it include circulation, cardiac cycle and changes occure in different phase. blood pressure and its regulation. cardiac output and factor affectiing it. Normal Echocardiography and its study.
The document discusses cardiac muscle and the physiology of the heart. It describes the structure of cardiac muscle including specialized excitatory and conductive fibers. It explains the cardiac muscle action potential and how it differs from other muscles. The cardiac cycle and its components are outlined including atrial and ventricular systole and diastole. The roles of preload and afterload on heart function are introduced.
The document defines the heart and describes its location in the chest behind the breastbone. It explains that the heart is a muscular pump that circulates blood through the body, carrying oxygen and nutrients and removing waste. The heart has two sides, with the right side pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the left side pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. The document then discusses the physiological functions of the heart in pumping and regulating blood flow, as well as the typical sounds of a healthy heart and abnormal heart sounds called murmurs.
1) The heart has four chambers and uses electrical signals to coordinate contractions that pump blood through two circuits.
2) The sinoatrial node initiates electrical impulses that spread through the heart, causing atria to contract before ventricles.
3) Cardiac output depends on heart rate, preload, afterload and contractility and is regulated by nervous and hormonal factors.
The cardiac cycle refers to the repeating sequence of events that occur with each heartbeat, from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next. The cardiac cycle involves both atrial and ventricular contraction (systole) followed by relaxation (diastole). There are three main stages: 1) atrial systole, where the atria contract; 2) ventricular systole, where the ventricles contract; and 3) complete cardiac diastole, where both the atria and ventricles relax. The cycle allows for blood to flow through the heart and into the arteries with each heartbeat.
The document discusses cardiac muscle and the physiology of the heart. It describes the structure of cardiac muscle including specialized excitatory and conductive fibers. It explains the cardiac muscle action potential and how it differs from other muscles. The cardiac cycle and its components are outlined including atrial and ventricular systole and diastole. The roles of preload and afterload on heart function are introduced.
1. The heart can pump 4-7 times more blood during exercise compared to rest.
2. Cardiac output is regulated by factors like blood volume, autonomic nervous system, ions, and temperature.
3. The Frank-Starling mechanism allows the heart to intrinsically pump more blood in response to increased blood volume returning to the heart.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. A muscular fiber is also called a muscle cell. It contains myofibrils which are bundles of actin and myosin filaments. A sarcomere is the basic contractile unit along the myofibril, defined as the region between two Z-lines.
2. Muscle fiber shortening occurs via the sliding filament model. During muscle contraction, the heads of myosin cross-bridge with and pull on the actin filaments, drawing the Z-lines closer together and shortening the sarcomere. Many sarcomeres shortening leads to shortening of the entire muscle fiber.
3. The Starling's law states that the greater
The document discusses cardiac output, venous return, and their regulation. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Cardiac output is determined by the heart rate and stroke volume, and is equal to the total amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute. Venous return is the total blood flow returning to the right atrium from the veins each minute.
2. Cardiac output is regulated by factors that influence venous return such as blood volume, heart rate, contractility, and metabolic rate. The Frank-Starling mechanism states that the heart pumps all the blood that returns to it via the veins.
3. Pathologically, high cardiac output can result from reduced peripheral resistance from conditions like anemia
The document discusses cardiac muscle and the physiology of the heart. It describes the structure of cardiac muscle including specialized excitatory and conductive fibers. It explains the cardiac muscle action potential and how it differs from other muscles. The cardiac cycle and its components are outlined including atrial and ventricular systole and diastole. The roles of preload and afterload on heart function are introduced.
The document defines the heart and describes its location in the chest behind the breastbone. It explains that the heart is a muscular pump that circulates blood through the body, carrying oxygen and nutrients and removing waste. The heart has two sides, with the right side pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the left side pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. The document then discusses the physiological functions of the heart in pumping and regulating blood flow, as well as the typical sounds of a healthy heart and abnormal heart sounds called murmurs.
1) The heart has four chambers and uses electrical signals to coordinate contractions that pump blood through two circuits.
2) The sinoatrial node initiates electrical impulses that spread through the heart, causing atria to contract before ventricles.
3) Cardiac output depends on heart rate, preload, afterload and contractility and is regulated by nervous and hormonal factors.
The cardiac cycle refers to the repeating sequence of events that occur with each heartbeat, from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next. The cardiac cycle involves both atrial and ventricular contraction (systole) followed by relaxation (diastole). There are three main stages: 1) atrial systole, where the atria contract; 2) ventricular systole, where the ventricles contract; and 3) complete cardiac diastole, where both the atria and ventricles relax. The cycle allows for blood to flow through the heart and into the arteries with each heartbeat.
