IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document summarizes research on LiMn2O4 cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. It describes the spinel crystal structure of LiMn2O4 and discusses synthesis using solid state combustion with oxalic acid. Characterization with XRD and SEM showed that adding 5 wt% oxalic acid produced smaller, more homogeneous particles. Electrochemical analysis indicated 5 wt% oxalic acid yielded the highest initial capacity of 108.5 mAh/g. Cyclic voltammograms and charge-discharge curves demonstrated better reversibility and electrochemical activity for the 5 wt% sample. The research suggests surface modification could further improve performance of the LiMn2O4 material.
Maiyalagan,Electrochemical oxidation of methanol on pt v2 o5–c composite cata...kutty79
Platinum nanoparticles have been supported on V2O5–C composite through the reduction of chloroplatinic
acid with formaldehyde. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron
microscopy. Catalytic activity and stability for the oxidation of methanol were studied by using
cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Pt/V2O5–C composite anode catalyst on glassy carbon electrode
show higher electro-catalytic activity for the oxidation of methanol. High electro-catalytic activities
and good stabilities could be attributed to the synergistic effect between Pt and V2O5, avoiding the electrodes
being poisoned.
Research Paper Presentation by Ariful IslamArifulIslam665
The document summarizes a research presentation on the synthesis and characterization of new zinc, copper, and nickel complexes based on an imine ligand containing a 2-aminothiophenol moiety. Specifically, it describes the synthesis of a tridentate Schiff base ligand and its dimeric complexes with zinc, copper, and nickel ions. It then discusses the various techniques used to characterize the ligand and complexes, including IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, conductivity measurements, computational modeling, and X-ray crystallography. The key findings are that the complexes were stable in solid and solution states, with the ligand acting as a tridentate chelating agent, and DFT calculations provided insights into their frontier
A closed loop ammonium salt system for recovery of high-purity lead tetroxide...Ary Assuncao
This document describes a closed-loop hydrometallurgical process for recovering high-purity lead tetroxide from spent lead-acid battery paste. The process involves leaching the paste with a mixed solution of ammonium acetate, acetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide. The leachate is then reacted with ammonium carbonate to precipitate lead carbonate. Impurities are removed during leaching and precipitation. The regenerated leachate is recycled for the next leaching. Lead carbonate is calcined to produce lead tetroxide with low impurity levels meeting industry standards. This process allows for reagent recirculation and production of a high value lead recovery product.
Visible light driven photocatalytic oxidation of thiols to disulfides using i...Pawan Kumar
The present paper describes the synthesis of graphene oxide immobilized iron phthalocyanine (FePc) for
the photocatalytic oxidation of thiols to disulfides under alkaline free conditions. Iron phthalocyanine
tetrasulfonamide was immobilized on carboxylated graphene oxide supports via covalent attachment.
The loading of FePc on GO nanosheets was confirmed by FTIR, Raman, ICP-AES, UV-Vis and elemental
analyses. The synthesized catalyst was found to be highly efficient for the photo-oxidation of thiols to
disulfides in aqueous medium using molecular oxygen as oxidant under visible light irradiation. The
identification of photo-oxidation products and their quantitative determination was done using GC-MS.
After completion of the reaction, the catalyst was easily recovered by filtration and reused for several
runs without loss in activity and no leaching was observed during the reaction
A highly efficient, recyclable and magnetically separable core-shell structured CuZnO@Fe3O4 microsphere
wrapped with reduced graphene oxide (rGO@CuZnO@Fe3O4) photocatalyst has been developed and used
for the photoreduction of carbon dioxide with water to produce methanol under visible light irradiation.
Owing to the synergistic effect of the components and to the presence of a thin Fe2O3 layer on Fe3O4,
rGO@CuZnO@Fe3O4 4 exhibited higher catalytic activity as compared to the other possible combinations
such as CuZnO@Fe3O4 2 and GO@CuZnO@Fe3O4 3 microspheres. The yield of methanol in case of using
2 and 3 as photocatalyst was found to be 858 and 1749 mol g−1 cat, respectively. However, the yield
was increased to 2656 mol g−1 cat when rGO@CuZnO@Fe3O4 4 was used as photocatalyst under similar
experimental conditions. This superior photocatalytic activity of 4 was assumed to be due to the
restoration of the sp2 hybridized aromatic system in rGO, which facilitated the movement of electrons
and resulted in better charge separation. The synthesized heterogeneous photocatalyst could readily be
recovered by external magnet and successfully reused for six subsequent cycles without significant loss
in the product yield
The document describes the synthesis and characterization of a new heterogeneous photocatalyst consisting of an octahedral rhenium cluster (K4[Re6S8(CN)6]) grafted onto copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) modified titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the Cu(OH)2/TiO2 nanoparticles were spherical and around 100-250 nm in diameter. Grafting the rhenium cluster did not significantly change the particle morphology. The synthesized photocatalyst was found to be highly active for the visible light-driven reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol, achieving a higher methanol yield than either the Cu(OH)2/TiO2 or rhen
Octahedral rhenium K4[Re6S8(CN)6] and Cu(OH)2cluster modifiedTiO2for the phot...Pawan Kumar
tOctahedral hexacyano rhenium K4[Re6S8(CN)6] cluster complexes were grafted onto photoactive Cu(OH)2cluster modified TiO2{Cu(OH)2/TiO2} support. The rhenium and copper cluster modified TiO2photocata-lyst combines the advantages of heterogeneous catalyst (facile recovery, recycling ability of the catalyst)with the reactivity, selectivity of the soluble molecular catalyst. The synthesized heterogeneous cata-lyst was found to be highly efficient photoredox catalyst for the reduction of CO2under visible lightirradiation. Methanol was found to be the major liquid product with the formation of hydrogen as a byproduct as determined with GC-FID and GC-TCD, respectively. The methanol yield after 24 h irradiationwas found to be 149 mol/0.1 g cat. for Re-cluster@Cu(OH)2/TiO2photocatalyst that is much higher than35 mol/0.1 g cat. for Cu(OH)2/TiO2and 75 mol/0.1 g cat. for equimolar rhenium cluster in the presenceof triethanolamine (TEOA) as a sacrificial donor. The quantum yields (MeOH) of Re-cluster@Cu(OH)2/TiO2and Cu(OH)2/TiO2were found to be 0.018 and 0.004 mol einstein−1, respectively. These values are muchhigher than those reported for other heterogeneous catalysts for six electron transfer reaction
The document summarizes research on LiMn2O4 cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. It describes the spinel crystal structure of LiMn2O4 and discusses synthesis using solid state combustion with oxalic acid. Characterization with XRD and SEM showed that adding 5 wt% oxalic acid produced smaller, more homogeneous particles. Electrochemical analysis indicated 5 wt% oxalic acid yielded the highest initial capacity of 108.5 mAh/g. Cyclic voltammograms and charge-discharge curves demonstrated better reversibility and electrochemical activity for the 5 wt% sample. The research suggests surface modification could further improve performance of the LiMn2O4 material.
Maiyalagan,Electrochemical oxidation of methanol on pt v2 o5–c composite cata...kutty79
Platinum nanoparticles have been supported on V2O5–C composite through the reduction of chloroplatinic
acid with formaldehyde. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron
microscopy. Catalytic activity and stability for the oxidation of methanol were studied by using
cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Pt/V2O5–C composite anode catalyst on glassy carbon electrode
show higher electro-catalytic activity for the oxidation of methanol. High electro-catalytic activities
and good stabilities could be attributed to the synergistic effect between Pt and V2O5, avoiding the electrodes
being poisoned.
Research Paper Presentation by Ariful IslamArifulIslam665
The document summarizes a research presentation on the synthesis and characterization of new zinc, copper, and nickel complexes based on an imine ligand containing a 2-aminothiophenol moiety. Specifically, it describes the synthesis of a tridentate Schiff base ligand and its dimeric complexes with zinc, copper, and nickel ions. It then discusses the various techniques used to characterize the ligand and complexes, including IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, conductivity measurements, computational modeling, and X-ray crystallography. The key findings are that the complexes were stable in solid and solution states, with the ligand acting as a tridentate chelating agent, and DFT calculations provided insights into their frontier
A closed loop ammonium salt system for recovery of high-purity lead tetroxide...Ary Assuncao
This document describes a closed-loop hydrometallurgical process for recovering high-purity lead tetroxide from spent lead-acid battery paste. The process involves leaching the paste with a mixed solution of ammonium acetate, acetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide. The leachate is then reacted with ammonium carbonate to precipitate lead carbonate. Impurities are removed during leaching and precipitation. The regenerated leachate is recycled for the next leaching. Lead carbonate is calcined to produce lead tetroxide with low impurity levels meeting industry standards. This process allows for reagent recirculation and production of a high value lead recovery product.
