Study of amendments were done to analyze the interpretation of new clauses and implications of the same on the existing products/scope of new projects or products
Study of amendments were done to analyze the interpretation of new clauses and implications of the same on the existing products/scope of new projects or products
Principles of Cable Sizing; current carrying capacity, voltage drop, short circuit.
Cables are often the last component considered during system design even if in many situations cables are the true system’s lifeline: if a cable fails, the entire system may stop. Cable reliability is therefore extremely important, then a cable system should be engineered to last the life of the system in the installation environment for the required application. Environments in which cable systems are being used are often challenging, as extreme temperatures, chemicals, abrasion, and extensive flexing. These variables have a direct impact on the materials used for cable insulation and jacketing as well as the construction of the cable. Using a systematic approach will help ensure that designer select the best cable for the required application in the installation environment. This lessons will provide students main guidelines for perform this approach.
Tutorial on Distance and Over Current ProtectionSARAVANAN A
Contents
• Protection Philosophy of ERPC
• Computation of Distance Relay Setting
• System Study to Understand Distance Relay
Behaviour
• DOC and DEF for EHV system
Cables are often the last component considered during system design even if in many situations cables are the true system’s lifeline: if a cable fails, the entire system may stop. Cable reliability is therefore extremely important, then a cable system should be engineered to last the life of the system in the installation environment for the required application. Environments in which cable systems are being used are often challenging, as extreme temperatures, chemicals, abrasion, and extensive flexing. These variables have a direct impact on the materials used for cable insulation and jacketing as well as the construction of the cable. Using a systematic approach will help ensure that designer select the best cable for the required application in the installation environment. This lessons will provide students main guidelines for perform this approach.
Practical HV and LV Switching Operations and Safety RulesLiving Online
In this workshop, we will take a look at the theoretical aspects of safety as well as the practical and statutory issues. One of the main causes of electrical accidents is said to be incorrect isolation of the circuits where work is to be done. To ensure safety of operators and maintenance personnel, proper switching procedures are necessary and more so when the circuits have multiple feeds and are complex. The possibility of voltage being fed back from secondary circuits needs to be considered as well. This workshop emphasises on the isolation procedures to ensure proper and safe isolation of HV, LV and secondary circuits.
Electrical safety is not just a technical issue. Accidents can only be prevented if appropriate safety procedures are evolved and enforced. This includes appropriate knowledge of equipment and systems imparted through systematic training to each and every person who operates or maintains the equipment. We will cover all these aspects in detail.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-hv-and-lv-switching-operations-and-safety-rules-25
Principles of Cable Sizing; current carrying capacity, voltage drop, short circuit.
Cables are often the last component considered during system design even if in many situations cables are the true system’s lifeline: if a cable fails, the entire system may stop. Cable reliability is therefore extremely important, then a cable system should be engineered to last the life of the system in the installation environment for the required application. Environments in which cable systems are being used are often challenging, as extreme temperatures, chemicals, abrasion, and extensive flexing. These variables have a direct impact on the materials used for cable insulation and jacketing as well as the construction of the cable. Using a systematic approach will help ensure that designer select the best cable for the required application in the installation environment. This lessons will provide students main guidelines for perform this approach.
Tutorial on Distance and Over Current ProtectionSARAVANAN A
Contents
• Protection Philosophy of ERPC
• Computation of Distance Relay Setting
• System Study to Understand Distance Relay
Behaviour
• DOC and DEF for EHV system
Cables are often the last component considered during system design even if in many situations cables are the true system’s lifeline: if a cable fails, the entire system may stop. Cable reliability is therefore extremely important, then a cable system should be engineered to last the life of the system in the installation environment for the required application. Environments in which cable systems are being used are often challenging, as extreme temperatures, chemicals, abrasion, and extensive flexing. These variables have a direct impact on the materials used for cable insulation and jacketing as well as the construction of the cable. Using a systematic approach will help ensure that designer select the best cable for the required application in the installation environment. This lessons will provide students main guidelines for perform this approach.
Practical HV and LV Switching Operations and Safety RulesLiving Online
In this workshop, we will take a look at the theoretical aspects of safety as well as the practical and statutory issues. One of the main causes of electrical accidents is said to be incorrect isolation of the circuits where work is to be done. To ensure safety of operators and maintenance personnel, proper switching procedures are necessary and more so when the circuits have multiple feeds and are complex. The possibility of voltage being fed back from secondary circuits needs to be considered as well. This workshop emphasises on the isolation procedures to ensure proper and safe isolation of HV, LV and secondary circuits.
