Effluent Testing: Testing of BOD, COD, TOC and interpretation of results ,What is DO (dissolved oxygen)?,can we use my cod results to predict my bod?,BOD Test Procedures
Aseptic / sterile- “ A state of control attained by using an aseptic work area and performing activities in a manner that precludes microbiological contamination of the exposed sterile product”
Autoclave
Principle of Autoclave
Construction of Autoclave
Working of Autoclave
Qualification of Autoclave
Installation Qualification
Operational Qualification
Performance Qualification
References
Aseptic / sterile- “ A state of control attained by using an aseptic work area and performing activities in a manner that precludes microbiological contamination of the exposed sterile product”
Autoclave
Principle of Autoclave
Construction of Autoclave
Working of Autoclave
Qualification of Autoclave
Installation Qualification
Operational Qualification
Performance Qualification
References
Aseptic / sterile - “ A state of control attained by using an aseptic work area and performing activities in a manner that precludes microbiological contamination of the exposed sterile product”
Validation of aseptic process should be designed to provide assurance through appropriate testing that all phases and activities of the process remain sterile and it is controlled within the predetermined parameters.
Drug product, container, and closure are subject to sterilization separately, and then brought together.
Qualification of tablet compression machinePritam Kolge
Qualification of Tablet Compression Machine ...
This topic comes under Quality Control and Quality Assurance....
This is useful for M.Pharm (Pharaceutical Quality Assurance) Students who studying in First year sem II....
This Presentation Contain following...
#Introduction
#Design Qualification
#Installation Qualification
#Operational Qualification
#Performance Qualification
#Case Study
#Conclusion
#References
Thanks For Help and Guidance of Dr. Mrs. N. M. Bhatia Mam
In this slide contains Introduction, levels of cleaning, mechanism, sampling method of cleaning validation.
Presented by: P. VENKATESH (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Validation: Validation is a documented program that provides high degree of assurance that a specific process, method or system consistently produces a result meeting pre-determined acceptance criteria.
This presentation includes detail about cleaning levels,equipments for cleaning validation , steps for cleaning method validation and analytical method validation used for cleaning.
CLEANING VALIDATION for M.pharm and industry personabhishek pandey
YOU CAN EASY WAY TO UNDERSTAND A PROCESS AND ANLYTICAL METHOD OF CLEANING VALIDATION
Cleaning validation is the methodology used to assure that a cleaning process removes residues of the active pharmaceutical ingredients of the product manufactured in a piece of equipment, the cleaning aids utilized in the cleaning process and the microbial attributes.[1] All residues are removed to predetermined levels to ensure the quality of the next product manufactured is not compromised by waste from the previous product and the quality of future products using the equipment, to prevent cross-contamination and as a GMP requirement.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has strict regulation about the cleaning validation. For example, FDA requires firms to have written general procedures on how cleaning processes will be validated. Also, FDA expects the general validation procedures to address who is responsible for performing and approving the validation study, the acceptance criteria, and when revalidation will be required. FDA also require firms to conduct the validation studies in accordance with the protocols and to document the results of studies.The valuation of cleaning validation is also regulated strictly, which usually mainly covers the aspects of equipment design,cleaning process written, analytical methods and sampling. Each of these processes has their related strict rules and requirements. Regarding to the establishment of limits, FDA does not intend to set acceptance specifications or methods for determining whether a cleaning process is validated. But some limits that have been mentioned by industry include analytical detection levels such as 10 PPM, biological activity levels such as 1/1000 of the normal therapeutic dose and organoleptic levels.[2][3][4]
Cleaning Validation in the context of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient manufacture may be defined as: "The process of providing documented evidence that the cleaning methods employed within a facility consistently controls potential carryover of product (including intermediates and impurities), cleaning agents and extraneous material into subsequent product to a level which is below predetermined levels".
In this slide contains definition, validation plan, types of Qualification of Dry Powder Mixture.