Visible light driven photocatalytic oxidation of thiols to disulfides using i...Pawan Kumar
The present paper describes the synthesis of graphene oxide immobilized iron phthalocyanine (FePc) for
the photocatalytic oxidation of thiols to disulfides under alkaline free conditions. Iron phthalocyanine
tetrasulfonamide was immobilized on carboxylated graphene oxide supports via covalent attachment.
The loading of FePc on GO nanosheets was confirmed by FTIR, Raman, ICP-AES, UV-Vis and elemental
analyses. The synthesized catalyst was found to be highly efficient for the photo-oxidation of thiols to
disulfides in aqueous medium using molecular oxygen as oxidant under visible light irradiation. The
identification of photo-oxidation products and their quantitative determination was done using GC-MS.
After completion of the reaction, the catalyst was easily recovered by filtration and reused for several
runs without loss in activity and no leaching was observed during the reaction
A highly efficient, recyclable and magnetically separable core-shell structured CuZnO@Fe3O4 microsphere
wrapped with reduced graphene oxide (rGO@CuZnO@Fe3O4) photocatalyst has been developed and used
for the photoreduction of carbon dioxide with water to produce methanol under visible light irradiation.
Owing to the synergistic effect of the components and to the presence of a thin Fe2O3 layer on Fe3O4,
rGO@CuZnO@Fe3O4 4 exhibited higher catalytic activity as compared to the other possible combinations
such as CuZnO@Fe3O4 2 and GO@CuZnO@Fe3O4 3 microspheres. The yield of methanol in case of using
2 and 3 as photocatalyst was found to be 858 and 1749 mol g−1 cat, respectively. However, the yield
was increased to 2656 mol g−1 cat when rGO@CuZnO@Fe3O4 4 was used as photocatalyst under similar
experimental conditions. This superior photocatalytic activity of 4 was assumed to be due to the
restoration of the sp2 hybridized aromatic system in rGO, which facilitated the movement of electrons
and resulted in better charge separation. The synthesized heterogeneous photocatalyst could readily be
recovered by external magnet and successfully reused for six subsequent cycles without significant loss
in the product yield
The document describes the synthesis and characterization of a new heterogeneous photocatalyst consisting of an octahedral rhenium cluster (K4[Re6S8(CN)6]) grafted onto copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) modified titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the Cu(OH)2/TiO2 nanoparticles were spherical and around 100-250 nm in diameter. Grafting the rhenium cluster did not significantly change the particle morphology. The synthesized photocatalyst was found to be highly active for the visible light-driven reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol, achieving a higher methanol yield than either the Cu(OH)2/TiO2 or rhen
Octahedral rhenium K4[Re6S8(CN)6] and Cu(OH)2cluster modifiedTiO2for the phot...Pawan Kumar
tOctahedral hexacyano rhenium K4[Re6S8(CN)6] cluster complexes were grafted onto photoactive Cu(OH)2cluster modified TiO2{Cu(OH)2/TiO2} support. The rhenium and copper cluster modified TiO2photocata-lyst combines the advantages of heterogeneous catalyst (facile recovery, recycling ability of the catalyst)with the reactivity, selectivity of the soluble molecular catalyst. The synthesized heterogeneous cata-lyst was found to be highly efficient photoredox catalyst for the reduction of CO2under visible lightirradiation. Methanol was found to be the major liquid product with the formation of hydrogen as a byproduct as determined with GC-FID and GC-TCD, respectively. The methanol yield after 24 h irradiationwas found to be 149 mol/0.1 g cat. for Re-cluster@Cu(OH)2/TiO2photocatalyst that is much higher than35 mol/0.1 g cat. for Cu(OH)2/TiO2and 75 mol/0.1 g cat. for equimolar rhenium cluster in the presenceof triethanolamine (TEOA) as a sacrificial donor. The quantum yields (MeOH) of Re-cluster@Cu(OH)2/TiO2and Cu(OH)2/TiO2were found to be 0.018 and 0.004 mol einstein−1, respectively. These values are muchhigher than those reported for other heterogeneous catalysts for six electron transfer reaction
Surfactant Assisted Growth and Optical Studies of NiCo2O4 Nanostructures thro...Editor IJCATR
A fast and facile method has been imposed for the preparation of NiCo2O4 nanostructures using metal nitrate as a precursor
material and CTAB as a surfactant. The prepared samples were characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform
infrared (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman and PL spectroscopy. It was found that the synthesis route proposed in this
work favored the formation of NiCo2O4 spinel phase at low temperature. The surfactant CTAB was chosen to control over the nucleation,
growth and agglomeration nature of observed NiCo2O4 nanocrystalline products. With the effect of surfactant, the obtained NiCo2O4 has
been used for various promising potential applications. Based on the observed experimental observations and analysis, a possible
microwave reaction mechanism is proposed to synthesis NiCo2O4 nanostructured materials to enrich the structural, morphological and
optical properties of NiCo2O4 nanostructures
Nitrogen-doped graphene-supported copper complex: a novel photocatalyst for C...Pawan Kumar
A copper(II) complex grafted to nitrogen-doped graphene (GrN700–CuC) was synthesized and then
demonstrated as an efficient photocatalyst for CO2 reduction into methanol under visible light irradiation
using a DMF/water mixture. The chemical and microstructural features of GrN700–CuC nanosheets were
studied by FTIR, XPS, XRD and HRTEM analyses. Owing to its truly heterogeneous nature, GrN700–CuC
could be easily recovered after the photocatalytic reaction and showed efficient recyclability for
subsequent runs.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Anickel (II) and Zinc (II) Complex From 1,...IOSRJAC
:The title mononuclear nickel and zinc complexes, Ni(C11H9N4S3)2andZn(C11H9N4S3)2 .2(C3H7NO), were prepared by the reaction of Nickel(II) or Zinc(II)acetate with 1,5-bis[(2- thiophenyl)methylidene]thiocarbonohydrazide in a methanol solution. It features mono-deprotonated bisbidentate ligands, which coordinate to metal (II) ions by hydrazylN and thiocarbony lS atoms, yielding a tetracoordinated metal ions complexes. In Ni(II) complex the geometry around the metal ion is described as square planar. In the Zn(II) the metal atom shows severely tetrahedral distortion from anideal square-planar coordination geometry, as reflected by the dihedral angle between ZnN2and ZnS2 planes of 73.03(13)°. Two intramolecular hydrogen bonds are observed between the solvate dmf molecules and the coordinated ligands:N2—H2N…O1i and N6—H6N…O2 ii in this complex
C3N5: A Low Bandgap Semiconductor Containing an Azo-linked Carbon Nitride Fra...Pawan Kumar
Modification of carbon nitride based polymeric 2D materials for tailoring their optical, electronic and chemical properties for various applications has gained significant interest. The present report demonstrates the synthesis of a novel modified carbon nitride framework with a remarkable 3:5 C:N stoichiometry (C3N5) and an electronic bandgap of 1.76 eV, by thermal deammoniation of the melem hydrazine precursor. Characterization revealed that in the C3N5 polymer, two s-heptazine units are bridged together with azo linkage, which constitutes an entirely new and different bonding fashion from g-C3N4 where three heptazine units are linked together with tertiary nitrogen. Extended conjugation due to overlap of azo nitrogens and increased electron density on heptazine nucleus due to the aromatic π network of heptazine units lead to an upward shift of the valence band maximum resulting in bandgap reduction down to 1.76 eV. XRD, He-ion imaging, HR-TEM, EELS, PL, fluorescence lifetime imaging, Raman, FTIR, TGA, KPFM, XPS, NMR and EPR clearly show that the properties of C3N5 are distinct from pristine carbon nitride (g-C3N4). When used as an electron transport layer (ETL) in MAPbBr3 based halide perovskite solar cells, C3N5 outperformed g-C3N4, in particular generating an open circuit photovoltage as high as 1.3 V, while C3N5 blended with MAxFA1–xPb(I0.85Br0.15)3 perovskite active layer achieved a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) up to 16.7%. C3N5 was also shown to be an effective visible light sensitizer for TiO2 photoanodes in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Because of its electron-rich character, the C3N5 material displayed instantaneous adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution reaching complete equilibrium within 10 min, which is significantly faster than pristine g-C3N4 and other carbon based materials. C3N5 coupled with plasmonic silver nanocubes promotes plasmon-exciton coinduced surface catalytic reactions reaching completion at much low laser intensity (1.0 mW) than g-C3N4, which showed sluggish performance even at high laser power (10.0 mW). The relatively narrow bandgap and 2D structure of C3N5 make it an interesting air-stable and temperature-resistant semiconductor for optoelectronic applications while its electron-rich character and intra sheet cavity make it an attractive supramolecular adsorbent for environmental applications.
