This document discusses a study on the effects of nitrate contamination and seasonal variation on denitrification and greenhouse gas production in La Rocina Stream in Donana National Park in Spain. Water and sediment samples were taken from four sites along the stream with varying nitrate concentrations over time. Results showed nitrate levels affected pH, nutrients, organic matter, and biological activities in sediments. Higher nitrate led to more greenhouse gas production, especially nitrous oxide. Denitrification and gas emissions increased during drier seasons due to nitrate contamination and rainfall patterns, exacerbating environmental issues.
The document summarizes the nitrogen cycle, which is the biogeochemical process by which nitrogen is converted between different chemical forms and moves through ecosystems. Key points include: (1) nitrogen is essential for life but most organisms cannot use atmospheric nitrogen, (2) microorganisms drive five processes - fixation, uptake, mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification - that convert nitrogen into biologically available forms, and (3) human activity such as fertilizer use has increased nitrogen fixation and altered the global nitrogen cycle, with environmental consequences like water pollution and coastal eutrophication.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The multivariate statistical analysis of the environmental pollutants at lake...Alexander Decker
1. The document analyzes environmental pollutants in Lake Nyamagoma in Tanzania using multivariate statistical analysis of water samples collected from 8 sites during the wet season.
2. The results show variation in pollutant levels controlled by factors like primary productivity, redox conditions, dissolution, nitrification, denitrification, mixing, and reduction processes, as well as human activities in the area.
3. Four factors were extracted from the analysis: 1) high turbidity and primary productivity, 2) cation exchange processes, 3) variation in pollutants by depth and nutrients from the catchment, and 4) reduction processes and increased salinity.
Impact of the salinity gradient on the mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsiden...EdytaSierka
Archives of Environmental Protection, 2014
This paper presents the impact of salinisation on the aquatic mollusc fauna in fl ooded mine subsidences in the Karvina region (Czech Republic). The results of the previous research on salinity in fl ooded mine subsidences show that some of them contain a high content of dissolved inorganic substances (above 1000 mg•l-1). These substances can affect the vegetation and animals occurring in the water and the surrounding area. The phylum of Mollusca was selected as a model group for the fi eldwork as it includes species with the proven bioindication potential. The occurrence of aquatic mollusc species was studied at 10 sites. The sites were selected based on the content of dissolved substances (the salinity gradient from <500 to >1000 mg•l-1. A total of 12 aquatic mollusc species were found, including one species identifi ed as a potential bioindicator of the negative effect of salinisation on aquatic biota. The analysis showed statistically signifi cant positive correlations between the content of dissolved inorganic substances and the presence of alien species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Gray, 1843). The gradient of salinity signifi cantly affects the species composition of the mollusc fauna in fl ooded mine subsidences and may affect the biodiversity of this group.
This document provides background information on phytoplankton and factors that influence their growth. It discusses how phytoplankton require sunlight, water and nutrients. Their distribution is affected by environmental conditions like pH, temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration. Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus are especially important for their growth. The document also examines how eutrophication from increased nutrients can lead to algal blooms and oxygen depletion, harming other organisms. It provides context on Sampaloc Lake which is experiencing signs of eutrophication from human activities.
Leachate characterization and assessment of groundwater and surface water qua...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that characterized leachate from a municipal solid waste dump site in Effurun, Nigeria and assessed the impact on local groundwater and surface water quality. Water and leachate samples were collected from the dump site and surrounding areas and tested for various physicochemical parameters. The results showed that the leachate had varying pH levels, indicating different stages of waste decomposition. While most groundwater parameters met drinking water standards, ammonia levels exceeded WHO standards in some wells. Surface water quality near the dump reflected some pollution. The study concluded that while groundwater has not yet been significantly impacted, there is potential for pollution in the future without upgrades to the dump site.
A series of PowerPoint slides that will be useful when introducing students to the study of biogeochemistry: definitions, four main elemental cycles, isotopic techniques.
Innovations in Soil Health Monitoring: Combining Systematic Field Assessments with Spectroscopy and Earth Observation
By Leigh Ann Winowiecki, WLE/CIFOR-ICRAF
Innovations in soil health monitoring for nature and people
From Research to Resilience
WLE webinar series
October 28, 2021
The document summarizes the nitrogen cycle, which is the biogeochemical process by which nitrogen is converted between different chemical forms and moves through ecosystems. Key points include: (1) nitrogen is essential for life but most organisms cannot use atmospheric nitrogen, (2) microorganisms drive five processes - fixation, uptake, mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification - that convert nitrogen into biologically available forms, and (3) human activity such as fertilizer use has increased nitrogen fixation and altered the global nitrogen cycle, with environmental consequences like water pollution and coastal eutrophication.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The multivariate statistical analysis of the environmental pollutants at lake...Alexander Decker
1. The document analyzes environmental pollutants in Lake Nyamagoma in Tanzania using multivariate statistical analysis of water samples collected from 8 sites during the wet season.