Presented by: Ravi Sanker babu .D.V (Department of pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance).RIPER, anantapur
this presentation showsChemical oxygen demand (mg O2 / lit.) which is the amount of oxygen required for reacting with the organic (harmful) matter present in waste water, both soluble or insoluble (suspended) matters, producing CO2 and H2O. In this experiment, organic compounds are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water by a boiling acid dichromate solution
Materials
Waste water sample.
Distilled water.
Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7).
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Silver sulfate (Ag2SO4).
Mercuric sulfate (HgSO4).
and procedures
Take a sample of waste water (2.5 ml) in a standard test tube.
Add K2Cr2O7 (1.5 ml) to the above sample.
Add 3.5 ml of a solution containing H2SO4, Ag2SO4 and HgSO4 to the above mixture. This solution is known as "digestion solution" which is prepared by adding Ag2SO4 and HgSO4 to 1 kg of H2SO4.
Repeat the above procedure with a sample of distilled water (2.5 ml) in another test tube.
Heat the two test tubes in the reactor for 2 hrs. at a temperature of 150 ºC and after that leave them to cool.
Use the spectrophotometer to detect the COD (in mg/lit.) value for the waste water sample.
some notes
K2Cr2O7 is used as an oxidizing agent (source of oxygen needed to react with organic matters).
H2SO4 is a digesting agent which helps in decomposing the organic matters to be easily reacted with oxygen.
Ag2SO4 is used to reduce the volatility of the organic matters exist in the waste water sample and keep them in liquid phase. If those matters vaporized, the measured value of COD will be incorrect.
HgSO4 is used to avoid oxidation of 〖𝐶𝑙〗^− if it exists in wastewater as salt. This will lead to high misleading value of COD since 〖𝐶𝑙〗^− is oxidized by K2Cr2O7 into Cl2.
The distilled water sample is used as a blank sample which allows the calibration of the spectrophotometer. The COD value for this sample is zero.
also shows Biological oxygen demand (mg O2 / lit.) is the amount of oxygen required to be used up by bacteria so as to decompose the waste matters in a liter of wastewater. This test may need at least 3 months to be finished: the standard test defines it as BOD5 as it is performed within 5 days only. During those 5 days, about 70 – 80% of degradation is achieved.
In the COD test we completely oxidize the wastes, whether biodegradable (i.e. can be decomposed by bacteria) or non – biodegradable.
In the BOD test we oxidize the biodegradable wastes only.
Determination of the BOD5 of undiluted samples of sewage containing high levels of industrial pollutants may be considerably impaired(damaged) by the presence of inhibitors or toxic substances. Measurements can only be carried out after the sample has been diluted with dilution water that contains a sufficient amount of nutrients and microorganisms in order to reduce the interfering substances to an acceptable level.
Determination of the BOD5 of undiluted samples of sewage containing high levels of industrial pollutants may be considerably impaired(damaged) by the presence of CO
Aseptic / sterile - “ A state of control attained by using an aseptic work area and performing activities in a manner that precludes microbiological contamination of the exposed sterile product”
Validation of aseptic process should be designed to provide assurance through appropriate testing that all phases and activities of the process remain sterile and it is controlled within the predetermined parameters.
Drug product, container, and closure are subject to sterilization separately, and then brought together.
Qualification of tablet compression machinePritam Kolge
Qualification of Tablet Compression Machine ...
This topic comes under Quality Control and Quality Assurance....
This is useful for M.Pharm (Pharaceutical Quality Assurance) Students who studying in First year sem II....
This Presentation Contain following...
#Introduction
#Design Qualification
#Installation Qualification
#Operational Qualification
#Performance Qualification
#Case Study
#Conclusion
#References
Thanks For Help and Guidance of Dr. Mrs. N. M. Bhatia Mam
In this slide contains Introduction, levels of cleaning, mechanism, sampling method of cleaning validation.
Presented by: P. VENKATESH (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Validation: Validation is a documented program that provides high degree of assurance that a specific process, method or system consistently produces a result meeting pre-determined acceptance criteria.
This presentation includes detail about cleaning levels,equipments for cleaning validation , steps for cleaning method validation and analytical method validation used for cleaning.
