Metabolism is the process by which your body converts what you eat and drink into energy

1. NUTRITION
 A proper diet requires a balance
of carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins. In addition the body
requires many phytochemicals,
vitamins, minerals, enzymes,
and water.

2. Food Intake
 Food energy measured in Calories
 Carbohydrates -
 obtained primarily through plants
 Monosaccharides used for cellular fuel
 Minimum carbohydrates = 100 g/day

3. Lipids < 30% of calories
 Mostly triglycerides
 Saturated fats usually from animals
 Cholesterol only from animals
 Neutral fats provide insulation and energy
reserves
 Phospholipids for membranes and myelin
 Cholesterol for membranes, vitamin D,
steroid hormones, and bile salts

4. Proteins = 0.8 g/kg of body wt
 8 Essential amino acids
 Plants usually lack 1 or more essential amino
acids / Animal protein usually contains all
 Amino acids used to build structural proteins
and enzymes

6. VITAMINS:
"vita" = Latin word for life.
 Vitamins are organic substances
that act as coenzymes, chemicals
that assist the enzymes in the
bodies reactions. They do not
provide energy or calories.
 Vitamins may be either Fat Soluble
or Water Soluble.

7. Fat soluble vitamins
 are stored in the body's fatty
tissues. Fat soluble vitamins
include the vitamins
 A
 D
 E
 K.

8. Vitamin A
 Found in fish, liver, eggs, butter,
yellow & green vegetables, fruits
 Needed for healthy skin, eyes,
bones, teeth.
 Deficiency causes night blindness,
skin disorders, kidney stones

9. Vitamin D
 Found in liver, fish, eggs,
milk, sunlight
 Needed for growth,
healthy bones,
metabolism of calcium &
phosphorus
 Deficiency causes rickets,
poor teeth and bones.

10. Vitamin E
 Found in whole grains, leafy
vegetables, milk, butter, vegetable
oils
 Needed for healthy cell
membranes, red blood cells
 Deficiency causes red cell rupture,
muscle disorders

11. Vitamin K
 Found in leafy vegetables,
soybeans, made by intestinal
bacteria
 Needed for normal blood clotting
 Deficiency causes slow clotting,
hemorrhaging.

12. Water soluble vitamins
 can be dissolved in water but
cannot be stored in the tissues.
 They must be obtained each
day from food.

13. Water soluble vitamins include
 B1 (Thiamine)
 B2 (Riboflavin)
 Niacin
 B6 (Pyridoxine)
 Pantothenic
Acid
 Biotin
 B12
 Folic Acid
 C (Ascorbic acid)

14. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
 Found in organ meats, whole
grains, vegetables
 Needed for proper functioning
of heart, nervous system,
digestion
 Deficiency causes beriberi,
cardiovascular disorders.

16. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
 Found in liver, poultry, milk, eggs,
cheese, fish, green vegetables, whole
grain
 Needed for metabolism of protein,
carbohydrates, and fats, healthy skin
 Used to make FAD for metabolism
 Deficiency causes dim vision,
premature aging, sore mouth

17. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
 Found in meats, liver, whole
grains, vegetables
 Needed for sodium and
phosphorus balance
 Deficiency causes anemia,
nausea, loss of appetite,
nervousness

18. Vitamin B12
 Found in Liver, meats, eggs,
cheese, dairy products
 Needed for red cell production,
healthy nervous system.
 Deficiency causes pernicious
anemia.

19. Vitamin C
 Found in citrus and other fruits, leafy
vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes
 Needed for healthy blood vessels,
resistance to infection, healing
 Deficiency causes scurvy, bruising,
bleeding gums

21. Niacin
 Found in red meats, organ meats,
fish, green vegetables
 Needed for metabolism, digestion,
nerves, skin
 Used to make NAD for metabolism
 Deficiency causes pellagra, sore
mouth, diarrhea, depression

23. Folic Acid
 Found in green vegetables, liver,
whole grains, legumes
 Needed for manufacture of proteins
and red blood cells, needed for cell
division, helps prevent spina bifida
 Deficiency causes inflamed tongue,
diarrhea, B12 deficiency.

24. MINERALS:
 Inorganic substances that are used in
the chemical reactions of the body.
 Major minerals needed include:
 Calcium, Iodine, Iron, Magnesium,
Phosphorus, Potassium, and Sodium.

