2015 Sanger Poultry Environmental Project
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The document discusses ammonia refrigeration systems. It describes the basic vapor compression refrigeration cycle of compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation. It then explains each component of the cycle in more detail. The document also outlines the properties, uses, production process and health hazards of ammonia. Ammonia is commonly used as a refrigerant for its ability to reach cold temperatures and is also widely used in fertilizers and cleaning products.
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Vaporizers dr. anju bhalotra
This document defines key concepts related to vaporisers such as vapor, vapor pressure, boiling point, and defines a vaporiser as an instrument that facilitates the change of a liquid anaesthetic into a vapor and adds a controlled amount to gas flow. It discusses factors that affect vaporiser performance such as carrier gas composition, temperature, back pressure and flow rate. It also classified vaporisers based on methods of regulating concentration and vaporization, and location in the breathing system. Modifications to vaporisers to address issues related to back pressure are described.
Chemistry of combustion
Three key elements are needed for a fire: fuel, air, and heat. Heat can transfer through conduction, convection, or radiation. The temperature and color of a fire's flames provide information about how hot it is, with blue/violet flames being the hottest. A fire burns as air flows in, is heated, and rises, pulling more air in behind it. Fires can be extinguished by removing fuel, oxygen, or heat, or by using fire suppression methods like cooling, smothering, or starvation. Proper precautions and fire safety practices can help prevent fires.
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Vaporizers are devices that change liquid anesthetic agents into vapor and add a controlled amount of vapor to the gas flow or breathing system. They do this by utilizing concepts like vapor pressure, boiling point, and partial pressure. There are several types of vaporizers including concentration calibrated vaporizers, measured flow vaporizers, and electronic vaporizers. Key factors that affect vaporization include temperature, flow rate, volatility of the agent, and carrier gas composition. Ambient pressure changes from high altitude, hyperbaric conditions, or back pressure can impact the vaporizer's output.
Vaporizers anand ram final
Vaporizers are instruments designed to change liquid anesthetic agents into vapors and add a controlled amount of vapor to gas flow. Their output is affected by factors like temperature, flow rate, and barometric pressure. Temperature compensation helps maintain a consistent vapor concentration despite changes in temperature during vaporization. Modern vaporizers use various methods like mechanical compensation, supplied heat, or computerization to achieve temperature-independent vapor delivery.
Refrigerants
The document discusses the classification and properties of refrigerants. It defines refrigerants as the working fluid in a refrigeration system that absorbs or releases heat during the cooling process. Refrigerants are classified based on their working principle, safety, chemical composition, and physical state. Common refrigerants discussed include ammonia, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and halocarbon compounds like R12 and R22. Key thermodynamic properties of refrigerants that are desirable include high critical temperature and moderate pressure, low specific heats, high heat of vaporization, and high coefficient of performance. Primary refrigerants can be used directly for cooling, while secondary refrigerants require a heat exchanger.
Vaporizer
1) Vaporizers are devices that convert liquid anesthetic agents into vapor and add a controlled amount of vapor to the breathing system.
2) There are various types of vaporizers that use different mechanisms for vaporization and temperature compensation. Common vaporizers include the TEC, Goldman, and Copper Kettle vaporizers.
3) Special desflurane vaporizers are required due to desflurane's high vapor pressure, as standard vaporizers could result in dangerously high concentrations being delivered to the patient.
Vaporizers in Anesthesia
Vaporizers are devices that convert liquid anesthetic agents into vapor for inhalation. They work by splitting the fresh gas flow, with some passing through the vaporizing chamber where it picks up vapor from the liquid, and the rest bypassing directly to recombine downstream. Key factors that influence vaporizer output include temperature, surface area contact between gas and liquid, flow rates, ambient pressure, and carrier gas composition. Back pressure from ventilation can increase output via the pumping effect, compressing gas in the vaporizer and pushing additional vapor downstream on expiration. Vaporizers are classified based on their method of regulating output, vaporization technique, location, temperature compensation, and resistance to gas flow.
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The document describes various cryogenic cycles used for liquefying gases, including the ideal liquefaction cycle, Linde-Hampson process, Claude cycle, and applications of liquefied gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. It also discusses the Joule-Thomson effect and inversion curve. Simulations of these cycles were performed using ASPEN HYSYS to analyze how parameters vary with pressure ratio, like molar flow increasing for ideal cycle. The Linde and Claude cycles were modeled fixing outlet conditions, determining heat exchanger properties and FOM. Cryogenic cycles help produce and utilize very low temperatures important for various industrial and scientific applications.
