This document provides an overview of various nanotechnology applications including DNA sequencing using nanopores, filtration, uses in clothing and sports, composites, nanomedicine, superconductors, magnetic nanowires, ferroelectrics, and dielectric nanostructures. It also discusses the business of nanotechnology and provides examples of research on growing superconducting lead nanowires, fabricating yttrium barium copper oxide superconductor nanowires, investigating the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic nanowires, and developing ferroelectric nanotubes and metamaterials using dielectric nanostructures.

1. Lecture 7. Other Nanotechnology Applications
DNA sequencing
Filtration
Clothing and Sports
Composites
Other Nanomedicine Applications and Opportunities
Other Nanotemplate-based Applications:
Superconductors
Magnetic Nanowires
Ferroelectrics
Dielectric Nanostructures and Cloaking
The Business of Nanotechnology

4. The H-bonding systems of DNA base-pairs between guanine (G)
and cytosine (C), and adenine (A) and thymine (T). In addition the
chemical structures of histidine and tryptophan proteins are
shown. Histamine is a decarboxylation product of histidine.

5. DNA Sequencing

6. Nanopore Technology
DNA Sequencing is at the center of the Human Genome Project, which promises
to revolutionize the Biomedical Sciences and the treatment of human diseases. NIH
posts proposal solicitations at least twice a year
Future Sequencing Technologies are Single Molecule Approaches
*High speed sequencing individual DNA molecules electronically by a Solid-
state Nanopore based device

7. principle of nanopore detection
Measure Ionic Current Blockade
Membrane
Ions Flow _
Nanopore
DNA
Blocks
Ion flow
V
I open  Apore
Hm Apore  Apore  Amolecule

8. Current blockage animation
DNA molecule pore
Ionic A
Current (pA)
time

9. Current Blockages from dsDNA Molecules
ADNA(protein)
ΔIb = σVbias
Hm
Lpolymer Lpolymer
td  
v Vbias
Aecd   DI (t )dt
event
Iopen
DIb td
IBlockage

10. The Dream Picture:
Sequencing

11. Filtration

23. Clothing,
Sunscreens,
and
Sports Composites

31. • Other Template–based Applications

32. Superconductor
Magnet
Ferroelectric Nanoporous
Semiconductor Membrane

33. LowTemperature
SuperconductorNanowires

37. • Mesoscopic superconducting lead nanowires with high aspect
ratio and diameter ranging from 40 to 270 nm have been
grown by electrodeposition inside nanoporous polycarbonate
membranes. Nanowires with a diameter less than 50 nm were
insulators due to a poor crystal structure. The others are
shown to be type II superconductors because of their small
electronic mean free path, instead of being type I which is
usual for the bulk form of lead. An increase in the
thermodynamic critical field Hc is observed and is attributed
to the small transversal dimension leading to an incomplete
Meissner effect. Finally, it is demonstrated that this
enhancement agrees with numerical simulations based on the
Ginzburg–Landau theory.

40. Michotte et al

41. • High Temperature
Superconductor Nanowires

44. • Single crystalline YBa2Cu3O7−δ nanowires
from a template-directed sol–gel route
• Xu Jian, Liu Xiaohe and Li Yadong, ,
Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, PR China
Department of Chemistry, Central South
University, Changsha 410083

45. • Preparation of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template
• Porous AAO membrane was prepared using a two-step anodizing process [19].
After degreasing in ethanol, high-purity Al foil (99.999%) was electropolished in a
H3PO4–H2SO4–H2O (40:40:20 wt.%) solution for 5 min to reduce the surface
roughness. The resulting Al sheet was washed with ethanol and distilled water,
then mounted on a copper plate to serve as anode for anodization. In the first
step, the anodizing of the Al sheet was carried out under constant voltages of 40 V
in 0.3 M oxalic acid electrolyte for 6 h at 17 °C. Prior to the second anodization,
first disordered porous alumina layer was removed in a mixture of H3PO4 (6 wt.%)
and CrO3 (1.8 wt.%) at 60 °C for 3 h. The second step was following the same
conditions as that of the first, except that the anodizing time was 3 h. A stepwise
voltage reduction technique [28 and 29] was then utilized to thin the barrier layer.
The as-obtained AAO membrane was immersed in 5 wt.% aqueous H3PO4 solution
for pore widening and barrier layer dissolving, followed by washing and drying.
Finally, the through-hole AAO membrane was detached from the Al substrate in a
saturated HgCl2 solution for next use.