The document discusses cardiac muscle and the physiology of the heart. It describes the structure of cardiac muscle including specialized excitatory and conductive fibers. It explains the cardiac muscle action potential and how it differs from other muscles. The cardiac cycle and its components are outlined including atrial and ventricular systole and diastole. The roles of preload and afterload on heart function are introduced.
1. The heart can pump 4-7 times more blood during exercise compared to rest.
2. Cardiac output is regulated by factors like blood volume, autonomic nervous system, ions, and temperature.
3. The Frank-Starling mechanism allows the heart to intrinsically pump more blood in response to increased blood volume returning to the heart.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. A muscular fiber is also called a muscle cell. It contains myofibrils which are bundles of actin and myosin filaments. A sarcomere is the basic contractile unit along the myofibril, defined as the region between two Z-lines.
2. Muscle fiber shortening occurs via the sliding filament model. During muscle contraction, the heads of myosin cross-bridge with and pull on the actin filaments, drawing the Z-lines closer together and shortening the sarcomere. Many sarcomeres shortening leads to shortening of the entire muscle fiber.
3. The Starling's law states that the greater
The document discusses cardiac output, venous return, and their regulation. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Cardiac output is determined by the heart rate and stroke volume, and is equal to the total amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute. Venous return is the total blood flow returning to the right atrium from the veins each minute.
2. Cardiac output is regulated by factors that influence venous return such as blood volume, heart rate, contractility, and metabolic rate. The Frank-Starling mechanism states that the heart pumps all the blood that returns to it via the veins.
3. Pathologically, high cardiac output can result from reduced peripheral resistance from conditions like anemia
The document summarizes key aspects of heart physiology:
1. The heart generates blood pressure, routes blood flow through two circuits (pulmonary and systemic), and ensures one-way blood flow through valves.
2. The left side of the heart is more muscular to pump blood throughout the body. Valves prevent backflow of blood.
3. Cardiac muscle contracts as a unit through a conduction system including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Purkinje fibers.
4. An electrocardiogram records the heart's electrical activity and can indicate damage or abnormalities.
2. cardiac cycle and heart rate (dental)YousefZakaria
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events that occur with each heartbeat. It includes atrial systole, ventricular systole, and ventricular diastole. Atrial systole involves atrial contraction and pumping of blood into the ventricles. Ventricular systole has three phases: isometric contraction, ejection of blood from the ventricles, and reduced ejection. Ventricular diastole also has three phases: isometric relaxation, rapid filling of the ventricles, and reduced filling. The average duration of the cardiac cycle is 0.8 seconds.
Cardiac output is defined as the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute and is regulated intrinsically by factors affecting preload and afterload as well as extrinsically by the autonomic nervous system and hormones. Venous return is a primary extrinsic regulator of cardiac output, increasing stretch of cardiac muscles and stimulating an increase in heart rate. A combination of preload, contractility, afterload and heart rate determine cardiac output under normal resting conditions and during physical activity.
The document summarizes key aspects of cardiac physiology, including:
- The functions of the heart in generating blood pressure, routing blood flow, ensuring one-way flow, and regulating blood supply.
- The cardiac cycle and its phases of isovolumic contraction, ejection, isovolumic relaxation, and diastole.
- Factors that affect cardiac output including venous return, heart rate, contractility, and peripheral resistance.
- Key reflexes that regulate cardiac function such as the baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, and Bezold-Jarisch reflexes.
The document discusses the cardiac cycle, cardiac blood flow, and the intrinsic conduction system of the heart. It explains that the sinoatrial node initiates impulses that travel through the atrioventricular node and bundle of His to stimulate ventricular contraction. It also reviews factors that influence stroke volume and cardiac output, such as preload, contractility, and the autonomic nervous system.
FULL WEB Interactive version
http://www.scribd.com/doc/182401977/Physiologic-and-Pathophysiologic-Function-of-the-Heart-Cardiac-Cycle-Graphs-Curves-Loops-and-CO-Calculations
Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. The average cardiac output is 5000 ml/minute. Cardiac output can vary based on activity level and is regulated by factors like heart rate, contractility, blood volume, and venous return. An increase in any of these factors can increase cardiac output, while a decrease can lower cardiac output. Pathologically, cardiac output can be too high due to conditions like beriberi that reduce peripheral resistance, or too low due to issues that decrease venous return or heart pumping effectiveness.