25. Calcium
 Found in milk, cheese,
vegetables
 Needed for strong bones and
teeth, blood clotting

26. Iodine
 Found in
seafoods,
iodized salt
 Needed for
normal thyroid
metabolism,
prevents goiter

27. Iron
 Found in liver, meat, eggs
 Needed for red cell production,
prevents anemia

28. Magnesium
 Found in milk, meat, whole
grains, legumes
 Needed for proper nerve and
muscle functioning

29. Phosphorus
 Found in milk, whole grains,
meats, nuts, legumes
 Needed for tooth and bone
development, ATP, nucleic acids

30. Potassium
 Found in whole grains, fruits,
legumes, meat
 Needed for proper nerve and
muscle function

31. Sodium
 Found in seafood, table salt
 Needed for water balance,
proper nerve and muscle
function

32. Free Radicals
 charged molecules that become oxidized
by combining with oxygen or the removal
of hydrogen, causing electron deficiency.
 seek to regain the electron by removing it
from other molecules, thus oxidizing them.
 set up a chain reaction that may damage
cell structures such as DNA, cell
membranes, or needed enzymes.

33.  Free radicals may be produced by
normal metabolic processes, the
immune system in response to
disease, exposure to chemicals,
toxins, or radiation. Free radical
generation may be increased by
exercise and stress.

34.  Damage caused by free radical
generation is a major cause of the
degenerative effects of aging, may
cause cancers, damage to arterial walls
leading to heart disease and/or stroke,
and lead to other degenerative diseases
such as Alzheimer’s.

35. Antioxidants
 have a protective effect by neutralizing
free radicals.
 best known antioxidants are Vitamin C,
Vitamin E, and beta carotene.
 many others and possibly many yet to be
discovered.
 proper number, types, and balance of is
an important part of nutrition.

36. METABOLISM
Sum of all the chemical
reactions occurring within the
body

37. Types of Metabolic Reactions
 Anabolic reactions - energy requiring
synthesis reactions
 Catabolic reactions - energy releasing
reactions that generate ATP

38. Enzymes - globular proteins
that act as catalysts
 Increase reaction rates
 Holoenzyme - a two-part enzyme
consisting of a protein part and an
organic cofactor
 Apoenzyme - the protein portion
 Coenzyme - the organic cofactor; usually
a vitamin

39. Energy Production
 Oxidation reactions - loss of an
electron by an atom or molecule
 Reduction reactions - involves the gain
of electrons by a molecule
 Coupled redox reactions

40. Cellular Respiration
Oxidation of Glucose

41. Glucose Metabolism
 Glycolysis
 Acetyl Coenzyme A
 Krebs Cycle
 Electron Transport Chain

43. Glycolysis
 Glucose molecules are broken down into
two molecules of pyruvic acid in the
cytoplasm of the cell
 Net gain of 2 molecules of ATP
 No oxygen required
 Fate of pyruvic acid depends on the
oxygen availability

44. Glycolysis
 Glucose C6H12O6
 Glucose-6-phosphate ATP
 Fructose-6-phosphate ADP ATP
 Fructose 1,6, diphosphate ADP
 Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate or
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate
 2Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) + 2NAD + 4ATP
 2C3H4O3 + 2NADH+ + 2ATP (net)

45. Acetyl CoA Formation
 Pyruvic acid is decarboxylated by the
removal of CO2 into a two carbon acetyl
group
 Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell

46. Krebs Cycle - TCA Cycle
 Formation of citric acid when
oxaloacetic acid combines
with acetyl CoA
 Organic molecules are
broken down, carbon dioxide
is released and hydrogen
atoms are removed &
transferred by coenzymes
NAD & FAD

47. Kreb’s Cycle
 Acetyl CoA + Oxalocetic Acid
 Citric Acid
 Isocitric Acid CO2 NADH2
 alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid CO2 NADH2
 Succinyl CoA ATP
 Succinnic Acid FADH2
 Fumaric Acid
 Malic Acid NADH2

48. Electron Transport
 Involves electron carrier molecules that
will release energy in a controlled way
 This energy is used to generate ATP
 Occurs inner mitochondrial membrane
 Chemiosmosis

49. Glucose Anabolism
 Glycogenesis - conversion of glucose to
glycogen; stimulated by insulin
 Glycogenolysis - hydrolysis of glycogen
to form glucose; stimulated by
glucagon
 Gluconeogenesis - synthesis of glucose
from non-carbohydrates such as fats
and amino acids

50. Lipid Metabolism

51. Lipid Catabolism - Lipolysis
 Hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol
and fatty acids
 Glycerol converted to G 3-P and then
into pyruvic acid, then into the Kreb’s
cycle
 Beta -oxidation of fatty acids occurs
forming two-carbon fragments which is
then attached to coenzyme A, forming
acetyl CoA

52. Protein Metabolism
 Proteins are converted into substances
than can enter the Kreb’s cycle by
 deamination - loss of (NH2) from amino
group
 decarboxylation - loss of CO2 molecule
 dehydrogenation - loss of hydrogen
atom
 Protein synthesis involves transcription and
translation