Electrical safety is not just a technical issue. Accidents can only be prevented if appropriate safety procedures are evolved and enforced. This includes appropriate knowledge of equipment and systems imparted through systematic training to each and every person who operates or maintains the equipment. We will cover all these aspects in detail.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-hv-and-lv-switching-operations-and-safety-rules-25
Fire Pump Short Circuit and WIC ConsiderationsJames S Nasby
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Short Circuit and WIC Considerations for Motor Driven Fire Pump and Other Motor Controllers.
Ls catalog thiet bi dien vcs ls medium voltage-vacuum contactor_dienhathe.vnDien Ha The
Khoa Học - Kỹ Thuật & Giải Trí: http://phongvan.org
Tài Liệu Khoa Học Kỹ Thuật: http://tailieukythuat.info
Thiết bị Điện Công Nghiệp - Điện Hạ Thế: http://dienhathe.org
Aşırı Gerilim Koruma nasıl gerçekleşir, iç yıldırımlık sistemlerinin önemi nedir, parafudr seçimi nasıl yapılır.
Detaylar:http://www.yilkomer.com/asiri-gerilim-koruma/
How to protect electronic systems against esdMohamed Saadna
Electronic systems are subjected to electrostatic discharges (ESD). PCB designers must ensure their PCB is ESD-proof by adding TVS close to the connectors exposed to ESD. This presentation is an introduction on why and how to protect electronic systems. Advanced informations on IEC61000-4-2 and ISO10605 standards are also mentioned. Finally application examples from STMicroelectronics boards are shown as examples with ESD product recommendation for interfaces commonly used around MCUs like USB, RS-232, RS-485, USB-C, microphone, speakers, SWD, JTAG, memory card, ethernet, MIPI, Display port, HDMI, PLC inputs, CAN bus, KNX, DC barrel, SIM cards, etc.
Lightning and surge transfer to systems presentation by jmv lpsMahesh Chandra Manav
Lightning and Surge Strike and Protection Information from JMV LPS Architect/Electrical Consultants/MEP Consultants/EPC Companies/CEA/REC/PGCIL/Wapcos/Electrical Contractor
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
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The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
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CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
2. 2
EC 60947-2
Contents
n I. General 3
n 2. Definitions 8
n 3. Circuit-breaker characteristics 10
n 4. Constructional requirements 14
n 5. Specific points (appendices) 21
n 6. Tests 27
n 7. Conclusion 34
3. 3
EC 60947-2
Standard IEC 60947-2
n Came into force in 1989
n Takes into account the circuit-breaker main technological upgrades
Standard IEC 60947-2
n Is internationally recognized and approved
and is applied in the majority of countries (> 100)
General
E55225
IEC
IEC
UL
CSA
IEC
JIS/IEC
IEC
IEC
IEC
4. 4
EC 60947-2
General
constitution
E55231
IEC
60947
IEC
60947-1
IEC
60 947-2
IEC 60
947-3
IEC 60
947-4-1
IEC 60
947-4-2
IEC 60
947-6-2
IEC 60
947-7-1 … ...
or
or or or
or or
Standard IEC 60947-2 is part of a set of 7 standards characterizing
low voltage switchgear
General
rules
Circuit-breakers
Switches
Contactors
and starters
Dimmers
and starters
Control and
connection
devices
Terminal
block
5. 5
EC 60947-2
General
The scope
« Standard IEC 60947-2 applies to circuit-breakers, the main contacts
of which are intended to be connected to circuits, the rated voltage of
which does not in exceed 1000 V AC or 1500 DC; … »
The standard applies to circuit-breakers intended for use by
experienced operators.
035928a
041624
031107a
6. 6
EC 60947-2
General
The scope
Standard IEC 60947-2 contains additional specifications for:
n Circuit-breakers suitable for isolation
n Residual current devices (appendix B)
n Circuit-breakers with electronic protection (appendices J and F)
n Circuit-breakers for IT systems (appendix H)
E55233
7. 7
EC 60947-2
General
Standard IEC 60947-2 defines
n The circuit-breaker classification
o according to utilization category A or B
o according to design type
air circuit-breaker, moulded case circuit-breaker
n The circuit-breaker mechanical and electrical data:
size, trip unit, etc.
