This document discusses reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) in petrochemical wastewater. The objective is to reduce COD using hydrogen peroxide activated by two reagents: iron-catalyzed H2O2 (Fenton's reagent) and Al2(SO4)3-catalyzed H2O2. The methodology involves treating wastewater samples with different dosages of the reagents and hydrogen peroxide. Results show Fenton's reagent achieved 68-70% COD removal, while Al2(SO4)3 removal was not effective for COD but achieved up to 55% removal of total suspended solids.

1. MOHAMED SAAD BALA
KKE15010

2. Contents
1 • Introduction
2 • Problem Statement
3 • Objective of the research
4 • Scope of the study
5 • Littre Review
6 • Methodology
7 • Result Analysis
8 • Conclusion & Recommendation
9 • References

3. Introduction

4. Introduction
Nowadays modern societies have been consistently exposed to environmental pollution (e.g. due to toxic compounds);
due to by toxic compounds has been being gaining wider concern in modern developed society.
Generally, petroleum refineries generate these polluted wastewater containing contain approximately 150-250 mg/L
of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), 20-200 mg/L of phenol and 100-300 mg/L oil of (Al-Malack 2013).
There are many ways that can be used several applications to remove COD. In the current work, however, this
research will be focusing on using hydrogen peroxide to can reduce COD by direct oxidation (either complete or
partial) of wastewater components.
The performances of using use of iron-catalyzed H2O2 (i.e. Fenton's Reagent) and Al2(SO4)3 catalyzed H2O2 in
reducing the amount of COD are compared.

5. PROBLEM STATEMENT

6. Typical petrochemical effluents have significant concentrations of Elements such as suspended solids, organic matter, oil and
grease, sulphide, ammonia, phenols, benzene, hydrocarbons, and COD can be found in a typical petrochemical effluent (e.g.
wastewater), which would affect are very high which generated environmental pollutions by toxic compounds produced from
them( Fabio, Malamis, Katsou, & Vecchiato, 2013).
Industry wastewater is a serious problem as it is affecting the freshwater resources, human health, and agricultural productivity. The problem
is more critical in the civilian and industrial areas where rapid water quality deterioration has caused widespread water-borne diseases and
other recoverable damages to the environment.
Wastewater treatment is very general and being applied throughout the world. Efforts of reducing COD must be developed in order
to safeguard our environment. Here, this research Illustrates that reducing COD in petrochemical wastewater is an important
process where the increase of COD causes pollution in environmental.
Therefore, it is significant to reduce COD to keep a safe environment to beat this issue aqueous solutions of Fe(II)/H2O2 (also
known as the Fenton’s reagent), because it is was found to be environmentally safe, cost effective and easy to operate.
PROBLEMSTATEMENT

7. Objective of the research

8. Objective of the research
The aim of this research is to reduce COD in the petrochemical wastewater
by the activation of hydrogen peroxide using via two different reagents.

9. Scope of the study

10. Scope of the study
1. To determine the quality of petrochemical wastewater via parameters such as (COD, pH, and TSS)
contributed to petrochemical wastewater pollution.
2. To study the effects of different activation reagents (i.e. Fe2+, Al3+) used to treat the wastewater.
3. To compare several parameters to COD removals such as the effects of concentration/dosage of H2O2,
concentration, and dosages of Al2(SO4)3 and concentration and dosages of FeSO4 on the removal efficiency of
COD.
4. To compare percentage reduction of COD using Fe2+ and Al3+ as activation reagent.

11. Littre Review

12. Author Finding
Awaleh & Soubaneh 2014 The resulting flock with the adsorbed oil is then separated, followed by sludge thickening and sludge dewatering
Midhun et al. 2016 without coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation can remove only coarse suspended matter such as that observed this type of
sedimentation typically takes place in a reservoir or sedimentation/clarification tank at the beginning of the treatment process
Karadag et al. 2015 Adsorption occurs when the attractive forces at the carbon surface overcome the attractive forces of the liquid
Glaze et al. 1987 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are, in a broad sense, are a set of chemical treatment procedures adopted to remove
organic (or inorganic) materials in wastewater via oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl radicals (·OH) .
Mota et al. 2009 There are many methods that can be used to reduce the of pollutants from effluents
Augusto & Miyamoto
2011
H2O2 is one of the most powerful oxidizers.
Augusto & Miyamoto2011 . Fenton's chemistry uses hydrogen peroxides (H2O2) and iron salts where the effectiveness of H2O2 is improved by iron through
the generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals
Sax & DiMento 1974 Parameter Limit of Effluent Standard A and B

13. Methodology

14. Methodology
In this study, in general, the equipment was used for experimental and analysis was (pH, digital reactor block
(DRB200), DR 2800 portable spectrophotometer, the vacuum pump (300) and All-glass filtration assembly).

