphibian populations
and spurred on the evolution of reptiles
Greenhouse effect - the mechanism
The sun radiates solar energy on earth. The larger part of this energy (45%) is radiated back into
space. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere contribute to global warming by adsorption and
reflection of atmospheric and solar energy. This natural phenomenon is what we call the
greenhouse effect. It is agreed that the greenhouse effect is correlated with global temperature
change. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone
Mechanism of global warming:
i. The incoming radiation from the Sun is mostly in the form of visible light and nearby
wavelengths, largely in the range 0.2 – 4 1m, corresponding to the Sun’s radioactive temperature
of 6,000 K. Almost half the radiation is in the form of “visible” light, which our eyes are adapted
to use.
ii. About 50% of the Sun’s energy is absorbed at the earth’s surface and the rest is reflected or
absorbed by the atmosphere. The reflection of light back into space – largely by clouds – does
not much affect the basic mechanism; this light, effectively, is lost to the system.
iii (a) Earth absorbs most of the sunlight it receives; The absorbed energy warms the surface; (b)
Earth then emits the absorbed light’s energy as infrared light; (c) greenhouse gases absorb a lot
of the infrared light before it can leave our atmosphere; (d) being absorbed slows the rate at
which energy escapes to space; and (e) the slower passage of energy heats up the atmosphere,
water, and ground. By increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, humans are
increasing the atmosphere’s absorption of infrared light, thereby warming Earth and disrupting
global climate patterns.
Effec.
Climate change ,adaptation and mitigation in fisheriesSWAGATIKA SAHOO
Climate change impacts on aquatic and marine ecosystems and associated livelihoods are growing, and the purpose of this circular is to provide a brief overview of potential impacts and details of ongoing and completed adaptation activities. Sharing examples will aid planning and development of adaptation in fisheries and aquaculture, and this compilation is intended to provide a starting point for planners, policy-makers, and practitioners who are involved in sectors related to fisheries and aquaculture around the globe. This introduction provides an overview of climate change impacts on fisheries and aquaculture. The presentation reviews potential mitigation and adaptation options for fisheries and aquaculture at various scales. This is followed by an overview of selected adaptation activities at various scales to demonstrate the types of activities underway or completed around the world, primarily in developing countries. This is not a comprehensive review of adaptation actions – there are other resources that provide more in-depth reviews of adaptation. However, this circular aims to provide examples of the kinds of adaptation activities specifically addressing fisheries and/or aquaculture.
Climate change is having profound impacts on the environment, and in turn, on human and
animal life around the world. As global temperatures rise due to increased greenhouse gas
emissions, weather patterns are being disrupted, sea levels are rising, and ecosystems are
under threat. Here are some of the major ways climate change is impacting life on Earth:
Effects on Plants and Animals
Similar to 28.wild l ife as affected by climate change A series of Presentation ByMr Allah Dad Khan Special Consultant NRM , Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK Province , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com (20)
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
28.wild l ife as affected by climate change A series of Presentation ByMr Allah Dad Khan Special Consultant NRM , Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK Province , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
1.
2. Impact of Climate Change on
Wild Life
A Lecture By
Mr. Allah Dad Khan
Former DG Agriculture Extension
KP
Visiting Professor
The University of Agriculture
Peshawar
3.
4. Synergisms of ClimateSynergisms of Climate
Change and EcologyChange and Ecology
• The Earth’s climate is vastly different now from what
it was 100 million years ago when dinosaurs roamed
the planet and tropical plants thrived closer to the
poles.
• It is different from what it was only 20,000 years ago
when ice sheets covered much of the Northern
Hemisphere.
• Although the Earth’s climate will surely continue to
change, climatic changes in the distant past were
driven by natural causes, such as variations in the
Earth’s orbit or the carbon dioxide (CO2) content of
the atmosphere.
5. • Future climatic changes,
however, will probably
have another source as
well—human activities.
• Humans cannot directly
rival the power of natural
forces driving the climate
—for example, the
immense energy input to
the Earth from the sun
that powers the climate.
We can, however,
indirectly alter the
natural flows of energy
enough to create
significant climatic
changes.
6. The impetus……..The impetus……..
On a cold and bitter winter night,
in a field of boulders beneath a thick layer of snow,
a mountain pygmy possum sleeps safe and snug.
Strange though it may seem,
it is the snow that's keeping the possum warm;
fluffed up by countless pockets of air,
the compacted snow insulates the ground and
prevents the warmth from escaping into the night.
Under this white blanket,
the mountain pygmy possum can hibernate the
winter away.
The pygmy possum might be snug,
but those of us concerned for its future can't afford
to be complacent.
Perversely for an animal that inhabits one of the
coldest environments
On The Australian continent, one of the biggest
threats to its survival –
and that of many other Australian plants and
animals – is
global warming
7. • This warming will have real consequences for the
world, for with that warming will also come
additional sea-level rise
• that will gradually inundate coastal areas,
changes in precipitation patterns,
• increased risk of droughts and floods, threats to
biodiversity, and a number of potential challenges
for public health.