This document provides an overview of common experimental questions and topics covered in the SPM Chemistry practical exams for Form 4 and Form 5 in Malaysia. It lists 17 experiments organized under 9 chapters for Form 4 and 24 experiments organized under 5 chapters for Form 5. The experiments cover a range of fundamental chemistry concepts including determining melting points, empirical formulas, reactivity of elements, properties of ionic/covalent compounds, electrolysis, acids/bases, rates of reaction, carbon compounds, oxidation/reduction, thermochemistry, and consumer chemicals. For each experiment, it indicates the relevant year(s) of past SPM exam papers that included similar questions.
Synthesis and optimisation of ir o2 electrocatalysts by adams fusion method f...sudesh789
This document discusses the synthesis and optimization of iridium dioxide (IrO2) electrocatalysts for use in solid polymer electrolyte electrolyzers through an adaptation of the Adams fusion method. The synthesis duration and temperature were varied to determine their effect on the physical and electrochemical properties of the IrO2 catalysts. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that increasing the synthesis duration and temperature increased the crystallinity and particle size of the IrO2. Chronoamperometry testing revealed that a synthesis of 2 hours at 350°C produced an IrO2 catalyst with better electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution than a commercial IrO2 catalyst.
Synthesis and optimisation of ir o2 electrocatalysts by adams fusion method f...materials87
The document describes the synthesis and optimization of iridium dioxide (IrO2) electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in solid polymer electrolyte electrolyzers. IrO2 was synthesized using an Adams fusion method by varying synthesis duration (0.5-4 hours) and temperature (250-500°C). Characterization showed that increasing synthesis time and temperature improved crystallinity and increased particle size. Electrochemical testing revealed that IrO2 synthesized for 2 hours at 350°C exhibited the best electrocatalytic activity toward OER compared to a commercial IrO2 catalyst. Higher temperatures and longer times favored larger, more crystalline particles but decreased surface area and activity.
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Visible light assisted reduction of nitrobenzenes using Fe(bpy)3+2/rGOnanocom...Pawan Kumar
Visible-light-induced photocatalytic reduction of aromatic nitrobenzenes to the corresponding anilinesat room temperature using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) immobilized iron(II) bipyridine complex asphotocatalyst is described. The rGO-immobilized iron catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity thanhomogeneous iron(II) bipyridine complex and much higher than metal free rGO photocatalysts. Theheterogeneous photocatalyst was found to be robust and could easily be recovered and reused for severalruns without any significant loss in photocatalytic activity.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of ferrate (VI) alkali metal (Na2FeO4) using a wet method. Na2FeO4 was synthesized between 50-55°C by oxidizing ferric sulfate with sodium hypochlorite in a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution. The synthesized Na2FeO4 was characterized using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy and XRD confirmed the formation of Na2FeO4. TGA showed decomposition peaks around 100°C and 295°C. Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed the degradation of Fe(VI) to Fe(III)
The document summarizes research on the electrochemical deposition of lead dioxide nanostructured thin films. Key findings include:
- Lead dioxide nanostructures were successfully deposited on gold-coated substrates by anodic electrochemical deposition using nitric acid and lead chloride as reactants. The morphology was influenced by deposition parameters like potential, temperature, and pH.
- Deposition at higher temperatures (60°C vs room temperature) resulted in faster growth rates and denser nanostructures, as seen by SEM images.
- Both anodic and cathodic deposition were studied. Cathodic deposition allowed formation of different lead oxide phases depending on conditions, while anodic deposition selectively formed PbO2.
- The work provides a
Graphene oxide was synthesized from graphite powder and functionalized with ethanolamine to produce GO-EA. GO-EA was successfully redispersed in an ethylene glycol solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed the expected functional groups on GO and the appearance of new peaks indicating successful functionalization of GO-EA. Future work will verify the increased thermal conductivity of the solution and explore GO-EA's catalytic properties.
Synthesis and Characterization of P2-Nax[Fe1/2 Mn1/2]O2 Iron and Manganese ba...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of P2-Nax[Fe1/2Mn1/2]O2, an iron and manganese based cathode material for sodium ion rechargeable batteries. The material was synthesized through a conventional solid state method involving mixing metal acetate precursors, ball milling, and calcination. The synthesized material was characterized through XRD, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. XRD confirmed the material had a layered P2-type crystal structure. FTIR showed absorption bands corresponding to metal-oxygen vibrational modes. Raman spectroscopy indicated the presence of sodium in the material. The characterization confirmed the successful synthesis of the sodium ion battery cathode material with potential for high reversible
Introduction
• Review of thermodynamic principles
• Ellingham diagrams
a. Graphical representation of free energy data with temperature of oxides
b. Calculation of oxygen pressures in equilibrium with a metal and its
oxide at a given temperature
Thermodynamic principles of extraction
c. Use of oxygen scale
d. Use of CO/CO2 scale
e. Use of H2/H2O scale
• Free energies of formation of sulphides
• Thermo-chemical data bank
1) A model was developed to understand the sharp transition between copper oxide phases observed during CVD. The model considers oxygen transport and the single degree of freedom in the Cu2O-O2-CuO system.
2) 1D and 2D models were used to predict spatial oxygen profiles and examine the effects of temperature, oxygen flow, and surface/gas phase reaction rates on the transition location.
3) Comparisons to experimental film measurements suggest surface reactions play a primary role in the transition, though gas phase reactions may also contribute. Further work aims to estimate adsorption rates and refine surface/gas phase reaction mechanisms.
1. The document discusses the general principles and processes involved in isolating elements from minerals, including concentration/purification of ores, isolation of metals from concentrated ores, and purification of metals.
2. Key steps in concentration/purification of ores include hand picking, hydraulic washing, electromagnetic separation, and froth flotation. Isolation of metals involves converting ores to metal oxides through roasting or calcination, then reducing metal oxides to metals using thermal or electrolytic processes.
3. Thermal reduction relies on coupling reduction reactions using an appropriate reducing agent based on Gibbs free energy values from Ellingham diagrams, which predict feasibility of reductions at different temperatures. Common extraction methods are also summarized for iron and
The document discusses the accidental discovery of sandwich complexes and their structures. It summarizes that in 1951, two groups discovered cyclopentadienyl complexes of metals which had unexpected properties that did not match what was expected. This led to proposals of sandwich structures by Wilkinson/Woodward and Fischer. Their work to synthesize various metallocenes resulted in a shared Nobel Prize in 1973. Sandwich complexes have since been found to have applications including in making carbon nanotubes.
A review on recent progress in nitrogen doped graphene synthesis, characteriz...Science Padayatchi
1) Nitrogen doping is an effective way to modify the properties of graphene. There are three common types of nitrogen dopants: pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, and graphitic N.
2) Many methods have been used to synthesize nitrogen-doped graphene (N-graphene), including CVD, segregation growth, solvothermal synthesis, and arc discharge. Post-treatment methods include thermal treatment, plasma treatment, and treatment with N2H4.
3) The nitrogen content and dopant configuration in N-graphene can be controlled by parameters like precursor composition, catalyst material, and growth temperature. N-graphene has potential applications in areas like electrocatalysis
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study on aircraft noise nuisance conducted around five Nigerian airports from 2002-2003. Noise measurements and questionnaires assessing community impacts were administered. Results found:
1) Measured noise levels exceeded international standards, indicating health risks. Over 83% described aircraft noise as a nuisance and 98% found it disturbingly noisy.