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Vaporizers dr. anju bhalotra
This document defines key concepts related to vaporisers such as vapor, vapor pressure, boiling point, and defines a vaporiser as an instrument that facilitates the change of a liquid anaesthetic into a vapor and adds a controlled amount to gas flow. It discusses factors that affect vaporiser performance such as carrier gas composition, temperature, back pressure and flow rate. It also classified vaporisers based on methods of regulating concentration and vaporization, and location in the breathing system. Modifications to vaporisers to address issues related to back pressure are described.
Chemistry of combustion
Three key elements are needed for a fire: fuel, air, and heat. Heat can transfer through conduction, convection, or radiation. The temperature and color of a fire's flames provide information about how hot it is, with blue/violet flames being the hottest. A fire burns as air flows in, is heated, and rises, pulling more air in behind it. Fires can be extinguished by removing fuel, oxygen, or heat, or by using fire suppression methods like cooling, smothering, or starvation. Proper precautions and fire safety practices can help prevent fires.
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Vaporizers are devices that change liquid anesthetic agents into vapor and add a controlled amount of vapor to the gas flow or breathing system. They do this by utilizing concepts like vapor pressure, boiling point, and partial pressure. There are several types of vaporizers including concentration calibrated vaporizers, measured flow vaporizers, and electronic vaporizers. Key factors that affect vaporization include temperature, flow rate, volatility of the agent, and carrier gas composition. Ambient pressure changes from high altitude, hyperbaric conditions, or back pressure can impact the vaporizer's output.
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Vaporizers are instruments designed to change liquid anesthetic agents into vapors and add a controlled amount of vapor to gas flow. Their output is affected by factors like temperature, flow rate, and barometric pressure. Temperature compensation helps maintain a consistent vapor concentration despite changes in temperature during vaporization. Modern vaporizers use various methods like mechanical compensation, supplied heat, or computerization to achieve temperature-independent vapor delivery.
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The document discusses the classification and properties of refrigerants. It defines refrigerants as the working fluid in a refrigeration system that absorbs or releases heat during the cooling process. Refrigerants are classified based on their working principle, safety, chemical composition, and physical state. Common refrigerants discussed include ammonia, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and halocarbon compounds like R12 and R22. Key thermodynamic properties of refrigerants that are desirable include high critical temperature and moderate pressure, low specific heats, high heat of vaporization, and high coefficient of performance. Primary refrigerants can be used directly for cooling, while secondary refrigerants require a heat exchanger.
Vaporizer
1) Vaporizers are devices that convert liquid anesthetic agents into vapor and add a controlled amount of vapor to the breathing system.
2) There are various types of vaporizers that use different mechanisms for vaporization and temperature compensation. Common vaporizers include the TEC, Goldman, and Copper Kettle vaporizers.
3) Special desflurane vaporizers are required due to desflurane's high vapor pressure, as standard vaporizers could result in dangerously high concentrations being delivered to the patient.
Vaporizers in Anesthesia
Vaporizers are devices that convert liquid anesthetic agents into vapor for inhalation. They work by splitting the fresh gas flow, with some passing through the vaporizing chamber where it picks up vapor from the liquid, and the rest bypassing directly to recombine downstream. Key factors that influence vaporizer output include temperature, surface area contact between gas and liquid, flow rates, ambient pressure, and carrier gas composition. Back pressure from ventilation can increase output via the pumping effect, compressing gas in the vaporizer and pushing additional vapor downstream on expiration. Vaporizers are classified based on their method of regulating output, vaporization technique, location, temperature compensation, and resistance to gas flow.
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The document describes various cryogenic cycles used for liquefying gases, including the ideal liquefaction cycle, Linde-Hampson process, Claude cycle, and applications of liquefied gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. It also discusses the Joule-Thomson effect and inversion curve. Simulations of these cycles were performed using ASPEN HYSYS to analyze how parameters vary with pressure ratio, like molar flow increasing for ideal cycle. The Linde and Claude cycles were modeled fixing outlet conditions, determining heat exchanger properties and FOM. Cryogenic cycles help produce and utilize very low temperatures important for various industrial and scientific applications.
Copy of vaporizers
Vaporizers are used to convert liquid anesthetic agents into vapor and add a controlled amount of this vapor to the fresh gas flow. The output concentration of a vaporizer can be regulated by adjusting the splitting ratio between the gas flowing through the vaporizing chamber and bypass chamber. Temperature compensation mechanisms like a bimetallic strip are used to maintain a constant output despite temperature fluctuations. Factors like gas flow rate, carrier gas composition, ambient pressure, and vaporizer design can influence the vaporizer's output concentration.
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This document provides information about vaporizers used in anesthesia. It defines key terms like vapor, gas, and vaporizer. It then discusses the history of vaporizers, describing important developments from the 1500s to modern electronic vaporizers. The rest of the document covers the physics principles behind vaporizers like vapor pressure and boiling point. It also explains different vaporizer designs, mechanisms for regulating output concentrations, and methods of vaporization and temperature compensation.