46. • Sol–gel process and fabrication of YBCO nanowires
• YBa2Cu3O7−δ sols used for template synthesis can be obtained as follows. Firstly,
appropriate quantities of ammonia and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was added
to copper acetate solutions. Meanwhile the solution of Ba2+ or Y3+ was prepared by
dissolving Ba(OH)2·8H2O or Y2O3 into acetic acid solution, and then both were poured into
the previous solution of Cu2+ to give a mixture with initial molar ratio of Y3+:Ba2+:Cu3+ =
1:2:3. The pH of this mixture solution was adjusted to 6.5 using ammonia and glacial acetic
acid, thus preventing crystallization of copper acetate during gelation. The obtained solution
was hydrolyzed to form a dispersed blue colloidal particles solution (sol) at 70 °C under
continuous stirring.
• Then a piece of AAO membrane (φ 2 cm) was dipped into this transparent hot sol followed by
ultrasonic treatment 10 min, and kept at ambient temperature overnight (12 h). The sol
containing AAO membrane was gelled to shards by slow evaporation at 90 °C. To form the
superconducting phase, the obtained gel/AAO composite was further heated at 50 °C h−1 to
950 °C and held for 2 h in air at ambient oxygen pressure. Subsequently, the specimen was
cooled at 50 °C h−1 to ambient temperature. Finally, the AAO membrane incorporated with
YBCO nanowires was picked out, and rubbed away YBCO powders covering both faces of the
membrane by polishing alumina.

47. • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that the
monodisperse cylindrical pores of alumina membrane were
filled with nanowire arrays with a narrow distribution of
diameters. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the obtained
nanowires was assessed as orthorhombic YBCO 123 lattice
after heating gels at 950 °C for crystallization. As determined
by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron
diffraction (ED) analysis, the nanowires were essentially single
crystalline in nature. High-resolution transmission electron
microscope (HRTEM) images further revealed the single
crystalline nature of the as-prepared nanowires.

48. • Representative SEM images of (a) top-view of an empty AAO membrane; (b) cross-sectional view of AAO membrane; (c) top-view of an AAO membrane
•C
filled with YBCO nanowires; (d) cross-sectional view of YBCO nanowires/AAO composite, which revealed the filling of YBCO wires within most of the AAO
pores. The surface of membrane was covered with YBCO powders and could be removed by polishing alumina. L
O
S
E

52. • Magnetic Nanowires

53. • Magnetic properties of ferromagnetic nanowires
embedded in nanoporous alumina membranes
• M. Kröll, , a, W. J. Blaua, D. Grandjeanb, R. E.
Benfieldb, F. Luisc, P. M. Paulusc and L. J. de Jonghc
a Physics Department, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
b Centre for Materials Research, University of Kent,
Canterbury, UK
c Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Universiteit
Leiden, The Netherlands

54. • Iron, nickel and cobalt nanowires are prepared within the pores of
nanoporous alumina membranes using an electrochemical AC plating
procedure. Nanowires produced in this way can be easily varied in
diameter (5–250 nm) and length (up to several hundred microns). The
magnetisation curves for these nanowire/alumina composites can then be
determined not only as a function of the temperature but also as a
function of the wire diameter and length. Conclusions regarding the
magnetisation reversal processes that take place in the wires can be
drawn. For Fe and Ni nanowires, we show that the magnetisation process
in wires with a diameter smaller than the domain wall width is
independent of the wire length and probably takes place via the formation
of a small magnetic domain at the end of the wires and a subsequent
propagation of the domain wall along the wire. For Co nanowires a
competition between the shape anisotropy and the temperature- and
size-dependent magnetocrystalline anisotropy could be observed.

55. Magnetization parallel to and perpendicular to the long axis of
the nanotube

69. Ferroelectric Nanotubes

74. Dielectric Nanostructures – a road
to
Metamaterials, negative dielectric
Constants, and cloaking

78. SEM image of NIM prism and schematics of experimental setup.
J Valentine et al. Nature 000, 1-4 (2008) doi:10.1038/nature07247

80. Diagram and SEM image of fabricated fishnet structure.
J Valentine et al. Nature 000, 1-4 (2008) doi:10.1038/nature07247

83. Business Week, Feb. 14, 2005