2. The results show variation in pollutant levels controlled by factors like primary productivity, redox conditions, dissolution, nitrification, denitrification, mixing, and reduction processes, as well as human activities in the area.
3. Four factors were extracted from the analysis: 1) high turbidity and primary productivity, 2) cation exchange processes, 3) variation in pollutants by depth and nutrients from the catchment, and 4) reduction processes and increased salinity.
Impact of the salinity gradient on the mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsiden...EdytaSierka
Archives of Environmental Protection, 2014
This paper presents the impact of salinisation on the aquatic mollusc fauna in fl ooded mine subsidences in the Karvina region (Czech Republic). The results of the previous research on salinity in fl ooded mine subsidences show that some of them contain a high content of dissolved inorganic substances (above 1000 mg•l-1). These substances can affect the vegetation and animals occurring in the water and the surrounding area. The phylum of Mollusca was selected as a model group for the fi eldwork as it includes species with the proven bioindication potential. The occurrence of aquatic mollusc species was studied at 10 sites. The sites were selected based on the content of dissolved substances (the salinity gradient from <500 to >1000 mg•l-1. A total of 12 aquatic mollusc species were found, including one species identifi ed as a potential bioindicator of the negative effect of salinisation on aquatic biota. The analysis showed statistically signifi cant positive correlations between the content of dissolved inorganic substances and the presence of alien species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Gray, 1843). The gradient of salinity signifi cantly affects the species composition of the mollusc fauna in fl ooded mine subsidences and may affect the biodiversity of this group.
This document provides background information on phytoplankton and factors that influence their growth. It discusses how phytoplankton require sunlight, water and nutrients. Their distribution is affected by environmental conditions like pH, temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration. Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus are especially important for their growth. The document also examines how eutrophication from increased nutrients can lead to algal blooms and oxygen depletion, harming other organisms. It provides context on Sampaloc Lake which is experiencing signs of eutrophication from human activities.
Leachate characterization and assessment of groundwater and surface water qua...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that characterized leachate from a municipal solid waste dump site in Effurun, Nigeria and assessed the impact on local groundwater and surface water quality. Water and leachate samples were collected from the dump site and surrounding areas and tested for various physicochemical parameters. The results showed that the leachate had varying pH levels, indicating different stages of waste decomposition. While most groundwater parameters met drinking water standards, ammonia levels exceeded WHO standards in some wells. Surface water quality near the dump reflected some pollution. The study concluded that while groundwater has not yet been significantly impacted, there is potential for pollution in the future without upgrades to the dump site.
A series of PowerPoint slides that will be useful when introducing students to the study of biogeochemistry: definitions, four main elemental cycles, isotopic techniques.
Innovations in Soil Health Monitoring: Combining Systematic Field Assessments with Spectroscopy and Earth Observation
By Leigh Ann Winowiecki, WLE/CIFOR-ICRAF
Innovations in soil health monitoring for nature and people
From Research to Resilience
WLE webinar series
October 28, 2021
Environmental burden of heavy metal contamination levels (zikai wang 的冲突副本 20...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes heavy metal contamination levels in soils from two sites under sewage irrigation and a control site in Geriyo catchment, Nigeria. Heavy metal concentrations were highest at Site II, followed by Site I, with the control site having the lowest levels. Zinc, copper, cadmium, chromium and lead concentrations exceeded international standards at Site II. An index was used to assess contamination/pollution levels, finding the soils ranged from slight to excessive heavy metal pollution. Remediation through leaching and liming was recommended due to risks of negative effects on plants and groundwater contamination.
Environmental burden of heavy metal contamination levelsAlexander Decker
The document analyzes heavy metal contamination levels in soils from two sites using sewage irrigation and a control site in Nigeria. At the sewage irrigation sites, concentrations of metals like Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb were higher than the control site. The highest concentrations were found at Site II, with levels of Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb exceeding international standards. Based on a contamination/pollution index, soils ranged from slight pollution to excessive heavy metal pollution, posing risks to plants and groundwater. Remediation through leaching and liming was recommended to reduce metal levels and ensure sustainable agriculture.