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Vaporizers are instruments designed to facilitate the change of a liquid anesthetic agent into a vapor and add a controlled amount of this vapor to the fresh gas flow. They produce vaporization of volatile agents, mix the vapor with fresh gas, and control the mixture despite variables to safely and accurately deliver inhalational agents to patients. Vaporizer performance can be affected by factors like temperature, flow rate, barometric pressure, and intermittent back pressure, which vaporizer design and features aim to compensate for to maintain consistent agent delivery.
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This document discusses refrigerants, including their classification and properties. It describes how refrigerants are selected based on their thermodynamic properties, environmental impact, and cost. Common refrigerants like CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs are outlined along with their ozone depletion potential and global warming potential. Alternative natural refrigerants such as ammonia, hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide are presented as more environmentally-friendly options.
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This document provides information on vaporizers used to deliver inhaled anesthetic agents. It discusses the ideal properties of a vaporizer including simplicity, safety, precision in delivering anesthetic concentrations, and insensitivity to changes in temperature, pressure and gas flow. Different vaporizer designs are described, including variable bypass and electronic models. Factors that can influence the vaporizer output such as temperature, back pressure, carrier gas composition and flow rate are summarized. The document also reviews vaporizer mounting systems and safety features of modern vaporizers.
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This document discusses vaporizers, which are devices used to convert liquid anesthetic agents into their gaseous state for inhalation. It covers the basic principles of vaporizers including:
- The process of vaporization and factors that affect it such as boiling point, critical temperature, and latent heat of vaporization.
- The two main types of vaporizers - draw-over and plenum vaporizers. Plenum vaporizers are more accurate due to mechanisms for temperature compensation and maximizing vaporization surface area.
- Features of modern vaporizers like the Tec series, which are agent-specific, temperature compensated, and able to deliver consistent concentrations across a wide range of flows.
Liquefaction
It will help to the students of Mechanical Engineering. These notes are according to HVAC Subject. Some important topics are here for your good understanding. These are written in easy language, u can understand easily.
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Refrigerant ppt
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1. The throttling calorimeter consists of a narrow throat (orifice) to throttle steam and measure pressure and temperature changes.
2. Saturated steam is generated and passed through a separating calorimeter to remove moisture, then through the throttling calorimeter where it is superheated without changing total heat.
3. Pressure and temperature are measured before and after throttling to calculate the dryness factor and determine the mass of dry steam present in the wet steam sample.
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Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
1.Refrigeration System
Two types of valves are used on machine air conditioning systems:
Internally-equalized valve - most common
Externally-equalized valve special control
Internally-Equalized Expansion Valve
The refrigerant enters the inlet and screen as a high-pressure liquid. The refrigerant flow is restricted by a metered orifice through which it must pass.
As the refrigerant passes through this orifice, it changes from a high-pressure liquid to a low-pressure liquid (or passes from the
high side to the low side of the system).
Let's review briefly what happens to the refrigerant as we change its pressure.
As a high-pressure liquid, the boiling point of the refrigerant has been raised in direct proportion to its pressure. This has concentrated its heat content into a small area, raising the temperature of the refrigerant higher than that of the air passing over the condenser. This heat will then transfer from the warmer refrigerant to the cooler air, which condenses the refrigerant to a liquid.
The heat transferred into the air is called latent heat of condensation. Four pounds (1.8 kg) of refrigerant flowing per minute through the orifice will result in 12,000 Btu (12.7 MJ) per hour transferred, which is designated a one-ton unit. Six pounds (2.7 kg) of flow per minute will result in 18,000 Btu (19.0 MJ) per hour, or a one and one-half ton unit.
Valve details
The refrigerant flow through the metered orifice is extremely important, anything restricting the flow will affect the entire system.
If the area cooled by the evaporator suddenly gets colder, the heat transfer requirements change. If the expansion valve continued to feed the same amount of refrigerant to the evaporator, the fins and coils would get colder until they eventually freeze over with ice and the air flow is stopped.
A thermal bulb has a small line filled with C02 is attached to the evaporator tailpipe. If the temperature on the tail pipe raises, the gas will expand and cause pressure against the diaphragm. This expansion will then move the seat away from the orifice,
Refrigeration systems
This document provides an overview of refrigeration systems and their main components. It discusses how refrigeration works by removing heat from spaces or objects using a mechanical process. The key parts of a refrigeration system are described as the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. The compressor increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant vapor. The condenser cools and condenses the refrigerant into a liquid. The expansion valve controls the flow of liquid refrigerant into the evaporator. In the evaporator, the refrigerant absorbs heat from its surroundings as it vaporizes, thus cooling the environment.