E55232
8. 8
EC 60947-2
Definitions
Circuit-breaker classification
Utilization category A Utilization category B
Circuit-breaker not specifically intended Circuit-breaker specifically intended
for discrimination for discrimination:
nWithout an intentional short-time delay nWith intentional short-time delay
(adjustable)
nWithout short time withstand current nWith short time withstand current
E55235
E55234
9. 9
EC 60947-2
Extract from appendix K of standard IEC 60947-2
Characteristics Ue Rated operational voltage
voltage Ui Rated insulation voltage
Uimp Rated impulse withstand voltage
current In Rated current
Ith Conventional free-air thermal current
Ithe Conventional enclosed thermal current
Icm Rated short-circuit making capacity
short-circuit Icu Rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity
Ics Rated service short-circuit breaking capacity
Icw Rated short-time withstand current
Ir Adjustable overload setting current
1.05 x Ir Conventional non-tripping current
trip unit 1.30 x Ir Conventional tripping current
Isd Short time delay tripping setting current
Ii Instantaneous tripping setting current
Definitions
Terminology / Vocabulary
10. 10
EC 60947-2
Circuit-breaker characteristics
Overload withstand
In (in A rms) = rated current
n Maximum uninterrupted current
withstood at ambient
temperature, given without
abnormal temperature rise
Ir (in A rms) = adjustable
overload setting current
n Ir depends on In
n Ir characterizes the
overload protection
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11. 11
EC 60947-2
Circuit-breaker characteristics
Short-circuit withstand
Icu (kA rms) = rated ultimate
short-circuit breaking capacity
n This performance expresses
the maximum value of the
short-circuit current that can
be broken by the circuit-breaker
E55237
12. 12
EC 60947-2
Circuit-breaker characteristics
Short-circuit withstand
E55238
Standard IEC 60947-2 introduces a
new important performance
Ics (as a % of Icu) = rated service
short-circuit breaking capacity
n This performance expresses
the suitability of a circuit-breaker to
ensure fully normal service after
breaking this current 3 times
n Normal ratio between Ics and Icu
Utilization category A Utilization category B
% of Icu % of Icu
25
50 50
75 75
100 100
13. 13
EC 60947-2
Circuit-breaker characteristics
Short-circuit withstand
Standard IEC 60947-2 introduces a
new performance for
category B circuit-breakers
Icw (in kA rms) = rated short-time
withstand current
n Icw is the maximum short-circuit
current that a circuit-breaker can
withstand for a short duration
∆t without deterioration of
these characteristics
n ICW must be at least equal to
12 In or 5 kA for In ≤2500 A
30 kA for In > 2500 A
n The standardized delay time ∆t
is: 0.05 - 0.1 - 0.25 - 0.5 -
or 1s
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14. 14
EC 60947-2
Constructional requirements
Isolation co-ordination
The circuit-breaker, as a safety device, must be able to withstand
n Network overvoltages
this suitability is characterized by the withstand to the conventional
dielectric test at 2 Ui + 1000 - 1 min at power frequency
n Impulse voltages ( «lightning stroke» simulation)
this suitability is characterized by the withstand to the
1.2/ 50 µs impulse voltage test of value Uimp
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15. 15
EC 60947-2
Constructional requirements
Isolation co-ordination
Uimp (kV peak) = rated impulse withstand voltage
Characterization of Uimp
n Depends on the LV network voltage
n Depends on the position of the circuit-breaker in the LV network
n Depends on altitude: Uimp must be valid up to 2000 m
tests carried out at +23 % of value
8
16. 16
EC 60947-2
Characterization of Uimp
Nominal Applications
installation voltage
at the origin of the on the distribution and at load
installation/MSB final circuits level
230/400 V 6 4 2.5
400/690 V 8 6 4
Constructional requirements
Isolation co-ordination
E55243
17. 17
EC 60947-2
Constructional requirements
Isolation co-ordination
Industrial circuit-breaker Uimp = 8 kV
n Tests to be considered
o Uimp + 23 % = 9.8 kV
o standard industrial circuit-breakers and those suitable for isolation
Application of Impulse voltage value
impulse voltage Breakers Disconnector Breakers
Phase-to-phase 9.8 kV 9.8 kV
Up-to-downstream 12.3 kV (*)
contacts open
Phase-to-earth 9.8 kV 9.8 kV
(*) 14.7 kV for front face class II circuit-breaker as per IEC 61 140
een upstream
stream
18. 18
EC 60947-2
Constructional requirements
Circuit-breaker suitable for isolation
Test of isolation suitability
n 3 tests designed to ensure users that a device
«suitable for isolation» is not dangerous
o in open position...