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme Industrial Area ...theijes
The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
Cadmium and lead hazards as occurring with their speciations in periurbain ag...Premier Publishers
Environment pollution hazard awareness is required for less industrialized countries which are faced with increasing periurban agriculture practice however. Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) were characterized around Abidjan city (Bingerville, Port-Bouët and Yopougon) in soil, perched ground water and vegetable crops (Hibiscus and sweet potato). Total amounts and speciations of metals were determined respectively. The sites were mainly differing with pH observed at Yopougon characterized by highest soil content of Pb (40 mg kg-1). In contrast with the low soil contents of metals, plant contaminations were observed in the root for Cd and Pb at Yopougon and Port-Bouët sites respectively with variance involving above and below ground organs as specific contamination of Hibiscus or sweet potato. Skeleton fractions as exchangeable (F1) and carbonate bound (F2) were characterizing these contaminations although additional fraction as oxide bound (F3) Cd and organic (F4) Pb were required respectively for effectiveness. The non-polluted perched groundwater pH, Eh, temperature and O2 concentration were likely concerned by these fractions availability beside that of residual fraction (F5) of Cd. Enhance isomorphic substitution of anionic Pb forms transforming F2 into F5 and the cationic substitutions between Cd and Pb were suggested for pollution management.
This document discusses a study that examined the potential for three species of aquatic macrophytes (Pista stratiotes, Spirodela intermedia, and Lemna minor) to simultaneously remove several heavy metals from water. In laboratory experiments, the macrophytes were exposed to varying concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, and lead over 15 days. High removal percentages for all three species and metals were observed. However, L. minor did not survive the experimental conditions. The rate of metal uptake by the macrophytes was dependent on the initial metal concentration. Overall, the study evaluated the macrophytes' ability to remove multiple heavy metals from water to help treat naturally polluted environments.
Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of dif...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of different treated sewage sludge in soils of the Pampas region. In: Sewage Treatment: Uses, Processes and Impact. Editors: Anna Stephens and Mark Fuller, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788. ISBN: 978-1-60692-959-9. 95-123. 394p.
1. Biogeochemistry is the study of the cycles of chemical elements like carbon and nitrogen through biological and geological systems over space and time. Key cycles include the carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles.
2. These biogeochemical cycles involve the movement of elements between living and non-living components of the Earth system, including the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.
3. Microbes play an important role in transforming elements between their various chemical forms and facilitating their movement between different Earth reservoirs as part of these global element cycles.
Arsenic and metals mobility in soils impacted by tailings at zimapán, méxico ...MarcosLoredo4
This document discusses soil pollution near mining tailings in Zimapán, Mexico. 120 soil samples were collected from areas near three different tailings piles - an older oxidized red pile (RT) and two gray piles of different ages (OSM and NSM). Samples found very high concentrations of arsenic and metals exceeding safety limits. Fractionation analysis found arsenic and metals were most mobile in soils near the NSM pile, followed by the RT pile, and least mobile in soils near the OSM pile. Polluted soils in residential areas pose health risks to local inhabitants. Remediation is needed to prevent exposure.
This document discusses the use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) for water remediation and nanoremediation. While nanoremediation shows promising benefits like lower costs and greater effectiveness compared to conventional methods, there are also environmental risks associated with ENMs that require consideration. The document analyzes these risks, such as increased mobility of ENMs leading to unintended exposure, and transformation of ENMs in natural environments altering their properties. It advocates for an eco-design approach to develop sustainable ENMs from renewable resources for water treatment to improve safety.
This document summarizes a study on microbial metal cycling and bioaccumulation in roadside soils and streams. The study aims to establish relationships between urbanization and pollutant concentrations in a local stream ecosystem. Researchers analyzed metal concentrations in insects, soils, and sediments from different zones of a creek. They also investigated microbial oxidation and reduction of antimony species from roadside soils and isolated bacterial strains to study metabolic pathways. Preliminary results found higher arsenic and lead levels in downstream insects and trace antimony reduction by soils microbes. The study provides background on metal pollution impacts and aims to further examine seasonal shifts and microbial antimony processing.
This document discusses atmospheric pollutants that impact aquatic ecosystems. It focuses on three categories: organic compounds, mercury, and nutrients. Many organic compounds are persistent, bioaccumulate in organisms, and are toxic. Mercury readily rains from the air into waterways where it can transform into methylmercury, a toxic form that builds up in fish. Atmospheric deposition is a significant source of nutrients like nitrogen to coastal waters, contributing to eutrophication. The effects of these pollutants are intertwined as they are often deposited together, and one may influence the bioaccumulation and impacts of others. The document calls for increased monitoring and regulation of atmospheric sources to reduce harm to the environment and human health.
Artifi cial wetlands are useful for wastewater treatment; however, relatively little is known of the effects of sewage on artifi cial wetland microbial community structure. Therefore, we assessed the effect of municipal sewage on microbial community diversity in surface water throughout an artifi cial wetland (Xiantao artifi cial wetland) treating municipal sewage. We analyzed the relationship between physicochemical parameters of surface water (i.e., Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and
NH4+-N) with microbial community structure (Illumina MiSeq sequencing followed by abundance indices). The results showed that the total microbial community in surface water was signifi cantly correlated with COD, TN, TP, and NH4
+-N (r = 0.764, 0.897, 0.883, 0.839, P < 0.05). In addition, the most abundant taxa were significantly correlated with COD (r = 0.803, P < 0.05). The relative abundance of rare operational taxonomic units in the more purifi ed water farther downstream was higher than in the polluted area, suggesting that rare groups were more sensitive to physicochemical parameters than abundant groups, and that the abundance of some bacteria could indirectly indicate the degree of aquatic pollution. Our results indicate that the responses of microorganisms in artificial wetlands to environmental conditions should be considered to ensure efficient treatment.
