2. What are vitamins ?
Vitamins are naturally occurring organic substance.
Organic compound required in small amounts.
Their coenzyme forms are essential in metabolic processes.
They are essential for providing good health and are necessary
for many life functions.
Thus we must obtain them from the foods we eat, or via
vitamin supplements.
3. VITAMINS ARE CLASSIFIED
Into two groups:-
Fat- soluble vitamins A D E & K , Foods that contain
these vitamins will not lose them when cooked.
Water-soluble vitamins B complex & vitamin C.
10. Vitamin A (Retinol)
Mc Collum, Simmonds and Kennedy isolated vitamin
A in 1913.
Paul Karrer in 1931 elucidated the structure of vitamin
A1.
Fat-soluble
Retinol
One of the most active, usable forms
Vitamin A1 is most common.
Vitamin A2 is found in fish oils and has an extra
double bond in in the ring.
12. Intestine is the major site of absorption.
In the liver, vitamin is stored as retinol palmitate.
A special transport protein, retinol binding protein
(RBP), transports vitamin A from the liver to other
tissues.
The active forms of vitamin A have three basic
functions:
1. Vision
2. Growth and Development of tissues
3. Immunity
18. Physiological Role
1. Vision : Retina of the eye contains two types of cells.
Rod cells (vision in dim light ) and Cone cells ( vision
in bright light).
1. Generates pigments for the retina
2. Maintains surface lining of eyes
2. Bone growth
3. Reproduction
4. Cell division and differentiation
5. Healthy Skin
6. Regulate Immune System
19. Signs of Deficiency
Night blindness
Decreased resistance to infections
Extremely dry skin, hair or nails
20. Causes for Vitamin A Deficiency
1. Decreased intake
2. Obstructive jaundice causing defective absorption.
3. Cirrhosis of liver.
4. Sever malnutrition.
5. Chronic nephrosis.
21. Assessment of Deficiency
Dark adaptation test
RBP level in serum is decreased.
Vitamin A in serum is decreased.
Normal blood level of vitamin A is 25 to 50
mg/dl.
22. Too Much Can Be Toxic!!
Hypervitaminosis A leads to toxic symptoms:
Dry, itchy skin
Headaches and fatigue
Hair loss
Liver damage
Blurred vision
Loss of appetite
Skin coloration
Peeling of Skin
23. Who Is At Risk For Deficiency?
Young children
Children with inadequate health care
Adults in countries with high incidences of vitamin A
deficiency.
Adults or children with diseases of the pancreas, liver,
intestines, or inadequate fat digestion/absorption
25. Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)
Angus and coworkers isolated vitamin Din 1931.
Vitamin D is called sun-shine vitamin.
The cis double bond between 5th and 6th carbon atoms,
is to give rise to vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol.
The ergosterol when treated with ultraviolet light,
ergocalciferol or vitaminD2 is produced.
The calcitriol thus formed is the active form of
vitamin.
D2 in plants.
D3 in fish , egg and liver.
27. Vitamin D3 can be obtained in diet, or derived from cholesterol in a
reaction that requires UV light.
UV light
spontaneous
liver enzyme
25-hydroxylase
Vitamin D3
calcitriol
28. Calcitriol promotes the absorption of calcium and
phosphorus from the intestine.
Calcitriol acts like a steroid hormone.
The production of vitamin D in the skin is directly
proportional to the exposure to sunlight and inversiely
proportional to the pigmentation of skin.
Vitamin deficiency is seen in winters.
29. Recommended Dietary Allowance
Children : 10 μg/day (400 IU/day)
Adults : 5 – 10 μg/day (400 IU/day)
Pregnancy and lactation : 10 μg/day (400 IU/day)
vitamin D2 or D3 are not active biological, but
converted to active form by hydroxilation.
37. Causes of vitamin D deficiency
Not exposed to sun light properly
Nutritional deficiency.
Mal-absorption of vitamin D.
Abnormality of vitamin D activation.
Deficient renal absorption of phosphates.
38. Sources of vitamin D
Sunlight
Fish liver oil
Fish
Egg yolk
Milk contains moderate quantity of the vitamin
42. Vitamin E ( Tocopherol)
The active vitamin was isolated from wheat germ oil
and named tocopherol.