CLEANING VALIDATION for M.pharm and industry personabhishek pandey
YOU CAN EASY WAY TO UNDERSTAND A PROCESS AND ANLYTICAL METHOD OF CLEANING VALIDATION
Cleaning validation is the methodology used to assure that a cleaning process removes residues of the active pharmaceutical ingredients of the product manufactured in a piece of equipment, the cleaning aids utilized in the cleaning process and the microbial attributes.[1] All residues are removed to predetermined levels to ensure the quality of the next product manufactured is not compromised by waste from the previous product and the quality of future products using the equipment, to prevent cross-contamination and as a GMP requirement.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has strict regulation about the cleaning validation. For example, FDA requires firms to have written general procedures on how cleaning processes will be validated. Also, FDA expects the general validation procedures to address who is responsible for performing and approving the validation study, the acceptance criteria, and when revalidation will be required. FDA also require firms to conduct the validation studies in accordance with the protocols and to document the results of studies.The valuation of cleaning validation is also regulated strictly, which usually mainly covers the aspects of equipment design,cleaning process written, analytical methods and sampling. Each of these processes has their related strict rules and requirements. Regarding to the establishment of limits, FDA does not intend to set acceptance specifications or methods for determining whether a cleaning process is validated. But some limits that have been mentioned by industry include analytical detection levels such as 10 PPM, biological activity levels such as 1/1000 of the normal therapeutic dose and organoleptic levels.[2][3][4]
Cleaning Validation in the context of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient manufacture may be defined as: "The process of providing documented evidence that the cleaning methods employed within a facility consistently controls potential carryover of product (including intermediates and impurities), cleaning agents and extraneous material into subsequent product to a level which is below predetermined levels".
In this slide contains definition, validation plan, types of Qualification of Dry Powder Mixture.
Presented by: Ravi Sanker babu .D.V (Department of pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance).RIPER, anantapur
this presentation showsChemical oxygen demand (mg O2 / lit.) which is the amount of oxygen required for reacting with the organic (harmful) matter present in waste water, both soluble or insoluble (suspended) matters, producing CO2 and H2O. In this experiment, organic compounds are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water by a boiling acid dichromate solution
Materials
Waste water sample.
Distilled water.
Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7).
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Silver sulfate (Ag2SO4).
Mercuric sulfate (HgSO4).
and procedures
Take a sample of waste water (2.5 ml) in a standard test tube.
Add K2Cr2O7 (1.5 ml) to the above sample.
Add 3.5 ml of a solution containing H2SO4, Ag2SO4 and HgSO4 to the above mixture. This solution is known as "digestion solution" which is prepared by adding Ag2SO4 and HgSO4 to 1 kg of H2SO4.
Repeat the above procedure with a sample of distilled water (2.5 ml) in another test tube.
Heat the two test tubes in the reactor for 2 hrs. at a temperature of 150 ºC and after that leave them to cool.
Use the spectrophotometer to detect the COD (in mg/lit.) value for the waste water sample.
some notes
K2Cr2O7 is used as an oxidizing agent (source of oxygen needed to react with organic matters).
H2SO4 is a digesting agent which helps in decomposing the organic matters to be easily reacted with oxygen.
Ag2SO4 is used to reduce the volatility of the organic matters exist in the waste water sample and keep them in liquid phase. If those matters vaporized, the measured value of COD will be incorrect.
HgSO4 is used to avoid oxidation of 〖𝐶𝑙〗^− if it exists in wastewater as salt. This will lead to high misleading value of COD since 〖𝐶𝑙〗^− is oxidized by K2Cr2O7 into Cl2.
The distilled water sample is used as a blank sample which allows the calibration of the spectrophotometer. The COD value for this sample is zero.
also shows Biological oxygen demand (mg O2 / lit.) is the amount of oxygen required to be used up by bacteria so as to decompose the waste matters in a liter of wastewater. This test may need at least 3 months to be finished: the standard test defines it as BOD5 as it is performed within 5 days only. During those 5 days, about 70 – 80% of degradation is achieved.
In the COD test we completely oxidize the wastes, whether biodegradable (i.e. can be decomposed by bacteria) or non – biodegradable.