2) Questionnaires assessed impacts on 10 variables like sleep, communication, and quality of life. 94% reported their lives were damaged by noise in some way.
3) Correlations between noise levels and negative subjective responses were moderate to high (0.34-0.85), showing noise negatively impacted communities. 87% wanted noise controlled.
The study aimed
Surfactant Assisted Growth and Optical Studies of NiCo2O4 Nanostructures thro...Editor IJCATR
A fast and facile method has been imposed for the preparation of NiCo2O4 nanostructures using metal nitrate as a precursor
material and CTAB as a surfactant. The prepared samples were characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform
infrared (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman and PL spectroscopy. It was found that the synthesis route proposed in this
work favored the formation of NiCo2O4 spinel phase at low temperature. The surfactant CTAB was chosen to control over the nucleation,
growth and agglomeration nature of observed NiCo2O4 nanocrystalline products. With the effect of surfactant, the obtained NiCo2O4 has
been used for various promising potential applications. Based on the observed experimental observations and analysis, a possible
microwave reaction mechanism is proposed to synthesis NiCo2O4 nanostructured materials to enrich the structural, morphological and
optical properties of NiCo2O4 nanostructures
Nitrogen-doped graphene-supported copper complex: a novel photocatalyst for C...Pawan Kumar
A copper(II) complex grafted to nitrogen-doped graphene (GrN700–CuC) was synthesized and then
demonstrated as an efficient photocatalyst for CO2 reduction into methanol under visible light irradiation
using a DMF/water mixture. The chemical and microstructural features of GrN700–CuC nanosheets were
studied by FTIR, XPS, XRD and HRTEM analyses. Owing to its truly heterogeneous nature, GrN700–CuC
could be easily recovered after the photocatalytic reaction and showed efficient recyclability for
subsequent runs.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Anickel (II) and Zinc (II) Complex From 1,...IOSRJAC
:The title mononuclear nickel and zinc complexes, Ni(C11H9N4S3)2andZn(C11H9N4S3)2 .2(C3H7NO), were prepared by the reaction of Nickel(II) or Zinc(II)acetate with 1,5-bis[(2- thiophenyl)methylidene]thiocarbonohydrazide in a methanol solution. It features mono-deprotonated bisbidentate ligands, which coordinate to metal (II) ions by hydrazylN and thiocarbony lS atoms, yielding a tetracoordinated metal ions complexes. In Ni(II) complex the geometry around the metal ion is described as square planar. In the Zn(II) the metal atom shows severely tetrahedral distortion from anideal square-planar coordination geometry, as reflected by the dihedral angle between ZnN2and ZnS2 planes of 73.03(13)°. Two intramolecular hydrogen bonds are observed between the solvate dmf molecules and the coordinated ligands:N2—H2N…O1i and N6—H6N…O2 ii in this complex
C3N5: A Low Bandgap Semiconductor Containing an Azo-linked Carbon Nitride Fra...Pawan Kumar
Modification of carbon nitride based polymeric 2D materials for tailoring their optical, electronic and chemical properties for various applications has gained significant interest. The present report demonstrates the synthesis of a novel modified carbon nitride framework with a remarkable 3:5 C:N stoichiometry (C3N5) and an electronic bandgap of 1.76 eV, by thermal deammoniation of the melem hydrazine precursor. Characterization revealed that in the C3N5 polymer, two s-heptazine units are bridged together with azo linkage, which constitutes an entirely new and different bonding fashion from g-C3N4 where three heptazine units are linked together with tertiary nitrogen. Extended conjugation due to overlap of azo nitrogens and increased electron density on heptazine nucleus due to the aromatic π network of heptazine units lead to an upward shift of the valence band maximum resulting in bandgap reduction down to 1.76 eV. XRD, He-ion imaging, HR-TEM, EELS, PL, fluorescence lifetime imaging, Raman, FTIR, TGA, KPFM, XPS, NMR and EPR clearly show that the properties of C3N5 are distinct from pristine carbon nitride (g-C3N4). When used as an electron transport layer (ETL) in MAPbBr3 based halide perovskite solar cells, C3N5 outperformed g-C3N4, in particular generating an open circuit photovoltage as high as 1.3 V, while C3N5 blended with MAxFA1–xPb(I0.85Br0.15)3 perovskite active layer achieved a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) up to 16.7%. C3N5 was also shown to be an effective visible light sensitizer for TiO2 photoanodes in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Because of its electron-rich character, the C3N5 material displayed instantaneous adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution reaching complete equilibrium within 10 min, which is significantly faster than pristine g-C3N4 and other carbon based materials. C3N5 coupled with plasmonic silver nanocubes promotes plasmon-exciton coinduced surface catalytic reactions reaching completion at much low laser intensity (1.0 mW) than g-C3N4, which showed sluggish performance even at high laser power (10.0 mW). The relatively narrow bandgap and 2D structure of C3N5 make it an interesting air-stable and temperature-resistant semiconductor for optoelectronic applications while its electron-rich character and intra sheet cavity make it an attractive supramolecular adsorbent for environmental applications.
This document provides an overview of common experimental questions and topics covered in the SPM Chemistry practical exams for Form 4 and Form 5 in Malaysia. It lists 17 experiments organized under 9 chapters for Form 4 and 24 experiments organized under 5 chapters for Form 5. The experiments cover a range of fundamental chemistry concepts including determining melting points, empirical formulas, reactivity of elements, properties of ionic/covalent compounds, electrolysis, acids/bases, rates of reaction, carbon compounds, oxidation/reduction, thermochemistry, and consumer chemicals. For each experiment, it indicates the relevant year(s) of past SPM exam papers that included similar questions.
Synthesis and optimisation of ir o2 electrocatalysts by adams fusion method f...sudesh789
This document discusses the synthesis and optimization of iridium dioxide (IrO2) electrocatalysts for use in solid polymer electrolyte electrolyzers through an adaptation of the Adams fusion method. The synthesis duration and temperature were varied to determine their effect on the physical and electrochemical properties of the IrO2 catalysts. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that increasing the synthesis duration and temperature increased the crystallinity and particle size of the IrO2. Chronoamperometry testing revealed that a synthesis of 2 hours at 350°C produced an IrO2 catalyst with better electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution than a commercial IrO2 catalyst.
Synthesis and optimisation of ir o2 electrocatalysts by adams fusion method f...materials87
The document describes the synthesis and optimization of iridium dioxide (IrO2) electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in solid polymer electrolyte electrolyzers. IrO2 was synthesized using an Adams fusion method by varying synthesis duration (0.5-4 hours) and temperature (250-500°C). Characterization showed that increasing synthesis time and temperature improved crystallinity and increased particle size. Electrochemical testing revealed that IrO2 synthesized for 2 hours at 350°C exhibited the best electrocatalytic activity toward OER compared to a commercial IrO2 catalyst. Higher temperatures and longer times favored larger, more crystalline particles but decreased surface area and activity.
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Visible light assisted reduction of nitrobenzenes using Fe(bpy)3+2/rGOnanocom...Pawan Kumar
Visible-light-induced photocatalytic reduction of aromatic nitrobenzenes to the corresponding anilinesat room temperature using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) immobilized iron(II) bipyridine complex asphotocatalyst is described. The rGO-immobilized iron catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity thanhomogeneous iron(II) bipyridine complex and much higher than metal free rGO photocatalysts. Theheterogeneous photocatalyst was found to be robust and could easily be recovered and reused for severalruns without any significant loss in photocatalytic activity.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of ferrate (VI) alkali metal (Na2FeO4) using a wet method. Na2FeO4 was synthesized between 50-55°C by oxidizing ferric sulfate with sodium hypochlorite in a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution. The synthesized Na2FeO4 was characterized using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy and XRD confirmed the formation of Na2FeO4. TGA showed decomposition peaks around 100°C and 295°C. Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed the degradation of Fe(VI) to Fe(III)
The document summarizes research on the electrochemical deposition of lead dioxide nanostructured thin films. Key findings include:
- Lead dioxide nanostructures were successfully deposited on gold-coated substrates by anodic electrochemical deposition using nitric acid and lead chloride as reactants. The morphology was influenced by deposition parameters like potential, temperature, and pH.