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Normal cardiac output is 5 liters per minute. Cardiac output is regulated by factors that influence stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume depends on end diastolic volume and end systolic volume. Heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, including the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, as well as the vasomotor center in the medulla. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate while sympathetic stimulation increases it.
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle with each beat. Factors that affect cardiac output include body metabolism, exercise level, age, and body size. Cardiac output increases with exercise and decreases with age. It is tightly regulated to meet the metabolic demands of the body's tissues.
HEART RATE
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER – CARDIAC CENTER
MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE FIBERS TO HEART
FACTORS AFFECTING VASOMOTOR CENTER
for all medical & health care students
The document discusses the cardiac cycle and its various phases. It describes that the cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole. Systole is the contraction phase where the ventricles pump blood out, while diastole is the relaxation phase where the ventricles fill with blood. The cycle is further divided into atrial and ventricular events. Each phase of the cardiac cycle is defined along with its duration and significance in the overall heart function.
The document summarizes regulation of heart pumping and control of the heart rate. It discusses the Frank-Starling law where the volume of blood ejected depends on the volume present in the ventricle at the end of diastole. It also describes control of the heart by the autonomic nervous system, with the sympathetic nervous system increasing heart rate and contractility and the parasympathetic nervous system decreasing heart rate. The normal electrocardiogram waveform is also summarized.
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in one heartbeat. It begins with spontaneous generation of an action potential in the sinus node which then spreads to the atria and ventricles. Each cycle consists of a diastolic phase where the heart relaxes and fills with blood, followed by a systolic phase where the heart contracts and pumps blood out. Key events include atrial systole, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, reduced ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, and rapid ventricular filling. The cycle repeats with each heartbeat to circulate blood through the body.
Short-term regulation of blood pressure involves nervous and chemical mechanisms that act within seconds or minutes to control blood pressure. The nervous system regulates blood pressure by changing blood vessel diameter and heart rate through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch detect changes in blood pressure and stimulate reflex responses to return blood pressure to normal levels. Chemoreceptors sense oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and stimulate responses to maintain proper gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. If blood pressure drops severely, the brain triggers a central nervous system ischemic response to rapidly constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure.
The heart functions to pump blood throughout the body via two circulatory systems - pulmonary and systemic. It generates blood pressure and ensures one-way blood flow. Cardiac output, the amount of blood pumped, is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Intrinsic factors like the Frank-Starling mechanism and extrinsic neural and hormonal controls regulate cardiac output in response to the body's changing needs.
Cardiac output by Dr. Amruta Nitin Kumbhar Assistant Professor, Dept. of Phys...Physiology Dept
Definition of cardiac output and related terms
Measurement of cardiac output
Variations in cardiac output
Regulation of cardiac output
Cardiac output control mechanisms
Role of heart rate in control of cardiac output
Integrated control of cardiac output
Heart–lung preparation
The document summarizes the conduction system of the heart and the cardiac cycle. It discusses the following key points:
1. The heart's conduction system originates in specialized cardiac muscle cells called autorhythmic cells, which generate electrical impulses to initiate and coordinate heart contractions. The main structures of the conduction system are the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.
2. The cardiac cycle involves coordinated contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles. It begins with depolarization of the sinoatrial node, followed by atrial contraction, ventricular depolarization through the conduction system, ventricular contraction, and finally relaxation of both chambers.
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. Cardiac output can vary depending on the body's activity level and is regulated by factors that influence heart rate and stroke volume. The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that increased venous return leads to increased stretch of the heart muscle and increased force of contraction, resulting in higher stroke volume and cardiac output.
“Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute.”
Cardiac output is the function of heart rate and stroke volume.
STROKE VOLUME:
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one compression is called the stroke volume.
Heart Rate
The cardiac output increases with the increase in heart rate.
The document discusses types of heart activity self-regulation. It describes heterometric autoregulation, including the Frank-Starling law where stroke volume increases with end diastolic volume. It also describes homeometric autoregulation, including the Bowditch effect where contractility increases with heart rate, and the Anrep effect where contractility increases with afterload. Both heterometric and homeometric autoregulation allow the heart to adapt its function to changes in preload and afterload.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the anatomy and physiology of the heart and blood vessels. It discusses the chambers of the heart, valves, coronary circulation, conduction system, and nerve supply. It also covers measurements of various pressures like mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and pulmonary artery pressure. Other topics include cardiac output, stroke volume, contractility, and the determinants of cardiac performance. Graphs of the cardiac cycle and Wigger's diagram are presented showing the mechanical events in systole and diastole.