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Copy of vaporizers
Vaporizers are used to convert liquid anesthetic agents into vapor and add a controlled amount of this vapor to the fresh gas flow. The output concentration of a vaporizer can be regulated by adjusting the splitting ratio between the gas flowing through the vaporizing chamber and bypass chamber. Temperature compensation mechanisms like a bimetallic strip are used to maintain a constant output despite temperature fluctuations. Factors like gas flow rate, carrier gas composition, ambient pressure, and vaporizer design can influence the vaporizer's output concentration.
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The document discusses Joule-Thomson refrigeration, which uses adiabatic expansion through throttling to reduce pressure and cause cooling effects. Specifically, it notes that Joule-Thomson refrigeration allows cooling at very low temperatures through a throttling process driven by non-ideal gas behavior, enabling applications like cryogenic freezing, gas liquefaction, and the Linde technique for liquefying air.
Vaporizers
This document provides information about vaporizers used in anesthesia. It defines key terms like vapor, gas, and vaporizer. It then discusses the history of vaporizers, describing important developments from the 1500s to modern electronic vaporizers. The rest of the document covers the physics principles behind vaporizers like vapor pressure and boiling point. It also explains different vaporizer designs, mechanisms for regulating output concentrations, and methods of vaporization and temperature compensation.
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Combustion refers to the rapid oxidation of fuel accompanied by heat or heat and light. Complete combustion requires an adequate oxygen supply. The objective of good combustion is to release all the heat from fuel by controlling temperature, turbulence for mixing fuel and oxygen, and reaction time. Stoichiometry calculates the theoretical air required for combustion and can determine excess air by measuring flue gas CO2 levels. A certain amount of excess air is needed for complete combustion but too much leads to heat losses.
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Vaporizers are instruments designed to facilitate the change of a liquid anesthetic agent into a vapor and add a controlled amount of this vapor to the fresh gas flow. They produce vaporization of volatile agents, mix the vapor with fresh gas, and control the mixture despite variables to safely and accurately deliver inhalational agents to patients. Vaporizer performance can be affected by factors like temperature, flow rate, barometric pressure, and intermittent back pressure, which vaporizer design and features aim to compensate for to maintain consistent agent delivery.
Ashuu
This document discusses cryogenic technology and applications of cryogenic fluids. It introduces cryogenics as the science of low temperatures below 123K and lists some common cryogenic fluids like hydrogen, helium, oxygen and nitrogen. It then describes the liquefaction processes for gases using simple systems like Linde-Hampson and more advanced ones like Claude and Collins systems which use expansion engines to further lower temperatures. Finally, it outlines several applications of cryogenics in areas like superconductivity, medicine, space and cryonics.
Secondary refrigerants
This document discusses refrigerants, including their classification and properties. It describes how refrigerants are selected based on their thermodynamic properties, environmental impact, and cost. Common refrigerants like CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs are outlined along with their ozone depletion potential and global warming potential. Alternative natural refrigerants such as ammonia, hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide are presented as more environmentally-friendly options.
Heat changes in chemical reactions
Chemical reactions can be either exothermic or endothermic. Exothermic reactions release heat to the surroundings and are accompanied by a temperature rise. Endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings and cause the temperature to drop. Whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic can be seen from its energy graph - exothermic reactions have products at a lower energy level than reactants, while endothermic reactions have higher energy products. Industrial chemical reactions, like the Haber process for ammonia production and the contact process for sulfuric acid production, must be carried out at moderate temperatures to achieve the optimal yield without the reaction proceeding too slowly.
Vaporizers
This document provides information on vaporizers used to deliver inhaled anesthetic agents. It discusses the ideal properties of a vaporizer including simplicity, safety, precision in delivering anesthetic concentrations, and insensitivity to changes in temperature, pressure and gas flow. Different vaporizer designs are described, including variable bypass and electronic models. Factors that can influence the vaporizer output such as temperature, back pressure, carrier gas composition and flow rate are summarized. The document also reviews vaporizer mounting systems and safety features of modern vaporizers.
Anaesthesia Vaporizers
Anaesthesia vaporizers for inhalational anaesthetic agents. Principal, classification, types, hazards
Vaporizers
This document discusses vaporizers, which are devices used to convert liquid anesthetic agents into their gaseous state for inhalation. It covers the basic principles of vaporizers including:
- The process of vaporization and factors that affect it such as boiling point, critical temperature, and latent heat of vaporization.
- The two main types of vaporizers - draw-over and plenum vaporizers. Plenum vaporizers are more accurate due to mechanisms for temperature compensation and maximizing vaporization surface area.