- Deposition at higher temperatures (60°C vs room temperature) resulted in faster growth rates and denser nanostructures, as seen by SEM images.
- Both anodic and cathodic deposition were studied. Cathodic deposition allowed formation of different lead oxide phases depending on conditions, while anodic deposition selectively formed PbO2.
- The work provides a
Graphene oxide was synthesized from graphite powder and functionalized with ethanolamine to produce GO-EA. GO-EA was successfully redispersed in an ethylene glycol solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed the expected functional groups on GO and the appearance of new peaks indicating successful functionalization of GO-EA. Future work will verify the increased thermal conductivity of the solution and explore GO-EA's catalytic properties.
Synthesis and Characterization of P2-Nax[Fe1/2 Mn1/2]O2 Iron and Manganese ba...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of P2-Nax[Fe1/2Mn1/2]O2, an iron and manganese based cathode material for sodium ion rechargeable batteries. The material was synthesized through a conventional solid state method involving mixing metal acetate precursors, ball milling, and calcination. The synthesized material was characterized through XRD, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. XRD confirmed the material had a layered P2-type crystal structure. FTIR showed absorption bands corresponding to metal-oxygen vibrational modes. Raman spectroscopy indicated the presence of sodium in the material. The characterization confirmed the successful synthesis of the sodium ion battery cathode material with potential for high reversible
Introduction
• Review of thermodynamic principles
• Ellingham diagrams
a. Graphical representation of free energy data with temperature of oxides
b. Calculation of oxygen pressures in equilibrium with a metal and its
oxide at a given temperature
Thermodynamic principles of extraction
c. Use of oxygen scale
d. Use of CO/CO2 scale
e. Use of H2/H2O scale
• Free energies of formation of sulphides
• Thermo-chemical data bank
1) A model was developed to understand the sharp transition between copper oxide phases observed during CVD. The model considers oxygen transport and the single degree of freedom in the Cu2O-O2-CuO system.
2) 1D and 2D models were used to predict spatial oxygen profiles and examine the effects of temperature, oxygen flow, and surface/gas phase reaction rates on the transition location.
3) Comparisons to experimental film measurements suggest surface reactions play a primary role in the transition, though gas phase reactions may also contribute. Further work aims to estimate adsorption rates and refine surface/gas phase reaction mechanisms.
1. The document discusses the general principles and processes involved in isolating elements from minerals, including concentration/purification of ores, isolation of metals from concentrated ores, and purification of metals.
2. Key steps in concentration/purification of ores include hand picking, hydraulic washing, electromagnetic separation, and froth flotation. Isolation of metals involves converting ores to metal oxides through roasting or calcination, then reducing metal oxides to metals using thermal or electrolytic processes.
3. Thermal reduction relies on coupling reduction reactions using an appropriate reducing agent based on Gibbs free energy values from Ellingham diagrams, which predict feasibility of reductions at different temperatures. Common extraction methods are also summarized for iron and
The document discusses the accidental discovery of sandwich complexes and their structures. It summarizes that in 1951, two groups discovered cyclopentadienyl complexes of metals which had unexpected properties that did not match what was expected. This led to proposals of sandwich structures by Wilkinson/Woodward and Fischer. Their work to synthesize various metallocenes resulted in a shared Nobel Prize in 1973. Sandwich complexes have since been found to have applications including in making carbon nanotubes.
A review on recent progress in nitrogen doped graphene synthesis, characteriz...Science Padayatchi
1) Nitrogen doping is an effective way to modify the properties of graphene. There are three common types of nitrogen dopants: pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, and graphitic N.
2) Many methods have been used to synthesize nitrogen-doped graphene (N-graphene), including CVD, segregation growth, solvothermal synthesis, and arc discharge. Post-treatment methods include thermal treatment, plasma treatment, and treatment with N2H4.
3) The nitrogen content and dopant configuration in N-graphene can be controlled by parameters like precursor composition, catalyst material, and growth temperature. N-graphene has potential applications in areas like electrocatalysis
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study on aircraft noise nuisance conducted around five Nigerian airports from 2002-2003. Noise measurements and questionnaires assessing community impacts were administered. Results found:
1) Measured noise levels exceeded international standards, indicating health risks. Over 83% described aircraft noise as a nuisance and 98% found it disturbingly noisy.
2) Questionnaires assessed impacts on 10 variables like sleep, communication, and quality of life. 94% reported their lives were damaged by noise in some way.
3) Correlations between noise levels and negative subjective responses were moderate to high (0.34-0.85), showing noise negatively impacted communities. 87% wanted noise controlled.
The study aimed
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document describes a new cellular genetic algorithm with density dependence schemes proposed to solve dynamic optimization problems. Two density dependence schemes are introduced - Density Dependence I limits population density within neighborhoods, while Density Dependence II introduces competition among best individuals. The algorithm is tested on three dynamic optimization problems and shows improved convergence and diversity over regular cellular genetic algorithms.
This document proposes a low bandwidth and low power video encoding method called MMSQ-EC. It uses scalar quantization to compress reference frames before storing them in external memory. For motion estimation, compressed reference frames are used, while only error data is fetched for motion compensation to recreate accurate reference pixels. This reduces external memory bandwidth and power compared to uncompressed reference frames. Experimental results on test videos show the method reduces required bandwidth by over 3x with minimal PSNR quality loss. The best compression performance is achieved with 8x8 pixel blocks.
This document presents a study that developed a methodology for assessing the appropriateness and sustainability of technologies intended for use in developing economies. The methodology involves identifying decision criteria related to economic, environmental, and social factors. It then evaluates technology options at different stages of the lifecycle. The study illustrates the methodology by comparing three fish smoking kiln technologies - an imported AFOS smoking kiln, a locally fabricated Talon kiln, and a university-developed rotary kiln prototype - based on their performance on techno-economic criteria like cost, capacity, and time. The technologies' performances are normalized and compiled to determine their overall sustainability.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Plano de patrocínio BusTV 2012 Dia da MulherCanal BUSTV
Este documento apresenta uma proposta de patrocínio da BusTV para o Dia Internacional da Mulher. A proposta inclui a veiculação de publieditoriais e comerciais de 30 segundos durante 15 dias em 1.215 ônibus em 10 cidades brasileiras para promover a marca do patrocinador. O valor total proposto é de R$ 184.000,00, oferecendo cobertura significativa para o público-alvo da campanha.
O documento discute a compactação do solo em áreas agrícolas, florestais e de pastagem. Explica que a compactação ocorre em camadas mais rasas em áreas agrícolas e de pastagem, podendo atingir maiores profundidades em florestas.
Os alimentadores Alcon Weekend e Alcon Holiday podem ser usados para alimentar peixes ornamentais de pequeno a médio porte, mas não devem ser usados como alimentação básica. Cada bloco alimenta em média 10 peixes e mais de um bloco deve ser usado para quantidades maiores. Não é recomendado usar esses alimentadores em beteiras devido aos riscos à saúde do peixe betta causados pelas alterações nos parâmetros da água.
Santo Domingo está instalando un sistema de vigilancia llamado "Ojos de Águila" colocando fibra óptica en lugares estratégicos de la ciudad. La policía firmó un convenio con la empresa de telecomunicaciones CNT para implementar el sistema de observación programado. El sistema ayudará a la policía a combatir y actuar de manera oportuna en actos delictivos, monitoreando varios lugares e identificando culpables o sospechosos.
Este documento describe la situación actual del consumo de drogas entre los adolescentes y el papel de la familia ante esto. Señala que las drogas más consumidas son el alcohol, el tabaco y el cannabis, y que los consumos suelen ocurrir los fines de semana en lugares públicos como parte del ocio. También analiza los factores de riesgo familiares que influyen en el consumo, como los estilos educativos parentales. El documento utiliza un modelo ecosistémico para comprender mejor los múltiples factores en juego y cómo afectan el desar
La adolescencia es una etapa de transición entre la niñez y la adultez caracterizada por un proceso de búsqueda de identidad y definición de roles. Los adolescentes buscan dar sentido a sí mismos a través de la reflexión y el autoconocimiento para lograr la autenticidad. Los docentes pueden colaborar con cada adolescente ante los desafíos propios de esta etapa ayudándolos a adaptarse a los cambios en un ambiente único.