The document summarizes key aspects of heart physiology:
1. The heart generates blood pressure, routes blood flow through two circuits (pulmonary and systemic), and ensures one-way blood flow through valves.
2. The left side of the heart is more muscular to pump blood throughout the body. Valves prevent backflow of blood.
3. Cardiac muscle contracts as a unit through a conduction system including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Purkinje fibers.
4. An electrocardiogram records the heart's electrical activity and can indicate damage or abnormalities.
2. cardiac cycle and heart rate (dental)YousefZakaria
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events that occur with each heartbeat. It includes atrial systole, ventricular systole, and ventricular diastole. Atrial systole involves atrial contraction and pumping of blood into the ventricles. Ventricular systole has three phases: isometric contraction, ejection of blood from the ventricles, and reduced ejection. Ventricular diastole also has three phases: isometric relaxation, rapid filling of the ventricles, and reduced filling. The average duration of the cardiac cycle is 0.8 seconds.
Cardiac output is defined as the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute and is regulated intrinsically by factors affecting preload and afterload as well as extrinsically by the autonomic nervous system and hormones. Venous return is a primary extrinsic regulator of cardiac output, increasing stretch of cardiac muscles and stimulating an increase in heart rate. A combination of preload, contractility, afterload and heart rate determine cardiac output under normal resting conditions and during physical activity.
The document summarizes key aspects of cardiac physiology, including:
- The functions of the heart in generating blood pressure, routing blood flow, ensuring one-way flow, and regulating blood supply.
- The cardiac cycle and its phases of isovolumic contraction, ejection, isovolumic relaxation, and diastole.
- Factors that affect cardiac output including venous return, heart rate, contractility, and peripheral resistance.
- Key reflexes that regulate cardiac function such as the baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, and Bezold-Jarisch reflexes.
The document discusses the cardiac cycle, cardiac blood flow, and the intrinsic conduction system of the heart. It explains that the sinoatrial node initiates impulses that travel through the atrioventricular node and bundle of His to stimulate ventricular contraction. It also reviews factors that influence stroke volume and cardiac output, such as preload, contractility, and the autonomic nervous system.
FULL WEB Interactive version
http://www.scribd.com/doc/182401977/Physiologic-and-Pathophysiologic-Function-of-the-Heart-Cardiac-Cycle-Graphs-Curves-Loops-and-CO-Calculations
Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. The average cardiac output is 5000 ml/minute. Cardiac output can vary based on activity level and is regulated by factors like heart rate, contractility, blood volume, and venous return. An increase in any of these factors can increase cardiac output, while a decrease can lower cardiac output. Pathologically, cardiac output can be too high due to conditions like beriberi that reduce peripheral resistance, or too low due to issues that decrease venous return or heart pumping effectiveness.
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Normal cardiac output is 5 liters per minute. Cardiac output is regulated by factors that influence stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume depends on end diastolic volume and end systolic volume. Heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, including the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, as well as the vasomotor center in the medulla. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate while sympathetic stimulation increases it.
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle with each beat. Factors that affect cardiac output include body metabolism, exercise level, age, and body size. Cardiac output increases with exercise and decreases with age. It is tightly regulated to meet the metabolic demands of the body's tissues.
HEART RATE
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER – CARDIAC CENTER
MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE FIBERS TO HEART
FACTORS AFFECTING VASOMOTOR CENTER
for all medical & health care students
The document discusses the cardiac cycle and its various phases. It describes that the cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole. Systole is the contraction phase where the ventricles pump blood out, while diastole is the relaxation phase where the ventricles fill with blood. The cycle is further divided into atrial and ventricular events. Each phase of the cardiac cycle is defined along with its duration and significance in the overall heart function.
The document summarizes regulation of heart pumping and control of the heart rate. It discusses the Frank-Starling law where the volume of blood ejected depends on the volume present in the ventricle at the end of diastole. It also describes control of the heart by the autonomic nervous system, with the sympathetic nervous system increasing heart rate and contractility and the parasympathetic nervous system decreasing heart rate. The normal electrocardiogram waveform is also summarized.
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in one heartbeat. It begins with spontaneous generation of an action potential in the sinus node which then spreads to the atria and ventricles. Each cycle consists of a diastolic phase where the heart relaxes and fills with blood, followed by a systolic phase where the heart contracts and pumps blood out. Key events include atrial systole, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, reduced ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, and rapid ventricular filling. The cycle repeats with each heartbeat to circulate blood through the body.