8. Lessons from historicLessons from historic
extinctionsextinctions
• There is little doubt that climate has played a critical role in
past fluctuations of biodiversity levels. Among the five
recognized mass extinction events -- the Ordovician, the
Devonian, the Permian, the Triassic and the Cretaceous -- at
least four are believed to have some correlation to climate
change.
• Peter Ward, a paleontologist at the University of Washington
in Seattle, says there is evidence that most mass extinctions
were caused by gradual climate change. Specifically he cites
the Triassic and Permian extinctions of 200 million and 251
million years ago.
9. Consequences of climate change toConsequences of climate change to
biodiversitybiodiversity
Recent evidence
suggests that increased
UV has caused damage
to some agricultural
crops, and to organisms
in wetlands and coastal
environments.
11. How does climate change affectHow does climate change affect
biodiversity?biodiversity?
Can affect species in a number of
ways including the
•expansion, contraction, and
"migration" of habitat;
•increased incidence of disease
and invasive species;
•changes in temperature,
precipitation, and other
environmental conditions;
•shifts in food availability; and
•failure of ecological relationships
with other species -- for example
the loss of critical pollinators or
mutualistic nutrient fixers.
12.
13. • In the past some
species may have
escaped extinction by
"migrating" north or
southward in response
to climate change.
• Today humans have
made it a lot tougher
by fragmenting,
converting, and
destroying habitats
and potential
migration corridors.
14. Conservation implicationsConservation implications
Climate change will also
make conservation efforts
more difficult.
•Protection and Management
of Protected Areas
•Habitat loss will interact with
climate change too,
– Hard enough to conserve
enough land to protect
the world's biodiversity
– Needs to protect where
species are now, where
they will have to get to in
future, and land in
between that they must
traverse on the way.
15. Remedies….Remedies….
Protect large areas of
natural and semi-natural
habitats, particularly in
mountain ranges and
other environmentally
diverse regions - where
species may be able to
survive by moving
relatively short distances
from lower to higher
elevations, from drier to
moister soils (and vice
versa), and so on."
16. Effects of temperature increaseEffects of temperature increase
might include:might include:
• more frequent extreme high
maximum temperatures and
less frequent extreme low
minimum temperatures;
• a decrease in snow cover:
(already declined by 10 per
cent since1960s);
• an increase in the variability
of climate, with changes in
both the frequency and
severity of extreme weather
events;
• alterations to the distribution
of certain infectious diseases;
and rising sea levels.
• In Australia the climate is
expected to become
significantly warmer.
17. The Impacts………..The Impacts………..
Climate change could have dramatic effects on a wide
range of plants and animals. It may include:
•Shifts in climatic envelopes
o Shift in geographic location
o migration to cooler and moister environments
o evidence that plants and animals are already responding to warmer
temperatures.
• The treeline near Mount Hotham in the Victorian Alps has reportedly
moved up in altitude by 40 metres in recent years.
o such migration might not be possible
• unsuitable soils and other unfavourable environmental parameters,
geographical or human-made barriers and competition from species
already in an area.
• Habitat fragmentation
o agriculture
o settlement and industrial development,
• natural vegetation – such as forests, grasslands and heath lands – has
been cleared in large swathes.
18. Aftermaths……..Aftermaths……..
Species with restricted climatic envelopes, small populations
and limited ability to migrate are most likely to suffer in the
face of rapid climate change. An estimated 25 per cent of
Australian eucalypts, for example, have distributions that
span less than 1°C of mean annual temperature, which is the
average temperature for the entire year at a location. Even a
relatively small increase in average temperature will shift the
climatic envelopes of such species outside their current
distribution.
19. Coral bleachingCoral bleaching
Die-off of corals in Great Barrier Reef in 1998 and 2002
• whitening of coral
• expelling zooxanthellae
o Colourations
o Nutrient production
• coral growth
• Disease
(single-celled dinoflagellates that are able to live in
symbiosis with marine invertebrates such as corals,
jellyfish, and sea anemones.)
20. Increases in extreme eventsIncreases in extreme events
Predicted changes in the intensity, frequency and
extent of disturbances such as
• fire,
• cyclone,
• drought and flood
o existing vegetation under stress and
o favour species able to rapidly colonise denuded areas.
o In many cases this will mean the spread of 'weed' species
and major changes in the distribution and abundance of
many indigenous species.
21. Changes in rainfall……Changes in rainfall……
• Increase in rainfall
o Dry land
• Species adaptations
• Salinity and other environmental problems
• Decrease in rainfall
o Wetland
• Species adaptations
• Local extinctions
22. Sea-level rise………..Sea-level rise………..
• Thermal expansion of oceans
• Melting of polar ice-caps
• effects of storm surges
o Sea levels rise (9 to 88 cm by 2100)
• coastline could retreat inland by 4.5 to 88 metres by
2100.
• Coastal ecosystems, such as mangrove forests and low-
lying freshwater wetlands could be severely affected.
23. Rapid species extinctions…Rapid species extinctions…
• Global warming is predicted to take place faster in the
next century than at any time for at least the last 10,000
years.