15. PH meter
The Mettler Toledo pH meter was used to
measure the pH value of the wastewater
sample.
Mettler Toledo pH meter

16. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was is
analyzed by using the HACH Method.
• The removal efficiency (% Removal)
was calculated from the following
formula:
•
• % Removal =
Co _𝑐
𝑐o
×100
DR2800 Spectrophotometer.Digital Reactor Block (DRB200)

17. Total suspended solids (TSS)
vacuum pump (300) and All-glass filtration
assembly.
Suspended solid is analyzed by using gravimetric method (APHA, 1985).
The TSS in the wastewater samples were calculated using the following
formula equations
g
mL
TSS =
WB _WA
Sample volume,mL
× 100
The removal efficiency (% Removal) was calculated from the following
formula:
% Removal =
TSSo _TSSt
TSSo
× 100

18. RESULTS &DISCUSSION

19. The characteristic of the industrial petrochemical wastewater
Parameter Units Petrochemical wastewater
effluent
Standard
A B
pH
pH 8.73 6.0 – 9.0 5.5 – 9.0
Chemical Oxygen Demand
mg/L 576 < 50 < 100
Suspended Solid
mg/L
0.011
< 50 < 100
Table 4.1
The characteristic of the industrial petrochemical wastewater

20. The percentage removal of COD and Suspended Solids for Fenton reagent on the
effect of dosages and for aluminium ion reagent on the effect of dosages.
Number (g) (mL) % Removal
Al3+ H2O2 pH COD TSS
1 0.5 1.4 7.12 - 55
2 0.5 1.6 7.08 - 55
3 0.5 1.8 7.06 - 18
1 0.5 1.65 4.46 - 82
2 0.7 1.65 4.46 - 64
3 1.1 1.65 3.87 - 45
4 1.3 1.65 3.77 - 65
Number (g) (mL) % Removal
Fe2+ H2O2 pH COD TSS
1 0.5 1.4 7.44 50 73
2 0.5 1.6 7.39 66 77
3 0.5 1.8 7.30 68 82
4 0.5 1.65 6.46 28 80
5 0.7 1.65 6.82 32 81
6 1.1 1.65 2.74 59 79
7 1.3 1.65 2.51 70 88
Fenton reagent on the effect of dosages Aluminium ion reagent on the effect of dosages
The experimental results are reported results of the research were shown in
Tables by using Fenton reagent, the range of percentages of removal of in the
effect of dosages in Fenton reagent was 68% and 70%,for COD and 82% and
88%,for TSS are respectively.
While the percentage removal in the effect of dosages by using Al3+ with different
dosage of H2O2 there was not the removal for COD as shown in the table .
However, the highest percentage of COD and TSS removal was 0 and 55%
respectively.

21. Effect of the amount of H2O2 for COD and TSS removal
47
64
67
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1.4 1.6 1.8
%RemovalCOD
H2O2 Dosages mL
73
77
82
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
1.4 1.6 1.8
%RemovalTSS
H2O2 Dosages mL

22. Effect of the amount of Fe2+ for COD and TSS
removal.
16
18
38
47
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.5 0.7 1.1 1.3
%RemovalCOD
Fe2+ Dosages g
80
81
79
88
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
0.5 0.7 1.1 1.3
%RemovalTSS
Fe2+ Dosages g

23. PICTURES OF SAMPLES
Original sample of petrochemical wastewater. Petrochemical Wastewater before Treatment. Petrochemical Wastewater after Treatment.

24. Conclusion & Recommendation

25. Conclusion
• Petrochemical wastewater can be treated effectively by various chemical treatment processes. This study has shown
that the Fenton process is an efficient method of treating petrochemical wastewater.
• From the results obtained, we can see the trend of the results in removing all the parameters is in between 70% until
88 %. The best dosage of Fenton reagent is when H2O2 = 1.65ml and Fe2+ = 1.3g and also found, this treatment.
• In overall, feasibility or effectiveness of this treatment was controlled by the activity of hydroxyl free radicals ions
(very strong oxidation agent) produce. Increasing the number of free radicals ions produce, increasing the ability of
Fenton reagent treatment to destroy large molecules of pollutants in the wastewater.

26. Recommendation
• I. This treatment can be used for treat another type of wastewater.
• II. Other parameters can be tested in the study the feasibility of this Fenton reagent.
• III. In order to achieve standard A and Standard B were outlined by the Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE),
another treatment must be done (chemical processes or other) after using this treatment.

27. References

28. References
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