Short-term regulation of blood pressure involves nervous and chemical mechanisms that act within seconds or minutes to control blood pressure. The nervous system regulates blood pressure by changing blood vessel diameter and heart rate through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch detect changes in blood pressure and stimulate reflex responses to return blood pressure to normal levels. Chemoreceptors sense oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and stimulate responses to maintain proper gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. If blood pressure drops severely, the brain triggers a central nervous system ischemic response to rapidly constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure.
The heart functions to pump blood throughout the body via two circulatory systems - pulmonary and systemic. It generates blood pressure and ensures one-way blood flow. Cardiac output, the amount of blood pumped, is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Intrinsic factors like the Frank-Starling mechanism and extrinsic neural and hormonal controls regulate cardiac output in response to the body's changing needs.
Cardiac output by Dr. Amruta Nitin Kumbhar Assistant Professor, Dept. of Phys...Physiology Dept
Definition of cardiac output and related terms
Measurement of cardiac output
Variations in cardiac output
Regulation of cardiac output
Cardiac output control mechanisms
Role of heart rate in control of cardiac output
Integrated control of cardiac output
Heart–lung preparation
The document summarizes the conduction system of the heart and the cardiac cycle. It discusses the following key points:
1. The heart's conduction system originates in specialized cardiac muscle cells called autorhythmic cells, which generate electrical impulses to initiate and coordinate heart contractions. The main structures of the conduction system are the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.
2. The cardiac cycle involves coordinated contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles. It begins with depolarization of the sinoatrial node, followed by atrial contraction, ventricular depolarization through the conduction system, ventricular contraction, and finally relaxation of both chambers.
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. Cardiac output can vary depending on the body's activity level and is regulated by factors that influence heart rate and stroke volume. The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that increased venous return leads to increased stretch of the heart muscle and increased force of contraction, resulting in higher stroke volume and cardiac output.
“Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute.”
Cardiac output is the function of heart rate and stroke volume.
STROKE VOLUME:
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one compression is called the stroke volume.
Heart Rate
The cardiac output increases with the increase in heart rate.
The document discusses types of heart activity self-regulation. It describes heterometric autoregulation, including the Frank-Starling law where stroke volume increases with end diastolic volume. It also describes homeometric autoregulation, including the Bowditch effect where contractility increases with heart rate, and the Anrep effect where contractility increases with afterload. Both heterometric and homeometric autoregulation allow the heart to adapt its function to changes in preload and afterload.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the anatomy and physiology of the heart and blood vessels. It discusses the chambers of the heart, valves, coronary circulation, conduction system, and nerve supply. It also covers measurements of various pressures like mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and pulmonary artery pressure. Other topics include cardiac output, stroke volume, contractility, and the determinants of cardiac performance. Graphs of the cardiac cycle and Wigger's diagram are presented showing the mechanical events in systole and diastole.
Term paper on ecg and cardiac arrhythmiasROMENABEGUM
The document provides information on ECGs and cardiac arrhythmias. It begins with an introduction to ECGs and what they measure. It then discusses the history of ECGs, the anatomy and conduction system of the heart, common indications for ECGs, how ECGs are arranged and interpreted, and definitions of heart rate and rhythm. The majority of the document categorizes and describes different types of cardiac arrhythmias like sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, premature atrial contractions, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, junctional rhythm, junctional tachycardia, premature junctional contractions, and supraventricular tachycardia. For each type it discusses causes
Term paper on ECG and cardiac arrhythmiasRomena Begum
The document provides information about ECGs and cardiac arrhythmias. It discusses the history and development of ECGs, the anatomy and conduction system of the heart, common arrhythmias like sinus tachycardia and sinus bradycardia, and how to diagnose and manage various types of cardiac arrhythmias using ECGs. The document contains diagrams of ECG readings and the heart to illustrate different arrhythmias and the heart's structure and function.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and functions of the cardiovascular system including:
1. The heart chambers, valves, conduction system, and coronary arteries.
2. The circulatory system including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.
3. The functions of the cardiovascular system including circulation and regulation of heart rate.
4. Methods for assessing the cardiovascular system including health history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system and heart anatomy and physiology. It discusses:
- The main components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
- The layers of the heart wall and internal structures such as the atria, ventricles, and valves.
- The conduction system that coordinates heart contractions including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Purkinje fibers.
- The cardiac cycle and how blood is pumped through the heart and circulated in the body. Key variables that regulate cardiac output and stroke volume are heart rate, preload, contractility, and afterload.