In the BOD test we oxidize the biodegradable wastes only.
Determination of the BOD5 of undiluted samples of sewage containing high levels of industrial pollutants may be considerably impaired(damaged) by the presence of inhibitors or toxic substances. Measurements can only be carried out after the sample has been diluted with dilution water that contains a sufficient amount of nutrients and microorganisms in order to reduce the interfering substances to an acceptable level.
Determination of the BOD5 of undiluted samples of sewage containing high levels of industrial pollutants may be considerably impaired(damaged) by the presence of CO
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Analysis BOD is an important parameter in identifying the extend of pollution in a water body. This presentation explains the various methods of BOD analysis as per the APHA manual
02 Characterization and Primary Treatment of Sewageakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
Styles of printing; Printing thickeners including synthetic thickeners; Printing auxiliaries; Printing of cotton with reactive dyes, wool, silk, nylon with acid and metal complex dyes, Printing of polyester with disperse dyes; Pigment printing; Resist and discharge printing of cotton, silk and polyester; Transfer printing of polyester; Inkjet printing.
Mechanical finishing of cotton. Stiff, soft, wrinkle resistant, water repellent, flame retardant and enzyme (bio-polishing) finishing of cotton; Milling, decatizing and shrink resistant finishing of wool; Antistatic and soil release finishing; Heat setting of synthetic fabrics; Minimum application techniques; Pollution control and treatment of effluents.
Classification of dyes; Dyeing of cotton, wool, silk, polyester, nylon and acrylic with appropriate dye classes; Dyeing of polyester/cotton and polyester/wool blends; Dyeing machines; Dyeing of cotton knitted fabrics and machines used; Dye fibre interaction; Introduction to thermodynamics and kinetics of dyeing; Methods for determination of wash, light and rubbing fastness.
Pretreatment ,Impurities in natural fibre; Chemistry and practice of preparatory processes for cotton, wool and silk; Mercerization of cotton; Preparatory processes for manmade fibres and their blends,Carbonization ,Scouring barium acitivity number .
Textile Testing ,Reasons for Textile Testing,Different types of Textile Testing
(on the basis of sample),Standardization B Of Testing,Variation caused by the test methodway to minimize the variability ,NATIONAL STANDARDS
importance of fibre finess,influences of fibre finess ,effect on stiffness , effect on torsional rigidity, reflection of light , dye absoprtion, method of measurement ,gravimetric method, micronaire
Basically this presentation only contains secondary motion in loom i.e the let-off motion in loom and the take -up motion in loom and it also contains anti crack motion in loom .
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Governing Equations for Fundamental Aerodynamics_Anderson2010.pdf
Effluent testing
1. Effluent Testing: Testing of BOD,
COD, TOC and interpretation of
results
for more information visit:-
http://www.textilerun.blogspot.com/
2. BOD (biochemical oxygen demand)
• BOD is the traditional, most widely used test to establish concentration of
organic matter in wastewater samples (i.e., relative strength).
• BOD is based on the principle that if sufficient oxygen is available, aerobic
biological decomposition (i.e., stabilization of organic waste) by
microorganisms will continue until all waste is consumed.
• The BOD test is also known as "BOD5" since it is based on the accurate
measure of DO (dissolved oxygen) at the beginning and end of a five-day
period in which the sample is held in dark, incubated conditions (i.e., 20°C or
68°F).
for more information visit:-
http://www.textilerun.blogspot.com/
3. •The change in DO concentration over five days represents the "oxygen
demand" for respiration by the aerobic biological microorganisms in the
sample.
•The five-day completion window is an inherent disadvantage of the test
because wastewater treatment system personnel cannot use it to make real-
time operational adjustments.
•An extended UBOD (ultimate BOD) test that measures oxygen consumption
after 60 days or more is sometimes required in wastewater permits.
for more information visit:-
http://www.textilerun.blogspot.com/
4. BOD Test Procedures
• To ensure proper biological activity during the BOD test, a
wastewater sample:
– Must be free of chlorine. If chlorine is present in the sample, a
dechlorination chemical (e.g, sodium sulfite) must be added prior to
testing.
