This lecture discusses several topics in nanotechnology including fuel cells, nano-composite materials, nanoelectronics, photonic devices, chemical and biological detectors, and applications in nanomedicine. Specifically, the lecture covers: 1) Fuel cells and the advantages of using nanomaterials like membranes and catalysts to improve efficiency. 2) Nano-composite materials and their use in applications like reinforced composites with nanotubes or nanoparticles. 3) Nanoelectronic and photonic devices like transistors, photonic crystals, and integrated photonics. 4) Chemical and biological detectors using techniques like microarrays, carbon nanotubes, and surface plasmon resonance. 5) Applications in nan

1. Lecture 6. Nanotechnology
Fuel Cells
Nano-composite materials
Nanoelectronics and photonic
Devices:
Chemical and Biological Detectors
Nanomedicine:
Disease Detection
Implants
Delivery of Therapeutics
Other nanomedicine
Applications
Risks

2. Fuel Cells

3. WHY FUEL CELLS?
 Emission of toxic pollutants when fossil fuel
burns
Build-up of CO2 & other greenhouse gases
leading to global warming
 Decline of world oil production
Deregulation of electricity supply industry

4. Advantages of Fuel Cells
More efficient and convenient than internal
combustion engines
 Modular Design •40-60% efficient
 Cogeneration •Zero-emission
•Low maintenance costs
 Capacity to use different
kinds of fuels •No moving parts
More practical and cost effective than
 No moving parts batteries
 Fast response High specific energy and power
 High Efficiency Longer life (5-10 years vs. 1-3 for
batteries)
 No emission of pollutants No long charging periods
Lower capital cost in mass production
No hazardous material disposal issues

6. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel
Cell (PEMFC)
http://www.celanesechemicals.us/index/about_index/innov-home/innov-fuelcell/fuel_cell_contacts/fuel_cell_pictures.htm

8. sjp@cie.unam.mx

9. FUEL CELL MATERIALS
Fuel cells will power the new hydrogen economy; and advances in materials
science, especially nanomaterials will be key to enabling this.
MEMBRANES
A critical challenge is finding effective membrane materials. Membranes
which can function without pressure, temperature, hydration may reduce
the cost and complexity
2 mm 2 mm
sjp@cie.unam.mx

13. FUEL CELL MATERIALS
Fuel cells will power the new hydrogen economy; and advances in materials
science, especially nanomaterials will be key to enabling this.
ELECTRODES AND CATALYSTS
CO tolerant catalysts based on nanostructured Pt alloys are presently the
most utilized. Critical challenges are finding new nanostructured catalytic
materials and cheap synthesis routes.
Nanostructured
Pt-Ru catalyst
sjp@cie.unam.mx

16. • Composites

17. Figure 8.1. Schematic representations of nanocomposite materials with
characteristic length scale: (a) nanolayered composites with nanoscale
bilayer repeat length L; (b) nanofilamentary (nanowire) composites
composed of a matrix with embedded filaments of nanoscale diameter d;
(c) nanoparticulate composites composed of a matrix with embedded
particles of nanoscale diameter d.

19. • Nanoelectronics

20. Fig. 1 Scanning-electron micrograph
of a Silicon-on-insulator integrated-
phontonic Device. [2,3]

22. Ballistic Nanotube MOS Transistors (Chen,Hastings)
Placement of Nanotubes by E-Field
D Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor(FET)
(The first-demo) Al-Gate SWNT
L Drain
Source
d HfO2
W
L
Ti
SiO2 L~20 nm
E-Beam Lithography

31. Other Applications

35. • Photonic Devices

36. Figure 20.1. Schematic illustrations of 1D, 2D, and 3D photonic
crystals patterned from two different types of dielectric materials.

37. Figure 20.3. (A) An illustration of the 3D woodpile lattice and (B) its
photonic band structure calculated using the PWEM method. The
filling fraction of the dielectric rods is 26.6%, and the contrast in
refractive index is set to be 3.6/1.0.(From Ref. 23 by permission of
Elsevier B.V.)

40. •
• Figure 1 With the disordered lattice set up, the
researchers launched a weak probe beam and
imaged the intensity distribution in the x–y plane
downstream as the light passed through the material
(see the figure). In transverse localization, a narrow
beam propagating through a disordered medium
undergoes diffusive broadening until its width
becomes comparable to the localization length. The
greater the disorder, the faster the beam evolves into
the localized state.