- Features of modern vaporizers like the Tec series, which are agent-specific, temperature compensated, and able to deliver consistent concentrations across a wide range of flows.
Liquefaction
It will help to the students of Mechanical Engineering. These notes are according to HVAC Subject. Some important topics are here for your good understanding. These are written in easy language, u can understand easily.
Flue gas analisys in industry-Practical guide for Emission and Process Measur...
Flue gas analisys in industry-Practical guide for Emission and Process Measurements
-Power generation
-Waste disposal
-Stone and clay industry
-Metal industry
-Chemical/petrochemical industry
anaesthesia Vaporizers tec1 to tec5
The document discusses different types of vaporizers used in anesthesia from Tec 1 to Tec 5. It describes the key parts, working, advantages and disadvantages of each vaporizer. Tec 1 was the earliest vaporizer introduced in 1956. Modern vaporizers like Tec 5 are variable bypass, temperature compensated, concentration calibrated and agent specific. They have improved safety features like internal baffles and locking mechanisms to prevent errors. The document also reviews the standards for vaporizers and procedures for filling and draining them.
Refrigerant ppt
This document discusses various types of refrigerants including halocarbon, azeotropic, zeotropic, inorganic, and hydrocarbon refrigerants. It provides examples of commonly used refrigerants for each type and notes their properties such as ozone depletion potential and global warming potential. Natural refrigerants like ammonia, hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide are highlighted as having better environmental profiles than synthetic halocarbons or HFCs. The document advocates for increased use of natural refrigerants in refrigeration and air conditioning equipment to lower total environmental impact.
Combustion principle
This document discusses combustion principles and provides details on various topics related to combustion. It defines combustion as a chemical reaction between a fuel and oxygen that produces a considerable amount of heat. It also discusses the basic elements required for combustion, different phases and types of combustion, industrial combustion processes and fuels, classification of industrial combustion, and concludes with emphasizing the importance of flames and combustion beds in industrial processes.
Exergy analysis of pre cooled linde system for liquefaction of gases for impr...
Exergy analysis of pre cooled linde system for liquefaction of gases for impr...eSAT Publishing House
This document presents an exergy analysis of a pre-cooled Linde system for liquefying gases to improve the performance of Linde-based cryogenic systems. The analysis examines the effects of refrigerant mass flow ratio and compressor pressure on key system parameters like second law efficiency, liquefaction mass ratio, and work done per unit mass liquefied. Results show second law efficiency and liquefaction mass ratio increase with compressor pressure up to 200 bar, but efficiency decreases at higher pressures. Higher refrigerant flow ratios decrease second law efficiency but increase work done per unit mass. The optimized system operates near 200 bar pressure and a refrigerant ratio of 0.03, showing high efficiency and liquefaction rates with low work input.Throttling calorimeter
1. The throttling calorimeter consists of a narrow throat (orifice) to throttle steam and measure pressure and temperature changes.
2. Saturated steam is generated and passed through a separating calorimeter to remove moisture, then through the throttling calorimeter where it is superheated without changing total heat.
3. Pressure and temperature are measured before and after throttling to calculate the dryness factor and determine the mass of dry steam present in the wet steam sample.
Optimizing Combustion using a Flue Gas Analyser
Presented at National Boiler Workshop 2015 - Optimizing Combustion using FG Analyser - presented by Testo - Anand Patankar
VAPORIZERS!
Prof. Mridul Panditrao wants to share his much acclaimed CME lecture in ISACON 2014, Madurai, India and many other places, on one of the very very important but often ununderstood and neglected essential topics in Anesthesia..... Vaporizers!!
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Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
1.Refrigeration System
Two types of valves are used on machine air conditioning systems:
Internally-equalized valve - most common
Externally-equalized valve special control
Internally-Equalized Expansion Valve
The refrigerant enters the inlet and screen as a high-pressure liquid. The refrigerant flow is restricted by a metered orifice through which it must pass.
As the refrigerant passes through this orifice, it changes from a high-pressure liquid to a low-pressure liquid (or passes from the
high side to the low side of the system).
Let's review briefly what happens to the refrigerant as we change its pressure.
As a high-pressure liquid, the boiling point of the refrigerant has been raised in direct proportion to its pressure. This has concentrated its heat content into a small area, raising the temperature of the refrigerant higher than that of the air passing over the condenser. This heat will then transfer from the warmer refrigerant to the cooler air, which condenses the refrigerant to a liquid.
The heat transferred into the air is called latent heat of condensation. Four pounds (1.8 kg) of refrigerant flowing per minute through the orifice will result in 12,000 Btu (12.7 MJ) per hour transferred, which is designated a one-ton unit. Six pounds (2.7 kg) of flow per minute will result in 18,000 Btu (19.0 MJ) per hour, or a one and one-half ton unit.
