An organelle is a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body. Among the more important cell organelles are the nuclei, which store genetic information; mitochondria, which produce chemical energy; and ribosomes, which assemble proteins
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The CellTheory
1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function
in living things.
3. New cells are produced from existing cells.
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TwoTypes of Cells
Prokaryotes
Pro-: before; -karyote: nucleus
Very small and simple
No defined Nucleus
No membrane-bound
organelles
Kingdoms Found in:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotes
Eu-: true; -karyote: nucleus
Larger
Contain defined Nucleus
Contain membrane-bound
organelles
Kingdoms Found in:
Animalia
Plantae
Protista
Fungi
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
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Unicellular vs. Multicellular
Organisms
Unicellular
Uni-: one; -cellular: cell
Composed of one cell
Ex. Bacteria
Multicellular
Multi-: many; -cellular: cell
Composed of two or more cells
Ex. Plants, Animals
Cell Size
Vary greatly
8,000 of smallest bacteria can fit into 1 red blood cell
Nerve cells can be 1 meter long
Ostrich Egg has a volume of 1 L
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Cell Shape
Size is always related to function
Ex. Nerve cells are very long – Why?
Ex. Red blood cells are round – Why?
Ex. Amoeba shape changes – Why?
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Cell Organelles
Two Word Definition:
Little Organs
Specialized structure that performs important cellular
function
Helps the cell do different jobs
Each organelle has its own purpose which is very specific
Animal Cell
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Organelle: Cell Membrane
Two Word Definition:
Selectively permeable
Function:
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell (like a fence with
gates)
Provides protection and support for the cell
Organelle: Cell Membrane
Structure:
Complex structure arranged in a double-layered sheet known
as a lipid bilayer
“Fluid Mosaic Model” – flexible lipid bilayer structure with
proteins and carbohydrates embedded within the layers
Protein Gate
Lipid Bilayer
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Organelle: CellWall
Two Word Definition:
Support Structure
Function:
Provide support and
protection for the cell
Organelle: CellWall
Structure:
Composed mainly of
Cellulose (carbohydrate
fiber)
More rigid than cell
membrane
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Organelle: Cytoplasm
Two Word Definition:
Cell Fluid
Function:
Allows movement of
materials built inside the
cell
Medium for the
organelles to sit/float in
Organelle: Cytoplasm
Structure:
Semi-fluid substance
made of water, proteins,
lipids, and other
chemicals
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Organelle: Nucleus
Two Word Definition:
Control center
Function:
Stores the cell’s DNA
DNA: Instructions for making proteins
Control different activities in the cell
Organelle: Nucleus
Structure:
Surrounded by a double-layered membrane, called the
Nuclear Envelope, which contain thousands of holes, called
Nuclear Pores.
These pores let messages in and out of the nucleus.
Inner fluid is called Nucleoplasm (like cytoplasm in the
nucleus)
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Organelle: Nucleolus
Structure:
Dense “knot” of
chromatin
There can be more than
one in the nucleus.
Nucleolus
Organelle: Mitochondria
Two Word Definition:
Cell Powerhouse
Function:
Site of Cellular Respiration
Food
Energy
Makes “ATP”
ATP = cell energy
Like our battery back (energy reserve)
Trivia: We use 1 billion ATPs / 2 minutes
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Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum
TwoTypes of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Organelle: Rough ER
Function:
Transports and stores proteins
Structure:
Covered in Ribosomes (like spots)
Connected to the nuclear membrane
Network of channel-like membranes
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Organelle: Smooth ER
Function:
Transports and stores lipids detoxifying drugs
Structure:
NO Ribosomes (smooth surface)
Connected to the nuclear membrane
Network of channel-like membranes
Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Organelle: Golgi Apparatus
Multiple Names:
GolgiApparatus
Golgi Body
Golgi Complex
Mr. Camillo Golgi
Discovered the GolgiApparatus in
1898!
Won the 1906 Nobel Prize for
nervous system research
Organelle: Golgi Apparatus/Body
Two Word Definition:
Packaging Center
Function:
Modifies, sorts, and packages protein vesicles made in the
“ER”
These vesicles will leave the cell
Makes lysosomes
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Organelle: Golgi Apparatus/Body
Structure:
Flattened stack of membranes
Like a “pancake stack”
Transport
Vesicle
from ER
NewVesicle
forming
TransportVesicle
from Golgi
Organelle: Golgi Apparatus/Body
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Organelle: Lysosomes
Formation of Lysosomes by the Golgi Apparatus
Vesicle containing
hydrolytic enzymes is
pinched off the Golgi
and begins journey to
cell membrane.
Organelle: Ribosomes
Two Word Definition:
Protein Synthesis
Function:
Site of the construction of proteins
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Organelle: Ribosomes
Structure:
Made of rRNA
Made of 2 interlocking parts (“subunits”)
Ribosomes are found in two locations:
Free ribosomes (“floaters”)
Ribosomes connected to Rough ER
Organelle: Ribosomes
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Organelle: Cilia
Two Word Definition:
Short/Fast Movement
Function:
Locomotion
Structure:
Short, hair-like structures
9+2 arrangement of
microtubules
Organelle: Flagella
Two Word Definition:
Long/Slow Movement
Function:
Locomotion
Structure:
Long, hair-like structures
Flagella whips around for
movement
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Cilia FlagellaVideos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA
Organelle: Centrioles
Two Word Definition:
Cell Division
Function:
Makes spindle fibers
Spindle fibers: protein
structure that divides
genetic material in the cell
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Organelle: Centrioles
Function:
Centrioles produce spindle fibers during cell division
As cell division begins centrioles move to opposite ends of the
cell
Once positioned centrioles will produce spindle fibers
Organelle: Centrioles
Structure:
Made of microtubules of contractile proteins
Tubules are in a 9x3 arrangement
Centrioles are located at right angles to each other OUTSIDE
of the cell nucleus
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Organelle: Chloroplast
Two Word Definition:
Photosynthesis
Function:
Site of photosynthesis
reactions
Conversion of light energy to
chemical energy
Organelle: Chloroplast
Structure:
Similar appearance to mitochondria
Two Main Regions:
Stroma: fluid
Grana: stacks of chlorophyll discs
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Organelle: Chloroplast
Stroma = Fluid environment
Granum (-a) = chlorophyll storage
Organelle: Chloroplast
Relation of Structure to
Function:
Sunlight energy is
absorbed by the
chlorophyll.
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Organelle: Chromoplast
PLANTS ONLY!
Two Word Definition:
Color Storage
Color Bodies
Function:
Coloration of flowers,
fruits, and leaves
Structure:
Membrane sacks filled
with non-green pigments
in plants
Organelle: Leucoplast
PLANTS ONLY!
Two Word Definition:
Starch Storage
Function:
Starch Storage
Structure:
Membrane sack filled
with starch
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Organelle:Vacuole
Two Word Definition:
Water/food Storage
Function:
Food and water
storage center inside
the cell.
Structure:
Similar to a water
balloon
Organelle:Vacuole
- One cell organisms “stomach.”
- Function of water vacuole in plants is to provide
tugor pressure which keeps plants upright.