Cardiovascular assessment and diagnostic proceduresANILKUMAR BR
The document provides an overview of cardiovascular anatomy and physiology, including the structure of the heart, chambers of the heart, heart valves, cardiac cycle, and coronary arteries. It also discusses the cardiac conduction system, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. Common diagnostic tests and manifestations of cardiovascular disease are also mentioned.
Blood pressure is regulated through several mechanisms including the nervous system, kidneys, hormones, and locally produced chemicals. The document discusses the components of blood, normal blood pressure ranges, factors controlling blood pressure such as cardiac output and peripheral resistance, and conditions such as hypertension. Measurement of blood pressure is described including the auscultatory method using Korotkoff sounds. Mechanisms for regulating blood pressure involve baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, the renin-angiotensin system, and renal control of fluid balance and salt.
The document summarizes key aspects of heart anatomy and physiology. It describes the location and layers of the heart walls. It details the four chambers of the heart and the valves that prevent backflow of blood. It explains the pulmonary and systemic blood circulation circuits. It also outlines the specialized conduction system that controls heart rhythm, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Purkinje fibers. In addition, it discusses how sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves regulate heart rate and conduction.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through two circuits: systemic circulation which pumps oxygenated blood to the body, and pulmonary circulation which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart has four chambers, valves to ensure one-way blood flow, and a specialized conduction system to coordinate contractions. Nervous and chemical factors regulate heart rate and function to meet metabolic demands. Electrocardiograms record the heart's electrical activity and are used to diagnose cardiovascular disorders.
The document discusses the anatomy, physiology, and assessment of the cardiovascular system. It describes the heart's location, chambers, valves, blood supply, conduction system, cardiac cycle, and normal functioning. Assessment methods covered include vital signs, heart sounds, ECG, echocardiography, nuclear imaging scans, and diagnostic tests like chest x-rays. Nurses' responsibilities in preparing patients and monitoring them during tests are also outlined.
The document provides information on the embryology, anatomy, physiology and pathology of the heart. Some key points include:
1. The heart develops from mesodermal tissue and the pericardial cavity develops from intraembryonic membranes.
2. Anatomically, the heart is located in the mediastinum, has four chambers, and is supplied by the coronary arteries.
3. Physiologically, the cardiac cycle involves rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the atria and ventricles. The heartbeat is regulated by the conduction system.
4. Abnormal heart sounds called murmurs can occur due to various cardiac defects or diseases. Cardiac output is determined by factors like pre
This document discusses cardiac output and the factors that affect it. It defines key terms like stroke volume, minute volume, cardiac index and cardiac reserve. It describes physiological factors like age, gender, exercise and posture as well as pathological factors like fever, anemia and heart failure that can impact cardiac output. The document also covers methods of measuring cardiac output like Fick's principle, dye dilution and thermodilution techniques.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system including its main components and functions. It describes the heart anatomy, blood circulation, types of blood vessels, cardiac cycle, electrophysiology, role of calcium in muscle contraction, hemodynamics, and nervous system regulation. The cardiovascular system functions to pump blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste through a dual circulatory pathway consisting of the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
1. The document provides an overview of cardiovascular anatomy and physiology, including the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, conduction system, cardiac cycle, and heart sounds.
2. Key concepts covered include cardiac output, preload and afterload, the 8 phases of the cardiac cycle, heart sounds such as S1, S2, S3, S4, and murmurs.
3. Assessment techniques for the cardiovascular system such as auscultation locations and heart sounds are demonstrated.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a four-chambered dual pump contained within one organ. It pumps blood from the low-pressure veins to the high-pressure arteries. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs and the left ventricle pumps blood to the body. Two circulatory loops - pulmonary and systemic - distribute and collect blood throughout the body.
The heart has four chambers and uses a conduction system to coordinate contractions. It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the rest of the body in a double circulatory system. The heart is regulated intrinsically through factors like preload and afterload, and extrinsically through nervous and chemical mechanisms like baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes. Aging causes the heart to decrease in function over time due to hypertrophy, stiffening tissues, and increased risk of conditions like arrhythmias and coronary artery disease.
The document describes the anatomy and function of the heart. It discusses the key parts of the heart including the atria and ventricles. It explains how the heart is located in the chest cavity and surrounded by a double-walled sac called the pericardium. It also summarizes the roles of the valves in regulating blood flow and the conduction system including the sinoatrial node which initiates heartbeats and the atrioventricular node which relays signals to the ventricles. Finally, it provides an overview of the cardiac cycle and sequence of heart contractions and relaxations that pump blood throughout the body.