• Coupled with other factors, such as continued land-
clearing, this could mean the extinction of species at a
rate even greater than when the dinosaurs disappeared
about 65 million years ago.
• Some species not under immediate threat of extinction
might nonetheless suffer decreases in population size,
diminishing intra-species' genetic diversity (and therefore
face increased vulnerability).
• The world would certainly be a less interesting place with
less biodiversity,
• but would it affect us?
24. A diversity of species increases the ability of ecosystems
to do things like hold…
•soils together,
•maintain soil fertility,
•deliver clean water to streams and rivers,
•cycle nutrients,
•pollinate plants (including crops), and
•buffer against pests and diseases –
o A loss of species could reduce this ability, particularly if
environmental conditions are changing rapidly at the same time.
It is therefore possible that as the climate changes and as species
are eliminated from an area we will see a change in some
ecosystem functions; this could mean more land degradation,
changes in agricultural productivity and a reduction in the quality
of water delivered to human populations.
25. Moose
• Rising temperatures and booming
parasite populations are expected
to cause this cold-weather species
that calls the northern United
States and Canada home to move
farther north. That’s because
milder winters and less snow can
lead to higher numbers of winter
ticks. Tens of thousands of these
parasites can gather on a single
moose to feed on its blood --
weakening the animal’s immune
system and often ending in death,
especially the calves. Photo by
National Park Service.
26. Salmon
• Salmon require cold, fast-flowing
streams and rivers to spawn.
Changing stream flows and
warming waters in the Pacific
Northwest are already impacting
some salmon species and
populations. Higher temperatures
have also led a harmful salmon
parasite to invade Alaska’s Yukon
River. So while salmon might
currently be on the menu, climate
change is expected to impact
major commercial and recreational
fishing industries in the coming
years. Photo by Bureau of Land
Management.
27. Snowshoe Hares
• To help hide from predators, this
North American rabbit has evolved
to turn white in winter to blend in
with the snow. With climate
change, snow in some areas is
melting earlier than the hares have
grown accustomed to, leaving
stark white hares exposed in
snow-less landscapes. This
increased vulnerability might
cause declines in hare populations
that could lead to implications for
other species. Snowshoe hares
are critical players in forest
ecosystems. Photo by National
Park Service.
28. American Pikas
• About the size and shape of a
hamster, the American pika typically
lives at high elevations where cool,
moist conditions prevail. Research by
U.S. Geological Survey has found that
pika populations are now disappearing
from numerous areas that span from
the Sierra Nevadas to the Rocky
Mountains. Populations within some
areas are migrating to higher
elevations likely to avoid reduced
snowpacks and warmer summer
temperatures. Unfortunately, pikas are
strongly tied to rocky-talus habitat that
is limited and patchily distributed. This
gives them few options as
temperatures continue to rise. Photo
by Jon LeVasseur (
www.sharetheexperience.org).
29. Sea Turtles
• Various populations of sea
turtle species and their nesting
sites are vulnerable to sea-
level rise, increased
storminess and changing
temperatures -- all impacts of
climate change. These factors
may result in current nesting
and foraging sites becoming
unsuitable for federally
threatened and endangered
turtle species -- especially
loggerhead sea turtles. Photo
by USGS.
30. Puffins
• These colorful-billed birds that look like
miniature penguins are experiencing
population declines in the United
States and elsewhere. In the Gulf of
Maine, puffins are having difficulty
finding their major food sources of
white hake and herring. As the sea
warms, the fish are moving into deeper
waters or further north, making it
harder for puffins to catch a meal and
feed their young. Adult puffins are
compensating by feeding their young
butterfish, but young puffins are unable
to swallow these large fish and many
are dying of starvation. Delayed
breeding seasons, low birth rates and
chick survival are all affecting the
reproductive ability of these birds.
Photo by USFWS.
31. Alaskan Caribou
• Caribou are always on the move --
it’s not uncommon for them to
travel long distances in search of
adequate food. But as
temperatures increase and
wildfires burn hotter and longer in
Alaska, it could considerably
change the caribou’s habitat and
winter food sources. Ultimately,
this will affect subsistence hunters
who rely on caribou for nutritional,
cultural and economic reasons.
Photo courtesy of Jacob W. Frank.
32. Piping Plovers
• The piping plover is an iconic
shorebird that breeds and
nests along the Atlantic Coast,
the Great Lakes and the Great
Plains. Increased human use
of their beach habitats,
including intense coastal
development, as well as rising
sea levels and storm surges
associated with climate
change threaten the species.
Photo by USFWS
33. Polar Bears
• Polar bears in many ways have become the
symbol of climate change. In 2008, they
were listed as a threatened species under
the Endangered Species Act -- the first
species to be listed because of forecasted
population declines from the effects of
climate change. The primary cause of their
decline: loss of sea ice habitat attributed to
Arctic warming. Polar bears need sea ice to
hunt seals -- a main source of food -- as
well as to move across the large home
ranges they need for foraging habitat. Polar
bears aren’t alone in feeling the effects of
shrinking sea ice. Walruses and other Arctic
species are facing similar challenges as
summer sea ice continues to retreat. Photo
by National Park Service.