41. • C. Chemical and Biological
Detectors

43. Microarrays for Sensing Applications
50 mm
Polymeric networks patterned onto silicon surfaces have potential
application as recognition elements in biosensor applications.

45. Fig. 4 (a) A capacitive sensor structure and (b) Response
of the capacitive sensor using the vertically aligned
MWNT’s in a template (Switch between 3% NH3 and
pure N2).

56. Photonic Sensors:
Self-Referencing Surface-Plasmon Resonance (SR-SPR)
Sensing
Self-referencing Surface-Plasmon
• Surface-plasmon resonance: Resonance Sensor
– widely used for chemical sensing and for
investigating bio-molecular interactions
– high sensitivity, label free approach that
measures refractive index changes near a
metal-solution interface
– most often measures binding of the
target analyte to a functionalized
surface, but
• How can one differentiate between
specific binding, non-specific
binding, and changes in solution
refractive index?
• How can one integrate SPR on chip
for multi-channel self-referenced
sensing?
Students: R. Donipudi, P. Bathae Kumeresh; Funded by ORAU

57. • Nanomedicine

58. A nanofilter from
LabNow gives a
fast count of white
blood cells

59. Application as Functional Components of Novel
Devices
• Nanomedicine
– Diagnosis
• Imaging
• Sensors
• DNA Sequencing
– Arrays, Nanopore Sequencing
– Therapeutics
• Surgery
• Drug Development
– Arrays, Local Cellular Delivery
• Drug Delivery
– Microchip, Microneedles, Micro-/Nano-sphere
• Tissue Engineering

60. 1.Disease detection

66. Fig 3 Nanoscale Electrode for in-vivo neurological recording.

69. Fabrication process is summarized. (a) Free-standing membranes are spin coated with positive e-beam resist, and e-beam lithography is
performed. (b) The nanohole pattern is transferred to SiNx membrane through RIE processes. (c) Oxygen cleaning process results in a free-
standing photonic crystal-like structure. (d) Metal deposition results in a free-standing optofluidic nanoplasmonic biosensor with no
clogging of the holes. (e) Scanning electron microscope images of patterned SiNx membrane is shown before gold deposition. (f) Gold
deposition result in suspended plasmonic nanohole sensors without any lift-off process. No clogging of the nanohole openings is observed
(inset).
Published in: Ahmet A. Yanik; Min Huang; Osami Kamohara; Alp Artar; Thomas W. Geisbert; John H. Connor; Hatice Altug; Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 4962-4969.
DOI: 10.1021/nl103025u
Copyright © 2010 American Chemical Society

72. (a) Immunosensor surface functionalization is illustrated in the schematics. Antiviral immunoglobulins are attached from their Fc region to
the surface through a protein A/G layer. (b) Sequential functionalization of the bare sensing surface is illustrated (black) for the optofluidic
nanohole sensors with a sensitivity of FOM ∼ 40. Immobilization of the protein A/G (blue) and viral antibody monolayer (red) result in the
red shifting of the EPT resonance by 4 and 14 nm, respectively.
Published in: Ahmet A. Yanik; Min Huang; Osami Kamohara; Alp Artar; Thomas W. Geisbert; John H. Connor; Hatice Altug; Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 4962-4969.
DOI: 10.1021/nl103025u
Copyright © 2010 American Chemical Society

73. Detection of PT-Ebola virus (a) and Vaccinia (c) viruses shown in spectral measurements at a concentration of 108 PFU/mL. (c, d)
Repeatability of the measurements is demonstrated with measurements obtained from multiple sensors (blue). Minimal shifting due to
nonspecific bindings is observed in reference spots (red). Here, the detection sensors are functionalized with M-DA01-A5 and A33L
antibodies for capturing PT-Ebola and Vaccinia viruses, respectively.
Published in: Ahmet A. Yanik; Min Huang; Osami Kamohara; Alp Artar; Thomas W. Geisbert; John H. Connor; Hatice Altug; Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 4962-4969.
DOI: 10.1021/nl103025u
Copyright © 2010 American Chemical Society

74. 2.Implants

76. 3.Delivery of Therapeutics

77. MEMS Based Detection and Drug Delivery for Treatment of
Coronary Heart Disease
(Ehringer, Chien, Keynton, Walsh, Cohn, Hinds)
Early detection of sudden heart dysfunction using a micro-fabricated
implantable device to monitor vital cardiac chemical changes
Rapid recovery from an ischemic attack by providing an efficient ATP
delivery system to the heart.