1. The document discusses the approach to chest wall tumors and reconstruction following resection. It covers anatomy, diagnosis, classification, surgical planning and considerations, resection techniques, and reconstruction options for both bone and soft tissue.
2. Resection aims to remove the tumor with adequate margins while reconstruction seeks to replace the chest wall rigidity and restore respiratory mechanics.
3. Reconstruction methods include mesh, plates, and flaps to repair bone and muscle flaps, skin grafts, or free flaps to replace soft tissue. The goal is to protect underlying structures and allow for pulmonary function.
This document discusses different types of abnormal uterine bleeding including menorrhagia, polymenorrhagia, metrorrhagia, and oligomenorrhagia. It describes their causes such as fibroids, adenomyosis, and pelvic infection. It recommends investigations like hemoglobin levels, ultrasound, and tests to evaluate the thyroid. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, and may include hormone therapy, surgery, or managing pain and anemia. Dysmenorrhea or painful periods are also covered, outlining types, causes like hormonal imbalance, and treatments including analgesics, hormonal contraception, and surgery in severe cases.
it include detail about menstural cycle and its phase. cultural belief and management related with menstrual problem. it also include menopouse and its feature & management
The document discusses principles of surgical techniques including patient positioning and safety, skin and abdominal incisions, wound closure, and anastomoses. It covers proper patient transfer and positioning to prevent injury, factors to consider for incision planning like skin tension lines and access needs, techniques for skin and abdominal incisions, desired characteristics and types of suture materials and closure techniques, and examples of specific incisions like midline and Pfannenstiel. Safety is emphasized including use of universal precautions and checklists.
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
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2. PULMONARY CIRCULATION:-
This is the circulation of blood from the right ventricle of the heart
to the lungs and back to the left atrium. In lungs, carbondioxide
is excreted and oxygen is absorbed.
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION:-
The blood pumped out from the left ventricle is carried by the
branches of the aorta around the body and returns to the right
atrium of the heart by the superior and inferior venacava.
JUNCTIONAL TISSUE OF HEART:-
1) S.A node(sino-artial node)
2) Internodal pathways
3) A.V node(atrio-ventricular node)
4) Bundle of his or A-V bundle
5) Right & left bundle branch
6) Purkinje fibres
a) anterior(bachmann’s)
bundle
b) middle(wenchelbach’s)
bundle
c) posterior(thorel’s)
bundle
3. CONDUCTIVE TISSUES OF HEART:-
CONDUCTIVE
TISSUE
VELOCITY OF
CONDUCTION
(M/S)
RATE OF IMPULSE
GENERATION
(IMPLUSE/MIN)
S.A NODE 0.05 70-80
AV NODE 0.05 40-60
BUNDLE OF HIS 1 30-36
PURKINJE FIBRE
SYSTEM
4 15-20
ATRIAL PATHWAY 1 60
ATRIAL MUSCLE 0.3 -
VENTRICULAR
MUSCLE
1 20-40
4. PACEMAKER TISSUE:-
1) Sinoatrial node
2) Atrio-ventricular node
3) Purkinje fibre
S.A NODE IS CALLED THE PACE MAKER OF THE HEART,BECAUSE:-
1) It generates normal cardiac impulse at first.
2) It maintains the normal cardiac rhythm.
3) The rate & rhythm originated by SA node is higher than that of any
other part of the heart.
RESERVE PACEMAKER:- When SA node fails to generate impulse then
the AV node become the pacemaker & produces impulse at its own
rate of 40-60 impulse/min. so it is called reserve pacemaker. Then
the heart contract at rate 40-60 impulse/min.
ECTOPIC PACEMAKER:- A pacemaker elsewhere than SA node is called
ectopic pacemaker. Obviously an ectopic pacemaker causes an
abnormal sequence of contraction of different part of the heart.
This often occurs in the AV node or purkinji fibres. Under rare
condition a point in the atrial or ventricular muscle develops
excessive excitability & becomes the pacemaker.
5. CONDUCTION OF IMPULSE THROUGH THE HEART:-
1) Depolarization of the SA node,the rate of which is
influenced by the autonomic nervous system.
2) Spread of electrical activity over the atrial surface,
reaching the AV node.
3) Slow conduction through the AV node area to the bundle
of His.
4) Conduction of the impluse down the bundle its right & left
branches out to the minute branches surrounding
ventricular myocardial cells.
5) Activation of the ventricular muscle.
6) Repolarization of the purkinji system and of atrial and
ventricular muscle.
6.
7. CARDIAC CYCLE
The cyclic repetition of various changes in heart from beat to
beat is called cardiac cycle.