O documento descreve a produção de ácidos orgânicos por via fermentativa para uso como aditivos alimentares. Ele se concentra em quatro ácidos (cítrico, acético, lático e glicônico), descrevendo seus usos, os microrganismos usados em sua produção e os processos fermentativos empregados em larga escala para sua obtenção industrial.
O documento discute como manter a água do aquário com pH neutro. Ele recomenda monitorar os níveis de pH e dureza em carbonatos usando testes de água e adicionar suplementos calcários caso os níveis de dureza estejam baixos para melhorar a capacidade tampão da água e estabilizar o pH.
Análise de sistemas folksonômicos : estudo de caso dos sites Delicious e Libr...Carolina Meroni
Este documento analisa e compara os sistemas folksonômicos dos sites Delicious e LibraryThing. O objetivo é identificar as características desses sistemas com base no usuário, recurso e tag, além de analisar os recursos de conectividade e a inserção de recursos em cada site. Os resultados mostram que ambos os sites dão total liberdade na atribuição de tags e na agregação das mesmas para diferentes recursos, mas diferem na sugestão de tags e na hierarquização da nuvem de tags.
Este documento presenta un resumen del caso 3 sobre la capacitación en educación virtual dirigida a los docentes del Instituto Tecnológico Gamma en Belice. El proyecto tiene 5 fases que incluyen montar una plataforma Moodle, diseñar el aula virtual, definir el alcance del curso, llevar a cabo la capacitación docente y evaluar la plataforma. Se detallan los recursos humanos, tecnológicos, físicos y económicos requeridos.
O documento descreve um projeto de foto-esculturas impressas em 3D onde pessoas podem ter miniaturas suas ou de amigos escaneadas e impressas. O projeto piloto foi realizado em shopping e vendeu mais de 4000 miniaturas em 39 dias, gerando receita líquida de aproximadamente R$500 mil. Os organizadores buscam agora investimento para escalar o negócio.
Performance of carbon nanofiber supported pd–ni catalysts for electro oxidati...suresh899
Carbon nanofibers (CNF) supported Pd–Ni nanoparticles have been prepared by chemical reduction
with NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The Pd–Ni/CNF catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction
(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical
voltammetry analysis. TEM showed that the Pd–Ni particles were quite uniformly distributed on the
surface of the carbon nanofiber with an average particle size of 4.0 nm. The electro-catalytic activity of
the Pd–Ni/CNF for oxidation of ethanol was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The onset potential
was 200mV lower and the peak current density four times higher for ethanol oxidation for Pd–Ni/CNF
compared to that for Pd/C. The effect of an increase in temperature from 20 to 60 ◦C had a great effect on
increasing the ethanol oxidation activity.
Performance of carbon nanofiber supported pd ni catalysts for electro-oxidati...Science Padayatchi
This document summarizes a study on carbon nanofiber (CNF) supported Pd-Ni catalysts for electro-oxidation of ethanol in alkaline medium. Pd-Ni/CNF catalysts were prepared by chemical reduction and characterized using various techniques. Electrochemical analysis showed the Pd-Ni/CNF catalyst had lower onset potential and 4 times higher peak current density for ethanol oxidation compared to Pd/C. Increasing the temperature from 20 to 60°C greatly enhanced the ethanol oxidation activity of Pd-Ni/CNF.
Performance of carbon nanofiber supported pd–ni catalysts for electro oxidati...sunilove
Carbon nanofibers (CNF) supported Pd–Ni nanoparticles have been prepared by chemical reduction
with NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The Pd–Ni/CNF catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction
(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical
voltammetry analysis. TEM showed that the Pd–Ni particles were quite uniformly distributed on the
surface of the carbon nanofiber with an average particle size of 4.0 nm. The electro-catalytic activity of
the Pd–Ni/CNF for oxidation of ethanol was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The onset potential
was 200mV lower and the peak current density four times higher for ethanol oxidation for Pd–Ni/CNF
compared to that for Pd/C. The effect of an increase in temperature from 20 to 60 ◦C had a great effect on
increasing the ethanol oxidation activity.
Maiyalagan,Performance of carbon nanofiber supported pd ni catalysts for elec...kutty79
Carbon nanofibers (CNF) supported Pd–Ni nanoparticles have been prepared by chemical reduction
with NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The Pd–Ni/CNF catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction
(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical
voltammetry analysis. TEM showed that the Pd–Ni particles were quite uniformly distributed on the
surface of the carbon nanofiber with an average particle size of 4.0 nm. The electro-catalytic activity of
the Pd–Ni/CNF for oxidation of ethanol was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The onset potential
was 200mV lower and the peak current density four times higher for ethanol oxidation for Pd–Ni/CNF
compared to that for Pd/C. The effect of an increase in temperature from 20 to 60 ◦C had a great effect on
increasing the ethanol oxidation activity
1) The document describes research into using NdFeO3 as the anode material for sulfur-oxygen solid oxide fuel cells (S/O2-SOFCs).
2) NdFeO3 powder was prepared via a sol-gel method and was found to be stable when exposed to sulfur vapor or sulfur dioxide at 800°C based on XRD analysis.
3) A single cell with a NdFeO3-SDC/SDC/LSM-SDC structure achieved maximum power densities of 0.154 mW/cm2 at 620°C and 0.265 mW/cm2 at 650°C when using sulfur vapor and SO2 as fuels
This document describes a study that investigated various techniques for preparing a nickel oxide (NiO) catalyst coating on an FeCrAl substrate for use in catalytic converters. Specifically, it examined applying nickel to the substrate through electroplating with and without ultrasonic treatment, and then oxidizing the nickel to form a NiO layer. The techniques aimed to develop an innovative and simpler method for adhering catalyst powder to the substrate. The study assessed the techniques based on weight gain during oxidation testing and analyzed the resulting oxide growth and microstructure.
A Simple Thermal Treatment Synthesis and Characterization of Ni-Zn Ferrite (N...IOSR Journals
Cubic structured nickel-zinc ferrite nanoparticles (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) have been synthesized by thermal treatment method. This simple procedure employed an aqueous solution containing only metal nitrates as precursors, polyvinyl pyrrolidone as a capping agent, and deionized water as a solvent. The solution was thoroughly stirred for 2 hour, dried at 353 K for 3 hour, the dried material crushed into powder and calcined the powder at 873 K to remove organic substances and crystallize the particles. The microstructure properties of the prepared ferrite nanoparticles were measured using FTIR, XRD, TEM, and EDX and the magnetic properties were determined using VSM and EPR. The average particle size increased from 7 to 22 nm with the increase of calcination temperature from 723 to 873 K. The saturation magnetization, coercivity field, and g-factor increased respectively from 24 emu/g, 11 G, and 2.0673at 723 K to 38 emu/g, 60 G, and 2.1227 at 873 K. This method offers simplicity, a low cost, and an environmentally friendly operation since it produces no by-product effluents.
The document describes the design and application of powder composite electrodes made of Cu, Co, Ni, Pt and Ir for use in electrosynthesis and electroanalysis in alkaline solutions. The electrodes were prepared by mixing 95% metal powder with 5% polyvinyl chloride binder. Characterization showed the electrodes had a rough, porous surface and good electrochemical stability, with higher current densities than metal sheet electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry testing demonstrated the composite electrodes had good stability over multiple cycles for electrooxidation reactions like ethanol oxidation in KOH solution. The composite electrodes are suitable for electrochemistry research applications requiring stable, conductive electrodes.
Synthesis and optimisation of ir o2 electrocatalysts by adams fusion method f...tshankar20134
The document summarizes research into optimizing IrO2 as an electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution in solid polymer electrolyte electrolyzers. IrO2 was synthesized using the Adams fusion method, varying synthesis duration from 0.5-4 hours and temperature from 250-500°C. Characterization showed that increasing duration and temperature increased crystallinity and particle size. Electrochemical testing found that IrO2 synthesized for 2 hours at 350°C had the best catalytic activity for oxygen evolution, outperforming a commercial IrO2. Higher temperatures favored formation of the active IrO2 phase but also led to larger particle sizes which decreased activity. Lower than 350°C did not favor IrO2 formation.