- even after having eliminated a short-circuit up to Icu
- even in the event of overvoltage on the network ...
or in closed position
o cannot be declared «open» and/or « padlockable »
19. 19
EC 60947-2
Constructional requirements
Circuit-breaker suitable for isolation
Leakage current measurement test
at 110 % of maximum utilization voltage Ue
n New device, leakage current < 0.5 mA per pole,
n After breaking at Ics, leakage current < 2 mA per pole,
n After durability tests, leakage current < 2 mA per pole,
n After breaking at Icu, leakage current < 6 mA per pole
Impulse voltage withstand
n Uimp = 12 kV (instead of 9.8 kV) between the inlet and the outlet of the
open device
(*) 14.7 kV for front face class II circuit-breaker as per IEC 61 140
Mechanical ruggedness test
n Circuit-breaker with a pole held in closed position must not be indicated
«open» and/or «lockable» by padlock.
Padlockable in « open » position
Class ll
enclosure
Class ll
front face
class ll
al ruggedness
21. 21
EC 60947-2
Specific points (appendix A)
n Cascading n Discrimination
Standard IEC 60947-2 recognizes and defines circuit-breaker
co-ordination
22. 22
EC 60947-2
Specific points (appendix B)
Residual current device
Standard IEC 60947-2 appendix B defines
n The characteristics of the residual current devices
n The tests and verifications that must be performed on a residual current
device
o in order to guarantee the safety of the residual current function
o in order to guarantee the quality of the residual current function
(malfunctioning)
23. 23
EC 60947-2
Specific points (appendix B)
Residual current device
Tests and verifications
n Safety of the residual current function
o after breaking at Icu and Ics, no deterioration of the earth leakage
protection units,
o correct operation of the function:
- in harsh environmental conditions
(damp heat 28-day cycle)14h30 duration
(h)
24. 24
EC 60947-2
Specific points (appendix B)
Residual current device
Tests and verifications
n Quality of the residual current function
o no nuisance tripping in the event of:
- single-phase overcurrent (standardized tests)
- current waves generated by impulse voltage
- network capacitance load
- in event of an insulation fault with a DC component
(class A),
25. 25
EC 60947-2
Specific points (appendix F)
Circuit-breaker with electronic trip unit
Standard IEC 60947-2 appendices F defines
n The additional specifications
for circuit-breakers with
electronic trip unit
n The tests required to guarantee
their correct operation in
restrictive industrial
environments
o EMC tests: immunity to
disturbances,
o EMC tests: verification of
radiated emission level,
o (very harsh) environmental
tests, dry and damp heat,
temperature variations
After each test,
verification of proper
trip unit operation
E55251
26. 26
EC 60947-2
Specific points (appendix H)
Circuit-breaker suitable for IT
Standard IEC 60947-2
n Defines this breaking type
(with a single pole at phase-to-phase voltage)
n Stipulates a specific test
o the devices not suitable for use with the IT system are marked
with the symbol IT
E55252
27. 27
EC 60947-2
Tests
Standard IEC 60947-2 makes provision for complete device testing
Cumulative tests grouped into sequences
n One sample undergoes all the sequence tests
5 Test Sequences + 1 Combined test sequence
n All the functions and characteristics are tested
Specific tests
n Circuit-breaker suitable for isolation
n Residual current device,
n Circuit-breaker with electronic trip unit,
EMC Tests
n etc.