– Needs to be in the pH range of 6.5-7.5 S.U. If the sample is outside this
range, then acid or base must be added as needed.
– Needs to have an existing adequate microbiological population. If the
microbial population is inadequate or unknown, a "seed" solution of
bacteria is added along with an essential nutrient buffer solution that
ensures bacteria population vitality.
for more information visit:-
http://www.textilerun.blogspot.com/
5. • Specialized 300 mL BOD bottles designed to allow full filling with no air space
and provide an airtight seal are used.
• The bottles are filled with the sample to be tested or dilution (distilled or
deionized) water and various amounts of the wastewater sample are added to
reflect different dilutions.
• At least one bottle is filled only with dilution water as a control or "blank."
• A DO meter is used to measure the initial dissolved oxygen concentration
(mg/L) in each bottle, which should be a least 8.0 mg/L. Each bottle in then
placed into a dark incubator at 20°C for five days.
for more information visit:-
http://www.textilerun.blogspot.com/
6. • After five days (± 3 hours) the DO meter is used again to measure a final
dissolved oxygen concentration (mg/L), which ideally will be a reduction
of at least 4.0 mg/L.
• The final DO reading is then subtracted from the initial DO reading and
the result is the BOD concentration (mg/L).
• If the wastewater sample required dilution, the BOD concentration
reading is multiplied by the dilution factor.
for more information visit:-
http://www.textilerun.blogspot.com/
7. What is DO (dissolved oxygen)?
• As the name implies, a DO test measures the concentration of oxygen
dissolved in a water or wastewater sample.
• DO measurement most often takes place using an electronic meter fitted with
a specialized DO probe.
• The concentration of DO in a water sample is significantly influenced by:
– Temperature: As water temperature increases, DO decreases (i.e., as
water gets warmer, it holds less oxygen) (Table 2).
– Salinity: As water salinity increases, DO decreases (i.e., as water gets
saltier, it holds less oxygen).
– Atmospheric Pressure: As pressure increases, DO also increases (i.e.,
water holds less oxygen as you increase altitude).
for more information visit:-
http://www.textilerun.blogspot.com/
8. COD (chemical oxygen demand)
• COD is the most popular alternative test to BOD for establishing the
concentration of organic matter in wastewater samples.
• The COD test only takes a few hours to complete, giving it a major
advantage over the 5-day BOD test.
• COD can test wastewater that is too toxic for the BOD test.
• The COD test should be considered an independent measure of the organic
matter in a wastewater sample rather than a substitute for the BOD test.
for more information visit:-
http://www.textilerun.blogspot.com/
9. • The COD test uses a chemical (potassium dichromate in a 50% sulfuric acid
solution) that “oxidizes” both organic (predominate) and inorganic substances
in a wastewater sample, which results in a higher COD concentration than
BOD concentration for the same wastewater sample since only organic
compounds are consumed during BOD testing.
• The most popular current testing method for COD involves using sealed and
heated (i.e., closed reflux) low-range (3-150 ppm) or high-range (20-1500
ppm) pre-prepared vials that change color from orange to green based on
the amount of oxidation and that are read using a laboratory colorimeter
for more information visit:-
http://www.textilerun.blogspot.com/
10. COD Test Procedures
• Prior to completing the COD test, a series of known standards are prepared using
KHP (potassium hydrogen phthalate).
• Most wastewater samples will fall in the high range, so standards of 100, 250, 500
and 1000 mg/L are typically prepared. COD standards can also be purchased.
• A COD reactor/heating (150°C) block and a colorimeter are TURNED ON so that
both instruments are allowed to stabilize.
• Pre-prepared low-range (3-50 ppm) or high-range (20-1500 ppm) vials are
selected for the COD test based on expected results. Both ranges can be used if
expected results are unknown.
for more information visit:-
http://www.textilerun.blogspot.com/
11. • One vial is marked as a “blank,” and three or four vials are marked with known
standard levels.
• Two vials are then marked for the wastewater sample to make a duplicate run.