For the first time, amorphous aluminium-copper (Al-Cu) alloy nanowires decorated with carbon spheres
(CS) were synthesised from waste engine oil (WEO) as a starting material. The synthesis process was
carried out in two-stage thermal chemical vapour deposition system under typical synthesis condition of
5.33 wt% ferrocene as catalyst, precursor and synthesis temperature of 450 and 700 °C, respectively.
Metal contaminants of Al and Cu in WEO promote the growth of amorphous Al-Cu alloy nanowires and
high carbon content in WEO undeniable promotes the growth of CS. Field emission scanning electron
microscopy analysis showed that the amorphous Al-Cu alloy nanowires dimension was about 120 nm in
diameter and a few micrometres in length, while the diameter of CS were a few hundred nanometre to
micrometre-sized. X-ray diffraction pattern of amorphous Al-Cu alloy nanowires revealed the formation of
a,c
, I. M. Isa
a,c
,
different Al-Cu phases. This study offers a new and simple technique to synthesise amorphous Al-Cu
alloy nanowires decorated with CS from waste material namely WEO. The newly produced nanomaterials
open up potential application in energy storage devices.
Hierarchical fe , cu- and co-beta zeolites obtained by mesotemplate free meth...seranim22
This document describes the synthesis and catalytic testing of hierarchical Fe-, Cu-, and Co-beta zeolites for N2O decomposition. Two series of beta zeolites were prepared - a conventional microporous beta zeolite (Beta) and a micro-mesoporous beta zeolite (Beta/meso) prepared using a mesotemplate-free method. Both series were ion exchanged with Fe, Cu, and Co and tested as catalysts for N2O decomposition under various conditions. The Cu-Beta catalyst showed the highest activity for N2O decomposition in inert gas, while the Cu-Beta/meso catalyst had the highest reaction rate under conditions similar to nitric acid plant waste gases.
IrO2 as an anodic electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in solid polymer electrolyte (SPE)
electrolysers was synthesised by adapting the Adams fusion method. Optimisation of the IrO2 electrocatalyst was achieved
by varying the synthesis duration (0.5 – 4 hours) and temperature (250 - 500°C). The physical properties of the
electrocatalysts were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and
x-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical characterisation of the electrocatalysts toward the OER was evaluated by
chronoamperometry (CA). CA analysis revealed the best electrocatalytic activity towards the OER for IrO2 synthesised
for 2 hours at 350oC which displayed a better electrocatalytic activity than the commercial IrO2 electrocatalyst used in this
study. XRD and TEM analyses revealed an increase in crystallinity and average particle size with increasing synthesis
duration and temperature which accounted for the decreasing electrocatalytic activity. At 250°C the formation of an active
IrO2 electrocatalyst was not favoured.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Gurpreet Kaur on the performance studies of copper-iron/ceria-yttria stabilized zirconia anode for solid oxide fuel cells. The objectives were to fabricate SOFCs in the lab using tape casting and to prepare Cu/CeO2-YSZ and Cu-Fe/CeO2-YSZ anodes for characterization and performance testing in hydrogen and methane fuels. Characterization showed that addition of iron to Cu-based anodes improved catalyst dispersion and electrical conduction. Performance testing found that power density increased from 190 to 330 mW/cm2 with increasing iron content in the Cu-Fe/CeO2-YSZ anode composition
This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of various IrO2-based binary metal oxide electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. IrO2, IrxRu1-xO2, IrxSnx-1O2 and IrxTax-1O2 (where x is between 1 and 0.7) were synthesized via an adapted Adams fusion method. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy showed the materials formed nanocrystalline solid solutions. Electrochemical testing found that adding RuO2, SnO2, or Ta2O5 to IrO2 improved its catalytic performance for oxygen evolution. Specifically, Ir0.7Ru0.3O2 exhibited the best
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Removal of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx Catalystinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document presents an electrochemical and computational study of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on nonprecious transition metal/nitrogen doped carbon nanofiber catalysts. Electrochemical measurements showed that pyrolyzed Fe/N/C catalyst promotes a four-electron ORR pathway, while O2 reduction on Co/N/C occurs mainly via a two-electron pathway. Density functional theory calculations predicted that ORR could occur through a four-electron associative pathway on an FeN4 active site, but may terminate after two electrons on a CoN4 site due to high activation energy for O-O bond splitting. The results suggest that FeN4 and CoN4 clusters may be the main active sites for
Quasi-aligned aluminum nitride (AlN) nanofibers were formed through a nitriding combustion synthesis reaction using aluminum and aluminum nitride powders with yttria and ammonium chloride additives. Scanning electron microscope images showed the aluminum particles maintained their original ball-like shape after combustion, with a thin crust layer on the surface covering quasi-aligned AlN nanofibers grown in the interior. This novel morphology is believed to form through a two-stage process where the crust acts as a micro-reactor allowing nitridation and fiber growth inside the molten aluminum core.
1. Chutharat Khonkeng, Nittaya Pantamas, Siwat Thungprasert, Thapanee Sarakonsri, Aphiruk
Chaisena / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.556-559
Preparation of Non-noble Metals Supported on Carbon by
Polymer Templation Method for Solid Alkaline Fuel cells
Chutharat Khonkeng*, Nittaya Pantamas*, Siwat Thungprasert*
Thapanee Sarakonsri**, Aphiruk Chaisena*
*Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang, 52100, Thailand.)
** Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
One of the most important cost items is hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuel [9]. Also, it has been
platinum which is used as catalyst both in anode reported that a direct ethanol fuel cell carbon-
and cathode sides of exchange membrane fuel supported Ni-Co-Fe catalyst as the cathode is capable
cells. Not only is the cost of the platinum, but also of selectively reducing oxygen without oxidation of
the limited reservoir of the platinum is handicap. ethanol deriving from the anode.
Therefore, the utilization of the cheap In the present works, NiCoFe/C, NiCo/C, and
replacements of platinum will accelerate the NiFe/C catalysts is to prepare by polymer templation
process of commercialization. NiCoFe (NCF), method. The metals supported on carbon are
NiCo (NC), and NiFe (NF) are group of the non- synthesized by the first reacting a melamine with
noble metals electrode catalyst for alkaline fuel formaldehyde in solution, in the present of a catalyst,
cell. The NCF, NC, and NF were synthesized by carbon particles and a metal salt, at temperature and
mixing Ni, Co, and Fe complexs into polymer time which sufficient to provide a polymerized
matrix (melamine-formaldehyde), followed by product. Then the product is heated to provide the
heating the mixture at 800 oC for 1 h under inert form of a powder.
atmosphere. XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, and SAD
experiments suggest that all prepared samples 2. EXPERIMENTAL
have both alloy and oxide form. 2.1 Materials and methods
All the chemicals used were of analytical
Keywords – Non-noble metals, Polymer templation grade (Aldrich) except carbon black and NaOH
method, Solid alkaline fuel cells, NiCoFe, NiCo, which were supplied by Cabot and Volchem,
NiFe respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to
identify the sample. This analysis was performed by a
1. INTRODUCTION Bruker D5005 power diffractometer. Diffraction
Fuel cells, as devices for direct conversion patterns were produced by employing CuKα radiation
of the chemical energy of a fuel cell into electricity at 35 mA and 35 kV, and scan speed of 0.3
by electrochemical reactions, are one of the key degree/0.02 second. A JSM-5410V scanning electron
technologies for effective use of energy. Recently, microscope (SEM) with INCA software by Oxford
alkaline fuel cell (AFC) has regained attention for energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was
because an alkaline media provides a less corrosive used to estimate the element composition of different
environment to the catalysts and electrodes than the regions of the product. For SEM and EDS samples
acid environment of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell preparation, samples were dropped on conductive
(PEMFC) [1-4]. Also, the electrodes can be made of carbon tape which attached to SEM stubs. The
nonprecious metal electrodes [5-6]. In order to reduce micrographs were recorded with an acceleration
the cost of the alkaline fuel cell catalyst, two voltage of 15 kV at 5000x magnification. The
approaches are following up: a) exploration of non- morphology and structure of all products were also
noble catalyst, and b) reduction of the pt loading. So, characterized by transmission electron microscope,
it is important to develop nonprecious metal electrode JEOL model JEM-2010 operating at 20 kV. The
catalysts for AFC [7]. In recent years, a few sample were prepared by dispersing a small amount
nonprecious metal electrode catalysts for AFC were of sample in absolute ethanol and put same droplets
found. P-M-C complex materials were prepared by of the solutions onto copper grids coated with holey
polymer template coordination with metal-ions carbon films and letting the ethanol evaporate slowly
loaded with a carbon-reduction method. P stands for under a lamp.