78. Drug Delivery into Neural Tissue (Cornell)

80. Self-regulated Drug Delivery Devices
• Micro- and nanofabricated devices have many potential applications in medicine
• For example, drug delivery devices can be combined with biosensors to create micro-
and nanoscale self-regulated drug delivery devices
MicroCHIPS, Inc.
Micro-/nanoscale biosensor
Drug Delivery Microdevice

82. • Other Nanomedicine Applications

89. Fig 3 Nanoscale Electrode for in-vivo neurological recording.

90. Research Update III: Hippocampal Neuron
Recordings in Awake Rats for up to 6
Months W4
)
.
8
1
(
3
7
10
0
4 9 ( 1 2 . 1 ) 6 1 ( 1 5 . 1 )
mm
Firing
20x150 µm
Time →
Spike Waveforms Firing Rate Stripcharts Place Fields (after 30 min)
1 month after implant 9 3 ( 2 3 . 1 ) 9 4 ( 2 3 . 2 )
Site 3 Site 4
7 3 ( 1 8 . 1 ) 8 1 ( 2 0 . 1 )
Site 3
Firing Rate (Hz)
5
Site 4
150 µV
DSP01b
sig001 200 µs
12000
0
DSP03a
0 200 400 600
1 month
sig003
Time (sec)
1 month
12000
8 2 ( 2 0 . 2 )
Site 3 Site 4
6 months after implant
Site 3 61(15.1)
Firing Rate (Hz)
5
Site 4
150 µV
0
200 μs
0 200 400 600
) 2 . 0 2 ( 2 8
Time (sec)
6 months 6 months
Courtesy of Dr. Sam Deadwyler and Dr. Rob Hampson, Wake Forest Univ.

91. Research Update I: New Ceramic-Based Conformal Microelectrodes
Serial
W2
2.5 x 2.5 cm wafer
60
0
mm
Ceramic-based Microelectrodes Side-by-Side
Al2O3 substrates 37.5 to 125 µm
1. Polyimide coatings
“Ceramic-based
2. Pt or Ir recording sites
Microarrays”
3. “Multi-purpose” tip and long shank designs
20x150 µm

92. 2 Site 1
1.5
1
1 2 0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80
4 3 2 Site 2
1.5
Counts/bin
1
0.5
0
150 µV 0 20 40 60 80
200 µs 2 Site 3
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80
2 Site 4
1.5
1
CA3 0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80
DG CA1
Ceramic MRI of Macaque Brain
Probe
W4
Recording Sites
2
1 4
Hippocampus
3
Research Update IV:
20x150 mm Electrophysiological
Recordings in
Nonhuman Primates

93. Research Update II: Simultaneous Stimulation and Recordings
Stim: 100 µA 250 μA 500 µA 1 mA W2
Record
Site 1 CA1 60
0m
m
Site 2
Stimulate
CA3
Site 2a 20x150 µm
Recording Sites
Site 3 CA1 1 2
150 µV
200 µs
3 4
Site 3a
10 10 10 10
CA3
Firing Rate (Hz)
8 8 8 8
6
4
Site 4 6
4
6
4
6
4
S S
2
0
2
0
2
0
-10 -5 0 5 10
2
0
S = Stimulation Sites
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
Time (ms) Time (ms) Time (ms) Time (ms)

95. Institute of Molecular Medicine
10 mm
Diameter: 12 mm
Compliance: 80 mm/mN, 4 mm/mN
From: Patricia J. Cooper, Ming Lei, Long-Xian Cheng, and Peter Kohl
J Appl Physiol 89: 2099-2104, 2000

96. Institute of Molecular Medicine
NanoMedicine Project 3
Objective: To use hollow nanotubes as a delivery vehicle for
small interference RNA (RNAi) to silence specific gene products.

97. Institute of Molecular Medicine
RNA injection via nanotubes

98. Institute of Molecular Medicine
Carbon Fiber for manipulating single cell
Force Transducer Step Motor

107. • Other Nanomedicine Opportunities

113. • RISKS

114. A group of near-naked protestors demonstrate
the invasion of nanotechnology (into clothing)
in front of the Eddie Bauer flagship store in
Chicago.
The members of the group THONG (Topless
Humans Organized for Natural Genetics) were
upset the about the Nano-tex line of shirts
and khakis.
(Popular Science, August 2005)

116. Andre Nel,1,2* Tian Xia,1 Lutz Ma¨dler,3 Ning Li1