Note: If multiple wastewater samples are being run, at least 10% of samples are
duplicated.
• 2 mL of liquid are added to each vial.
• In the case of the “blank,” 2 mL of DI water are added. 2 mL of each standard are
added to the corresponding vials.
• If the wastewater sample is tested at full strength, then 2 mL is added to the
corresponding vial.
• If dilution is required, then serial dilutions are performed and 2 mL of the diluted
sample are added to the corresponding vial.
• Each vial is mixed well and placed into the reactor block for two hours. After two
hours, the vials are removed from the block to a cooling rack for about 15
minutes.
12. • The colorimeter is set and calibrated per the specific instructions for that
unit (i.e., proper wavelength, blank and standards) and each vial is placed
in the unit and the COD concentration read.
• If the sample was diluted, the corresponding multiplication is made
for more information visit:-
http://www.textilerun.blogspot.com/
13. Can we use my COD results to predict my
BOD?
• YES. Although COD should be considered an independent test from BOD,
and will generate a higher concentration reading than BOD for a particular
wastewater sample, it is generally accepted that COD and BOD share an
empirical relationship. Extensive observation of the COD and BOD levels on
the same wastewater has shown that the COD to BOD ratio of a particular
wastewater will remain constant over time.
• For example, food processing wastewater will generally have a COD:BOD
ratio of ~2:1, while textile wastewater that can contain dyes will often have
a much higher COD:BOD ratio of ~5:1.
• To establish the COD:BOD ratio for your wastewater, simply have both COD
and BOD run on several wastewater samples. Divide the COD concentration
by the BOD concentration for each sample and average the results
for more information visit:-
http://www.textilerun.blogspot.com/
14. WARNING! COD…Hazardous Waste
• Along with the potassium dichromate in 50% sulfuric acid solution, pre-
prepared COD vials also contain silver sulfate as a catalyst and mercuric
sulfate to eliminate chloride interference.
• Thus, COD vials are considered HAZARDOUS WASTE and must be handled and
disposed of in an approved manner.
Do Not Dispose of COD Vial Contents Down the Drain!
• Most pre-prepared COD vial vendors will have a return policy for used COD vials
so that used vials can be returned to the vendor sealed in the original
containers for proper disposal.
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15. TOC (TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON)
• Total organic carbon (TOC) is the amount of carbon found in an organic
compound and is often used as a non-specific indicator of water
quality or cleanliness of pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment.
• The TOC test is gaining popularity because it only takes 5-10 minutes to
complete.
• Like COD, the TOC test can be used to rapidly estimate BOD concentration
once a consistent TOC to BOD ratio is established on a particular
wastewater stream.
• At the heart of the TOC test is a carbon analyzing instrument that
measures the total organic carbon in a wastewater sample.
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16. • Various heat and oxygen, ultraviolet radiation and
chemical oxidant-based methods are available to
measure TOC.
• In the TOC test, organic carbon is converted to carbon
dioxide (CO2) and typically measured with an infrared
analyzer.
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17. TOC Test Procedures
• TOC test procedures are relatively simple and straight-forward, but are specific to
the type of carbon-analyzing instrument utilized in the laboratory.
• Thus, no “typical” TOC procedure exists.
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18. How is Total Organic Carbon Measured?
• TOC is measured at very different concentrations in a very wide range of
systems. Levels vary widely within each type, but, broadly, they range from
sub-ppb levels in ultra-pure water for laboratory and microelectronic
applications up to hundreds of ppm in effluents and process streams.
• For many of these systems, the TOC alone does not provide enough
information.
• The carbon-containing compounds can be present in different forms and the
proportions of each can be critical.
• A breakdown of some of these divisions is shown in the diagram.
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20. • Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is generally taken as that which will pass
through a 0.45um filter.
• Large particle size TOC is classified as particulate or non-dissolved
(NDOC). About 50 to 75% of DOC in natural waters is in the form of
polymeric organic acids - fulvic and humic acids.
• About 10% of the TOC is in colloids, mainly humic acids and various
minerals.
• A further 10 to 20% are small molecules from the decomposition of
organic matter.
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