polymer; M = Fe, Co, and Ni; C is carbon. The
catalyst showed very high electrocatalytic activity for 2.2 Preparation of non-noble metals supported on
oxidation in alkaline media [8]. Acta has developed carbon
Fe/Co/Ni binary and ternary catalysts by polymer The non-noble metals supported on carbon
templation method which works with were prepared reported previously by Park,
556 | P a g e
2. Chutharat Khonkeng, Nittaya Pantamas, Siwat Thungprasert, Thapanee Sarakonsri, Aphiruk
Chaisena / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.556-559
Bianchini, and Witherspoon [10-12]. The amount of and their structure type. Fig. 2 shows XRD patterns
formaldehyde used was about 0.01 g and 50 mL of of NiCoFe/C, NiCo/C, and NiFe/C heated at 800 oC
water mixed with 12.61 g of melamine, and the for 1 h. XRD patterns of iron oxide based samples
mixture was heated at 60 oC for 10 min. Then 0.5 g of are shown in Fig.2 (a), and 2 (c), which indicates a
nickel (II) acetate tetrahydrate, 0.5 g of cobalt (II) typical crystal graphic structure of Fe2O3 (220) at 2
acetate tetrahydrate, 0.5 g of iron (II) acetylacetonate = 30.241, (311) at 2 = 35.631, (400) at 2 = 43.285,
(for the case preparation of ternary non-noble metals (422) at 2 = 53.734, (511) at 2 = 57.273, and (440)
composite: NiCoFe; NCF), 5.0 g of carbon black at 2 = 62.927 according to JCPDS number 00-039-
(Vulcan XC-72R), 0.45 mL concentrated HCl aq. 1346. Also, the peaks are found at 2 = 62.167 (220),
solution and 15 mL of water, were added to the 2 = 74.515 (311), and 2 = 78.443 (222) according
mixture under stirring. The mixture was mechanically to JCPDS number 01-070-2855, can be assigned to
stirred for 20 h at 90 oC to give gel like composite
structure of CoO (fig. 2 (b). Further, with the 2 =
materials. The gel was heated in a furnace at 800 oC
37.254 (111), indicate the characteristic peaks for
under inert atmosphere for 1 h. Similarly, binary non-
NiO (Fig. 2(a), (b), and (c)). For all non-noble metals
noble metals composite (NiCo; NC, NiFe; NF) of Ni,
show the peaks assigned to NiCoFe alloy (43.3, and
Co, and Fe were also prepared. Our strategy for
75.3), NiCo alloy (43.2, 48.9, and 74.8), and NiFe
preparation of NiCo and NiFe are similar to the case
alloy (43.8, 51.0, and 75.6) accordance with the
of the NiCoFe composited was made. Two different
method reported by Nakamura and Coworkers [13-
preparation were chosen, first, NiCo composites
14]. All samples from polymer templation method
metal used only nickel (II) acetate tetrahydrate and
were observed corresponded to metal oxide and metal
cobalt (II) acetate tetrahydrate of 0.5 g. Secondly, the
alloy. Therefore, the TEM, SEM, EDS, and SAD
amount of nickel (II) acetate tetrahydrate 0.5 g and
were then applied to identify the occurrence of these
iron (II) acetylacetonate 0.5 g were used for
samples.
preparation of NiFe binary non-noble metals.
Schematic procedures for NCF, NC, and NF
preparationare shown in Fig.1.
( ) NiFe
(a) NiFe/C
(111)
(200) (220)
(111)
( ) NiCo
Intensity (a.u.)
(b) NiCo/C (220)
(200)
( ) NiCoFe
(c) NiCoFe/C
(111)
(220)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Fig.
2 Theta (degree)
2. XRD patterns of (a) NiFe/C,
(b) NiCo/C, and (c) NiCoFe/C
Fig.1. Preparation procedure of non-noble metal
supported on carbon
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) was first
introduced to analyze non-noble metals supported on
carbon in order to identify the elemental composition
557 | P a g e
3. Chutharat Khonkeng, Nittaya Pantamas, Siwat Thungprasert, Thapanee Sarakonsri, Aphiruk
Chaisena / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.556-559
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3. SEM photograph and EDX profiles of (a)
NiFe/C, (b) NiCo/C, and (c) NiCoFe/C
(c)
Fig. 4. TEM images and SAD patterns of (a) NiFe/C,
(b) NiCo/C, and (c) NiCoFe/C
The surface morphology of the samples is
investigated by SEM and the composition of the
surface elements were analyzed with EDS. The SEM
micrographs of the obtained NiCoFe/C, NiCo/C, and
NiFe/C are shown in Fig. 3 with 5000 times of
magnification. The SEM micrographs show porous
structure of carbon black particles with various sizes.
(a) EDX spectra of the carbon-supported NiCoFe, NiCo,
and NiFe confirm the presence of respective elements
and a large amount of oxygen, which are assigned to
peaks of oxides. The average composition of
elements in the NiCoFe, NiCo, and NiFe are found to
be approximately 1 : 1 : 1.5, 1 : 1, and 1 : 1 : 1.5,
respectively. TEM images of metal supported on
carbon as shown in Fig. 4, which gave the particle
size distribution of particles on carbon supporters is
about 5- 50 µm. SAD patterns of Fe2O3, NiO, and
558 | P a g e
4. Chutharat Khonkeng, Nittaya Pantamas, Siwat Thungprasert, Thapanee Sarakonsri, Aphiruk
Chaisena / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.556-559
CoO based catalyst displayed the crystallographic [6] M.T Ergul, L. Turker, and I. Eroglu, An
structure of Fe2O3, NiO, and CoO which investigation on the performance
corresponded to their XRD patterns. The SAD optimization of an alkaline fuel cell,
patterns of NiCoFe, NiCo, and NiFe alloy exhibited International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
diffraction rings be almost the same as (110), (200), 22(10), 1997, 1039-1045.
and (211) corresponding to XRD pattern. [7] R. Bashyam, and P. Zelenay, A class of non-
Considering the XRD and TEM results, it is precious metal composite catalysts for fuel
suggested that the polymer templating method can cells, Nature, 443, 2006, 63 – 66.
successfully synthesize NiCoFe, NiCo, and NiFe [8] W. Qi, D. Zhou, S. Chen, Y. Huang, and X.
supported on carbon. Cheng, Preparation and electrocatalytic
properties of Fe, Co, Ni-polymer-C
4. CONCLUSION complex catalysts for ethanol electro-
The NiCoFe/C, NiCo/C, and NiFe/C were oxidation , Acta Chimica Sinica, 67 (9),
prepared by polymer templation method. First, 2009, 917-922.
reacting melamine with formaldehyde in solution, in [9] Acta, 2012. http://www.acta-nanotech.com
the presence of a catalyst (NaOH), cabon black and [10] N. Park,T. Shiraishi, K. Kamisugi,Y.
metals acetate, at 90 oC for 20 h sufficient to provide Hara,K. Iizuka,T. Kado, and S. Hayase, A
a polymerized product in the form of metal-doped method for decreasing ethanol crossover for
copolymer. Then the product is heated to 800 oC in direct ethanol fuel cells, Journal of Applied
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powder as metal support on carbon. These powders [11] P. Bert, and C. Bianchini, International
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[13] A. Nakamura, H. Takahashi, T. Takeguchi,
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T. Yamanaka, Q. Wang, Y. Uchimoto, and
This study was financially supported by the W. Ueda, Nonprecious metal
Rajabhat Lampang University Fund under Grant electrocatalysts for alkaline fuel cells, ECS
No.003154 and was partly supported by the Center of Transactions, 28( 8), 2010, 153-158.
Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH- [14] A. Nakamura, H. Takahashi, T. Takeguchi,
CIC), Office of the Higher Education Commission, T. Yamanaka, Q. Wang, Y. Uchimoto, and
Ministry of Education. We are very grateful for all W. Ueda, Nonprecious metal
the support electrocatalysts for alkaline fuel cells, ECS
Transactions, 33( 1), 2010, 1817-1821.
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