28. 28
EC 60947-2
Test sequences
Category A Category B
Icw < Ics Icw = Ics Icw = Ics = Icu
Sequence 1
General operating n n n n
characteristics
Sequence 2
Service breaking n n
capacity Ics
Sequence 3
Ultimate breaking n n n
capacity Icu
Sequence 4
Rated short time n
withstand current Icw
Combined
test sequence n n
Example NS100 to NS630 C801 to C1251 CM1251 Masterpact
+ Multi 9 Masterpact H2-L1 to 3200 N1-H1
Tests
29. 29
EC 60947-2
Example
n Sequence 1 and 2
Test Circuit-breaker type Tests to be performed in turn Additional tests for
sequences Cat. A Cat. B on the same circuit-breaker circuit-breakers declared
Icw Icw Icw suitable for isolation
< Ics = Ics = Ics
= Icu
Sequence 1 1. Verification of tripping thresholds 1. Ditto
General 2. Dielectric properties 2. Dielectric properties
operating 2.1 If an Uimp is declared by the Uimp withstand compulsory:
characteristics Manufacturer: Uimp Test phase-to ditto opposite plus between
n phase, phase-to-earth Inlet and Outlet: Uimp + 25 %
2.2 If no Uimp is declared and leakage current test
Dielectric test 50 Hz at 2Ui + 1000 (< 0.5 mA per pole at 110 % Ue)
3. Mechanical durability 3. Ditto
4. Electrical durability 4. Ditto
5. Operation in overload at 6 In 5. Ditto
6. Dielectric withstand at 2 Ue (min. 1000 V) 6. Ditto + leakage current test
(< 2 mA per pole at 110 % Ue)
7. Temperature rise at In 7. Ditto
8. Verification of non-drift of 8. Ditto
overload trip units
Sequence 2 1. Three successive current breakings Ics 1. Ditto
Service as per cycle O - 3 mm - CO - 3 mm - CO
breaking 2. Verification of suitability for 2. Ditto
capacity Ics n operation, achievement of 5 %
of electrical durability
3. Dielectric withstand at 2 Ue (50 Hz-1 mm) 3. Ditto + leakage test current
(≤2 mA per pole at 110 % Ue)
4. Temperature rise at In 4. Ditto
5. Verification of non-drift of 5. Ditto
overload trip units
Test sequences
30. 30
EC 60947-2
Tests
n Tripping curves
o all the important points
on the tripping curve
are tested
o essential features are tested in real
and the hardest conditions
E55228
31. 31
EC 60947-2
In «sequence 3» of standardized tests
O - t - CO test
Verifications
n Dielectric at 2 Ue (minimum 1000 V) for 1 minute,
NB: for circuit-breaker suitable for isolation
test of leakage I = < 6 mA at 110 % Ue
n Verification of overload trip units at 2 Ir
Standard IEC 60947-2 clarifies the definition of circuit-breaker
breaking capacity
The circuit-breaker must not be «dangerous » after 2 breakings at Icu
Tests Icu
32. 32
EC 60947-2
Tests Ics
In « sequence 2 » of standardized tests
O - t - CO - t - CO test
Verifications
n Dielectric at 2 Ue (minimum 1000 V) for 1 minute,
NB: for circuit-breaker suitable for isolation
test of leakage I ≤2 mA at 110 % Ue
n Of suitability to break its nominal current by achieving 5% of electrical
durability
n Of temperature rise at In,
n Verification of overload trip units at Ir
The circuit-breaker must be suitable for operation after a short circuit
at Ics. This performance is guaranteed 3 times.
The Ics performance represents a « practical » breaking capacity.
33. 33
EC 60947-2
In « sequence 4 » of standardized tests
Category B circuit-breaker
Verifications
n Device withstand at Icw and ∆t indicated by the manufacturer
n Of temperature rise at In, after O - t - CO cycle
at Icw at maximum voltage
n Dielectric at 2 U1(minimum 1000 V) for 1 minute,
n Overload trip units at 2 Ir
The circuit-breaker must be suitable for operation after a short-circuit
at Icw
Tests Icw
34. 34
EC 60947-2
Conclusion
Standard IEC 60947-2
A standard that adheres to reality
Simple, clear choice of circuit-breakers
n In and Icu are sufficient to determine the circuit-breaker,
New recognized, defined and tested characteristics / functions
n Suitability for isolation,
n Residual current device,
n Circuit-breakers with electronic trip unit
Tests representative of the real stresses exerted on a circuit-breaker
n Ics, etc.
n Cumulative tests in sequences,
n Tests of all the design characteristics
35. 35
EC 60947-2
Standard IEC 60947-2
A standard that adheres to reality
Examples
o probable Isc very close to o probable Isc less than
prospective Isc: Ics = 100 % Icu prospective Isc: Ics = 50 % Icu
NS160N is optimized C60L is optimized
Conclusion
E55258
E55234
E55259
E55260
1250 kVA
Isc = 29 kA
28 kA
160 A
MSB
Sub-distribution
board
18 kA
8.5 kA
36. 36
EC 60947-2
Conclusion
A circuit-breaker certified according to Standard IEC 60947-2
guarantees a quality device with durable performance of all its safety
functions.
E55256