Fat soluble
Antioxidant
Reduce the energy of the free radical
Stop the free radical from forming in the first place.
Interrupt an oxidizing chain reaction to minimize the
damage of free radicals.
43. Protects cell membranes and other fat-soluble parts of the
body from oxidation
May reduce the risk of heart disease
May also discourage development of some types of cancer
Promotes normal growth and development
Promotes normal red blood cell formation
Acts as anti-blood clotting agent
Plays some role in the body’s ability to process glucose
Also been known to aid the process of wound healing
52. Vitamin K (koagulation vitamin)
The important forms of vitamin K are:
1. Phylloquinone (K1)
2. Menaquinone (K2)
3. Menadione (K3)
Vitamin K is necessary for coagulation.
Factors dependent on vitamin K are Factor II
(prothrombin), Factor VII (SPCA), Factor IX
(christmas factor) and Factor X (stuart power factor).
53. Source
Green leafy vegetables
Tomato
Fish meal
It is also synthesized by microorganisms in the
intestinal tract.
60. Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
Antioxidant
water-soluble
Plays an important role in human health and disease
Toxic to viruses , bacteria, and some malignant tumor
cells
61. Biochemical function
Necessary for maintenance of normal connective tissue and
wound healing process.
Bone formation
Iron and hemoglobin metabolism
Folic acid metabolism
Peptide hormone synthesis
Corticosteroid hormones synthesis
Immunological function
Cataract prevention
Reduces the risk of cancer
Reduces the risk of coronary heart disease
63. Sources
Citrus fruits
Gooseberry
Guava
Green vegetables
Tomatoes
Potatoes
Milk is poor source of vitamin C
64.
65.
66.
67.
68. Deficiency of C causes
Weight loss
fatigue and joint pain
Spongy gums
Loose teeth
Fragile blood vessels
Aching swollen joints
Anemia
reduced resistance to colds and infections
slow healing of wounds and fractured bones
69. Scurvy
This disease is characterized by spongy and sore gums,
loose teeth.
Scurvy is the name for a vitamin C deficiency. It can
lead to anemia, debility, exhaustion, spontaneous
bleeding, pain in the limbs, and especially the legs,
swelling in some parts of the body, and sometimes
ulceration of the gums and loss of teeth.
70. Symptoms
Early signs include a loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue,
irritability, and lethargy.
anemia
myalgia, or pain, including bone pain
swelling, or edema
petechiae, or small red spots resulting from bleeding under
the skin
corkscrew hairs
gum disease and loss of teeth
poor wound healing
shortness of breath
mood changes, and depression
71. Causes and risk factors
a poor diet lacking in fresh fruits and vegetables,
possibly due to low income or famine
illnesses such as anorexia or loss of appetite and
other mental health issues
restrictive diets, due to allergies, difficulty orally
ingesting foods, or other reasons
older age
excessive consumption of alcohol or use of illegal
drugs
72.
73. videoScurvy, its causes, symptoms, treatment, and
how to avoid the disease.mp4
videovitamin C.mp4
76. These vitamin chemically not related to one another.
They are grouped together because all of them
function in cell as coenzymes.
Vitamin B complex plays an important role in keeping
our bodies running like well oiled machines.
Convert our food into fuel.
Allowing us to stay energized throughout the day.
77. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
It is a sulfur containing vitamin
It has thiazole and pyrimidine rings.
It has a specific coenzyme, thiamine pyrophosphate
(TPP) which is mostly associated with carbohydrate
metabolism.
81. Function
TPP plays an important role in the transmission of
nerve impulse.
TPP is required for acetylcholine synthesis.
Carbohydrate metabolism.
Producing energy from carbohydrates
stabilizing the appetite
promoting growth and good muscle tone
ATP production
82. Deficiency
Loss of appetite
Weakness & Feeling tired
Insomnia
Loss of weight
Depression
Heart & Gastrointestinal problems
83. Deficiency of vitamin B1 results in a condition called
Beri-beri.
Beri-beri is of four types.