12. APEX BEAT
Apex beat is the lowest and outer most point of definite
cardiac pulsation.
LOCATION:- in the left 5th intercostal space, 9 cm from the
midsternal line or just medial to the left mid clavicular line.
IMPORTANCE:-
1) Measurement of the heart rate.
2) Position of the heart-whether dextrocardia or not.
3) Different heart disease.
4) Displacement of mediastinum due to pneumothorax.
Pleural effusion, left ventricular hyperthrophy etc.
13. CARDIAC OUTPUT
The amount of blood that is ejected by each ventricle per
minute is called cardiac output. It is the product of stroke
volume and heart rate.
cardiac output= SV * HR=70ml *72=5040ml/min.
=Average 5 L/min(range5-6 L/min)
MALE= 5.6 L/min
FEMALE= 4.9 L/min
STROKE VOLUME:- The amount of blood pumped out by each
ventricle in each beat is called stroke volume. It is about 70
ml.
14. FACTORS INFLUENCING CARDIAC OUTPUT:-
A) PHYSIOLOGICAL:
1) Age:- age cardiac output.
2) Sex:- 10% less in female than male.
3) Surface area:- more surface area cardiac output.
4) Posture:- Cardiac Output(CO) in sitting & lying position
than in standing posture.
5) Exercise:- exercise CO.
6) Emotion:- CO.
7) Temperature:- temperature HR CO.
8) Pregnancy:- CO.
9) Epinephrin, Histamin:- CO.
16. BLOOD PRESSURE
The lateral pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel wall
by its contained blood while flowing through it is called
blood pressure. BP= CO*TPR( total peripheral resistance).
NORMAL:- 120/80 mm of Hg.
TYPES OF BLOOD PRESSURE:-
1) Systolic pressure:- 110-140, average 120.
2) Diastolic pressure:- 60-90, average 80.
3) Pulse pressure:- it is difference between systolic and
diastolic pressure. Normal= 30-40, average 40.
4) Mean pressure:- it is the diastolic pressure + 1/3rd of pulse
pressure. Normal= 78-98, average 96.
17. FACTOR INFLUENCING BLOOD PRESSURE:-
1) Peripheral resistance: TPR BP.
2) Cardiac output: CO BP.
3) Age: rises with the age.
4) Sex: 10% less in female.
5) Body weight: increase wt increase BP.
6) Posture: in the recumbent position the diastolic pressure is
lower than in the sitting or in the standing position.
7) Exercise: it increase blood pressure.
8) Emotional & excitement: increase BP.
9) Sleep: systolic pressure falls by about 15-20 mm of Hg.
10) Exposure to cold: cause rise of BP.
11) Meals: increase slight after meal.
23. NORMAL HEART RATE:-
60-100 beats/min (in female more than male).
Average: 72 beats/min.
PULSE:- Pulse is the rhythmic expansion & elongation of the
arterial wall passively produced by the pressure changes
during ventricular systole & diastole.
RANGE:- Normal 60-100 beat/min (average=72/min).
Foetus 140-160 beats/min
New bron 130-140 beats/min
Children 80-120 beats/min
adult 60-100 beats/min
Old age 75-80 beats/min
24. CHARACTERISTICS OF PULSE:-
1) Rate: it is the number of pulse per minute. Normally it
coincides with heart rate.
2) Rhythm: it indicates that the pulses are regular or not.
3) Volume: it indicates the rise of pulse wave above the
diastolic level.
4) Character: whether normal or abnormal.
5) Condition of the vessel wall: soft & easily compressible
pulse indicates low cardiac output. Hard and non-
compressible pulse indicates atherosclerosis.
CLASSIFICATION:-
1) Arterial pulse
2) Venous pulse
3) Capillary pulse
25. PROCEDURE OF FEELING PULSE:-
Pulse are felt by placing 3 fingers side by side on the radial artery.
Fingers are – index, middle & ring.
INDEX:- adjust the pressure.
MIDDLE:- remains stationary and feels the apperance and
disapperance of pulse wave.
RING:- applies a constant maximum pressure to stop retrograde
ulnar collateral pulsation.
FUNCTION OF CIRCULATION:-
1) To transport nutrients to the body tissues.
2) To transport waste products away.
3) To conduct hormones from one part of the body to the
another part.
4) In general, to maintain an appropriate environment in all the
tissue fluids of the body for optimal survival and function of
the cells.
26. ECG (ELECTROCARDIOGRAM)
ECG is a graphic recording from the surface of the body of the
electrical changes of the heart in each cardiac cycle.