Valve details
The refrigerant flow through the metered orifice is extremely important, anything restricting the flow will affect the entire system.
If the area cooled by the evaporator suddenly gets colder, the heat transfer requirements change. If the expansion valve continued to feed the same amount of refrigerant to the evaporator, the fins and coils would get colder until they eventually freeze over with ice and the air flow is stopped.
A thermal bulb has a small line filled with C02 is attached to the evaporator tailpipe. If the temperature on the tail pipe raises, the gas will expand and cause pressure against the diaphragm. This expansion will then move the seat away from the orifice,
Refrigeration systems
This document provides an overview of refrigeration systems and their main components. It discusses how refrigeration works by removing heat from spaces or objects using a mechanical process. The key parts of a refrigeration system are described as the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. The compressor increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant vapor. The condenser cools and condenses the refrigerant into a liquid. The expansion valve controls the flow of liquid refrigerant into the evaporator. In the evaporator, the refrigerant absorbs heat from its surroundings as it vaporizes, thus cooling the environment.
Basic refrigeration cycle
The basic refrigeration cycle involves four main processes: 1) compression, where a refrigerant is compressed into a high-pressure gas, 2) condensation, where the high-pressure gas condenses into a liquid and releases heat, 3) expansion, where the high-pressure liquid passes through an expansion valve and decreases in pressure, and 4) evaporation, where the low-pressure liquid absorbs heat and evaporates back into a gas to be compressed and repeat the cycle. This cycle exploits how gases give off heat when condensed and liquids absorb heat when evaporated to provide cooling.
Simple Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
The document discusses the simple vapor compression refrigeration system. It begins by defining what a vapor compression refrigeration system is and why they are needed over other refrigeration systems. It then outlines the basic mechanism and components of a simple vapor compression refrigeration cycle, including the compressor, condenser, expansion device, and evaporator. Finally, it discusses factors that affect the system's coefficient of performance and lists some advantages and disadvantages.
Refrigeration system
This document provides an overview of refrigeration systems. It begins with definitions of refrigeration and refrigeration cycles. It then describes the main components of a vapor compression refrigeration system, including the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. The document explains how each component functions and how refrigerant moves through the system. It also discusses domestic refrigerators and their components and electrical circuits. The document aims to explain the basic concepts and components of refrigeration systems.
Basics Refrigeration Fundamentals
The document is a chapter outline for a textbook on refrigeration fundamentals. It lists 10 main topics that will be covered in the book, including thermodynamics, heat and work, thermodynamic properties of substances, liquid-vapor properties of pure substances, P-V-T behavior of gases, thermodynamic processes, heat transfer, refrigeration cycles, multi-pressure refrigeration systems, and direct expansion and chilled water systems. Each topic is further broken down into sections and subsections that provide more detail on the information that will be presented.
Refrigeration and Air conditioning
The document discusses refrigeration systems and concepts. It provides:
1) An overview of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle, which involves compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation of a refrigerant to transfer heat from a low temperature to a high temperature.
2) Descriptions of the main components in the cycle, including the evaporator, compressor, condenser, expansion device, and refrigerants used.
3) An introduction to absorption refrigeration systems which use heat energy rather than mechanical work to provide refrigeration.
4) Examples of refrigeration systems like domestic refrigerators and ice plants which use the vapor compression cycle.
Refrigeration
The document discusses different refrigeration cycles including vapor-compression, gas refrigeration, absorption, and adsorption refrigeration systems. It describes the basic components and processes of each system including condensers, evaporators, compressors, turbines, and heat exchangers. It also covers factors like refrigerants, coefficients of performance (COP), and using heat pumps for both refrigeration and heating applications.
Basic refrigeration cycle
This document summarizes the basic components and process of a refrigeration cycle. It outlines the four main components: compressor, condenser, metering device, and evaporator. It describes that the compressor increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator. In the condenser, heat is removed from the refrigerant as it cools and changes state into a liquid. The metering device then regulates the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator, where it absorbs heat from the surrounding air and changes back into a vapor before returning to the compressor to repeat the cycle.
Marine Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Ship refrigeration plants play a vital role in transporting perishable cargo by maintaining the appropriate temperatures. The main components of refrigeration plants include compressors, condensers, receivers, driers, expansion valves, evaporators, and control units. Refrigeration plants use the vapor compression cycle to remove heat from cargo holds or crew areas, circulating a refrigerant through the components to absorb, compress, condense, expand, and evaporate heat.