1. Dry beriberi (peripheral neuritis)
2. Wet beriberi ( cardiac manifestation)
3. Cerebral beriberi ( wernicke Korsa koff syndrome)
4. Infantile beriberi
84. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
This vitamin is synthesized by green plants and micro-
organisms.
Riboflavin is heat stable but sensitive to light.
Riboflavin exists in tissues tightly bound with
enzymes.
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine
dinucleotide (FAD) are the two coenzyme forms of
riboflavin.
87. Biochemical function
energy production
carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
formation of antibodies and red blood cells
cell respiration
maintenance of good vision, skin, nails, and hair
88. Deficiency
Itching and burning eyes
Cracks and sores in mouth and lips
Bloodshot eyes
Dermatitis
Oily skin
Digestive disturbances
Glossitis (smooth and purplish tongue)
Cheilosis (fissures at the corners of mouth)
Angular stomatitis (inflammation at the corner of
mouth)
89. Vitamin B3(Niacin or Nicotinic acid)
Also known as pellagra preventive.
The niacin is stable in nature.
Nicotinic acid should not be confused with nicotine.
Nicotinic acid is vitamin but nicotine is the potent
poison from tobacco.
Two Types
Niacinamide (Nicotinamide)
does not regulate cholesterol
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)
highly toxic in large doses
Inosital Hexaniacinate is a supplement that gives the
cholesterol regulation without high toxicity
92. Deficiency
Pellagra
disease caused by B-3 deficiency
rare in Western societies
The symptoms of pellagra are commonly referred to as three
Ds.
If three Ds not treated may rarely lead to Death (4th D)
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Death
gastrointestinal disturbance, loss of appetite
headache, insomnia, mental depression
fatigue, aches, and pains
nervousness, irritability
93. Vitamin B5 ( Pantothenic)
Pantothenic acid formerly known as chick anti-
dermatitis factor is widely distributed in nature.
It’s metabolic role as coenzyme A is also widespread.
96. Functions
Coenzyme A serves as a carrier of activated acetyl
CoA is required for
CoA
1. pyruvate acetyl CoA
pyruvate dehydrogenase
CoA
2. fatty acid acyl CoA
thiokinase
Synthesis of bile salt.
97. Deficiency
It is rare disease in human.
Gopalan’s Burning Foot Syndrome is manifested as
paresthesia in lower extremities.
Staggering gait due to impaired coordination and sleep
disturbances.
98. Vitamin B6 ( Pyridoxine)
B6 is an energy releasing vitamin.
Vitamin B6 is the term applied to a family of 3 related
pyridine derivatives; pyridoxine ( alcohol), pyridoxal
(aldehyde) and pyridoxamine.
Active form of pyridoxine is pyridoxal phosphate
(PLP).
101. Function
Pyridoxal phosphate participates in reactions like
1. Transamination: converting amino acid to keto acids.
The keto acids enter the citric acid cycle and get
oxidized to generate energy.
2. Decarboxylation : Require PLP as coenzyme. Eg.
Histamine is a vasodilator and lowers blood pressure.
3. Production of niacin (one vitamin is necessary for
synthesis of another vitamin)
4. Helps in protein metabolism and absorption
5. Red blood cell formation
108. Vitamin B9 ( Folic acid )
Mostly found in green vegetable
Body can store 10-12 mg of folic acid that will usually
last for 2-3 months
Folic acid absorbed in upper part of jejunum
The active form of folic acid is tetrahydrofolate ( THF
of FH4)
109. Source
Green leafy vegetables
Milk is poor source of folic acid
Cereals, pulses, oil seeds and egg are moderate sources
110. Function
Red blood cell formation
Proper brain function
Plays an important role in mental and emotional
health
DNA production
112. Deficiency
Most common vitamin deficiency primarily in
pregnant women
Reduced DNA synthesis
Macrocytic Anemia
Birth defects
113. Vitamin B12 ( Cobalamin)
Also known as anti pernicious anemia vitamin
It is a unique vitamin
Synthesized by only microorganisms
B12 is exception. Whole liver contain about 2 mg of
B12.Which is sufficient for the requirement for 2-3
years.