HVAC Basic Concepts of Air Conditioning
This document provides an overview of basic air conditioning concepts and typical all-air HVAC systems. It describes the major components, including coils, fans, dampers, and control systems. Typical AC units discussed are rooftop packages, split systems, chilled water air handlers, and VAV systems. The document also outlines equipment types, control types, and provides some basic rules of thumb for HVAC design and operation.
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This document discusses different types of air conditioning systems and their components. It describes window air conditioning systems, split air conditioning systems, centralized air conditioning systems, and packaged air conditioning systems. It also discusses new technologies like district cooling systems and chilled beam systems. The cooling cycle/refrigeration cycle is explained through its key components: compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. Requirements for coolants used in air conditioning systems are outlined.
Refrigeration And Air Conditioning
This document provides an overview of a training session on energy equipment refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It discusses types of refrigeration including vapor compression and vapor absorption. It also covers assessing the performance of refrigeration and air conditioning systems, such as measuring tons of refrigeration and coefficient of performance. Finally, it lists several energy efficiency opportunities for refrigeration and AC systems, such as optimizing heat exchange, multi-staging systems, and capacity control of compressors.
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This document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning. It describes how refrigeration cools products or spaces below the surrounding temperature, while air conditioning controls temperature, moisture, cleanliness, odor, and air circulation for occupants or processes. Common applications are listed such as room air conditioners, refrigerators, evaporative coolers, and commercial refrigeration/air conditioning. The document then focuses on evaporative cooling systems, automotive air conditioners, refrigerants used, and criteria for selecting refrigerants including thermodynamic properties, environmental impact, and safety.
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The document summarizes the manufacturing of ammonia. It describes Haber's process which uses nitrogen from air and hydrogen from natural gas to produce ammonia through a catalytic reaction. Key conditions for the reaction include temperatures of 400-450°C, pressures of around 200 atmospheres, and an iron catalyst. The modern process involves desulphurization of hydrocarbons, steam reforming to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide, shift conversion to increase hydrogen, and purification before the synthesis reaction and separation of ammonia. The main uses of ammonia include production of fertilizers, nitric acid, explosives, fibers, refrigeration and pharmaceuticals.
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Ammonia and urea production
1. Ammonia is produced through the Haber process where nitrogen and hydrogen react over an iron catalyst at high temperatures and pressures.
2. Hydrogen is produced from natural gas through steam reforming, and nitrogen is obtained from air.
3. The synthesis gas undergoes several purification steps including desulfurization, shift conversion and CO2 removal before being compressed and fed into the ammonia reactor.
4. In the ammonia reactor, only 10-20% of the gases react to form ammonia, with the unreacted gases recycled and fresh gases added to maintain equilibrium.
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pdf on modern chemical manufacture (1).pdf
1. Ammonia is produced by heating nitrogen and hydrogen gases at high pressures of 200-900 atm and temperatures of 380-450°C in the presence of an iron catalyst.
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Heat Changes in Chemical Reactions
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This document provides an overview of refrigeration concepts and Scotsman equipment. It defines basic refrigeration terminology and components of a vapor compression system including the compressor, condenser, expansion device, evaporator and refrigerants. It explains the refrigeration cycle of freezing and harvesting ice. Key concepts are also summarized such as superheat, subcooling, pressure-temperature relationships and common units of measurement. The document outlines Scotsman ice making equipment and refrigeration systems for batch cubers and continuous flakers/nuggets. It introduces Scotsman refrigeration training courses that provide further details on equipment design and engineering processes.
Scotsman ice machine refrigeration training 101 - 0218.ppt
This document provides an overview of refrigeration concepts and Scotsman equipment. It defines the basic refrigeration cycle and components including the compressor, condenser, expansion device, and evaporator. It explains key refrigeration terms like superheat and subcooling. It also outlines Scotsman ice maker models, their refrigeration systems, control sensors, freeze and harvest cycles, and engineering training courses. The document serves as an introduction to refrigeration systems and Scotsman equipment operations.
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Applications of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning & Refrigerants
Applications of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning & Refrigerants
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Reduction and Start-Up of Steam Reforming Catalyst
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Scotsman ice machine refrigeration training 101 - 0218.ppt
Scotsman ice machine refrigeration training 101 - 0218.ppt
Scotsman ice machine refrigeration training 101 - 0218.ppt
Scotsman ice machine refrigeration training 101 - 0218.ppt
2015 Sanger Poultry Environmental Project
- 1. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Ammonia Refrigeration 101 Peter Thomas, P.E., CSP – Resource Compliance, Inc.
- 2. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Vapor Compression Cycle Cold Air Out Warm Air In Ambient Air In Reject Heat Out 1. Compression 2. Condensation 3. Expansion 4. Evaporation Energy In
- 3. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. 1. Compressor • Requires energy input from surroundings • Refrigerant enters the compressor as a low pressure saturated vapor • Refrigerant is compressed, and exits under high temperature and high pressure as a superheated vapor
- 4. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. 2. Condenser • Uses circulated water and ambient air to reject heat from the superheated refrigerant • Desuperheats discharge vapor, and condenses to high pressure liquid
- 5. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. 3. Expansion Valve • High Pressure Liquid refrigerant is pushed through the expansion valve, causing the pressure and temperature to drop adiabatically • The expansion valve meters refrigerant flow into the evaporator coil based on current refrigeration load
- 6. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. 4. Evaporator Coil • Low temperature liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator and absorbs heat from the air, lowering the temperature of the product and room
- 7. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. 1. Compression 2. Condensation 3. Expansion 4. Evaporation Energy In Heat In Heat Out COLD SPACE WARM SPACE Recap
- 8. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Theory vs. Real Life
- 9. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Theory vs. Real Life
- 10. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Uses of Ammonia • Fertilizer - Replaces nitrogen lost during plant growth • Nitrogen source - Ammonium nitrate, TNT, nitroglycerin • Water and waste water treatment - pH control, potable water delivery • Emission control - NOx control in sulfur-containing fuels
- 11. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Uses of Ammonia • Refrigerant - Industrial applications, cold temperatures • Cleaners and detergents - Commercial and household cleaners
- 12. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Ammonia Synthesis Process • Produced by naturally occurring organic processes and as a by-product of commercial non-natural processes. • Ammonia was first commercially produced in U.S. in 1880 as a by-product of destruction of coal to produce coke and coal gas. • The first direct synthesis of ammonia was developed in Germany in 1913 (Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch).
- 13. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Haber-Bosch Ammonia Synthesis
- 14. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Properties of Ammonia Chemical Properties • 4-Atom molecule - NH3 • Hazardous reactions • NFPA Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials (2001) Acetaldehyde Magnesium Perchlorate Acrolein Mercury Boron Nitric Acid Boron Trioxide Nitrogen Tetroxide Bromine Nitrogen Trifluoride Caloric Acid Nitryl Chloride Chlorine Oxygen Difluoride Chlorites Monoxide Phosphorous Pentoxide Chlorisilane Trifluoride Phosphorous Trioxide Chromic Anhydride Picric Acid Chromyl Chloride Potassium Ethylene Dichloride Potassium Chlorate Ethylene Oxide Potassium Ferricyanide Fluorine Potassium Mercuricyanide Gold Potassium Tricyanomercurate Hexachloromelamine Silver Hydrazide Silver Chloride Hydrogen Bromide Sodium Hypochlorous Acid Stilbene Iodine Sulfur Tellurium Trichloromelamine
- 15. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Properties of Ammonia • Boiling Point: -28.1ºF • Vapor Pressure: 93 psig @ 60ºF • Vapor Density: 0.60 • Solubility: Highly Soluble in Water • Color: Colorless gas and liquid • Smell: Extremely pungent odor
- 16. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Properties of Ammonia • Flammable Limits • LFL: 15-16% • UEL: 25-28% • Reactivity Data • Ammonia is considered stable • Water stream applied to liquid ammonia will increase vaporization
- 17. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Properties of Ammonia • Exposure Limits • PEL: 25/50 ppm • STEL: 35 ppm • Toxic Endpoint: 200 ppm • IDLH: 300 ppm
- 18. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Health Hazard Data • Major Exposure Hazards • Inhalation • Skin Contact • Eye Contact • Ingestion
- 19. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Health Hazard Data • Inhalation • Remove from exposure; seek fresh air. • Administer artificial respiration or oxygen if breathing has stopped. • Seek medical aid.
- 20. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Health Hazard Data • Skin Contact • Immediately flush with large quantities of water for at least 15 minutes. Do not remove clothing if frozen to skin. • Seek medical aid.
- 21. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Health Hazard Data • Eye Contact Flush with large quantities of water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical aid.
- 22. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Health Hazard Data • Ingestion Do not induce vomiting. Give 1–2 glasses of milk or water. Seek medical aid.
- 23. Providing Solutions. Simplifying Regulation. Questions? Resource Compliance www.resourcecompliance.com (559) 591-8898 pthomas@resourcecompliance.com
Editor's Notes
- As always thanks for joining us in this Resource Compliance online process safety training. If you have questions or comments about this training or the products and services that Resource Compliance offers, don’t hesitate to call us at 559-591-8898 or send us an email at admin@resourcecompliance.com. You can also visit our website www.resourcecompliance.com to find a bunch of great resources. Thanks again and have a great day!