Copper Accumulation in Leucaena leucocephala by Mycorrhizae Glomus Sp. Zac–19...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Jose Antonio Alzate dam is the main man-made reservoir along the Lerma River in central Mexico. The water in this dam is heavily contaminated with organic and inorganic residues including copper and other heavy metals. For many years, people living in the vicinity of the dam use sediments as fertilizers, resulting in heavy soil contamination. This study focuses on the use of native Leucadena leucocephala, a small, fast-growing mimosid tree cultivated under greenhouse conditions in an attempt to reduce the levels of copper. The plant was inoculated with a fungus of the Glomus sp. Zac-19 species that in a symbiotic manner increases the decontaminating properties of L. leucocephala. The study was carried out in three stages, starting with sequential extractions to assess the geochemical distribution of copper. Next, L. leucocephala was grown under controlled conditions using a factorial statistical model adding two known doses of Cu2+ and a third plantlet grown under normal conditions to be used as control. The plant growth was followed at random during 30, 60, 90 and 180 days to assess the level of copper bioaccumulation in leaves, stem and in the whole plant. The bioaccumulation index was evaluated using the initial six fractions, with fraction five revealing a direct relationship between the levels of copper in plant and sediment. Due to the relation of fraction V with humic material, it was finally considered for the calculation of the bioaccumulation index. Copper accumulation in stems was greater than in leaves and the metal concentration decreased with time. The percentage of arbuscules, vesicles and complete colonization was affected by high doses of Cu2+,inhibiting the growth of stem and leaves of L. leucocephala. These results suggest that the plant can be useful for the biological removal of copper in contaminated sediments or soils.
This document contains lecture notes from Prof. Zaini Ujang on environmental chemistry. The notes cover topics such as pollution perspectives, major pollutants in water, atmosphere and soil, ecological systems and disturbances, and an introduction to environmental components and ecosystems. The lecture outline includes pollution perspective, major pollutants, effects of pollutants, fate of chemicals in the environment, and environmental monitoring techniques.
Bioavailabilty and crop uptake of heavy metals from Sewage sludge P.K. Mani
Application of sewage sludge to agricultural soils can increase the concentration of heavy metals in soil and plants. A study found increasing rates of untreated sewage sludge application from 10 to 80 tonnes/hectare led to a corresponding increase in extractable zinc, copper, lead and cadmium levels in soil. Similarly, Chinese cabbage grown in soils amended with increasing rates of sewage sludge from 5% to 25% showed higher accumulation of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, copper, and zinc in leaves compared to the unamended control. Several soil properties and plant factors influence the availability and uptake of heavy metals from sludge-amended soils into food crops.
Biosorption kinetics of vetiveria zizanioides rhizobacter on heavy metals con...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the kinetics of biosorption of heavy metals in contaminated wastewater using two bacteria - Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis - isolated from the rhizosphere of the Vetiveria zizanioides plant. The results showed that B. cereus accumulated the most lead (96.75%), cadmium (23%), and zinc (16.98%), while B. subtilis accumulated the most lead (95.2%), cadmium (41.3%), and zinc (32.2%). Kinetic studies revealed that the uptake of heavy metals followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The goal was to determine the potential of these microorganisms for bioremediating wast
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal ...Angelo Mark Walag
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines were assessed from March to May 2014. Water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and type of substrate were determined in the study were within the normal range. A modified transect-quadrat method was used in an approximately 14,000 m2 of study area. Seven hundred twenty seven individuals belonging to 15 species were found in the area. These organisms belong to four phyla namely: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Annelida. The three most abundant organisms found were Coenobita clypeatus, Ophiothrix longipeda, and Cypraea poraria with relative abundance of 73.86%, 4.13% and 3.71% respectively. Most of the macrobenthic fauna identified exhibited a clumped pattern of distribution, while the rest are randomly distributed. The species diversity of the area is 1.19 which is very low compared to reports from related studies.
EFFECTS OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION ON SOIL MICROBIALgudlord nkosi
This document summarizes a study on the effects of heavy metal contamination on soil microbial biomass. The study aimed to determine if heavy metal contamination affects soil microbial biomass. Soil and heavy metal samples were collected from a contaminated site and analyzed over 8 weeks. The results showed that bacteria levels initially increased with heavy metal exposure but then declined from week 4 to 8. Lead and arsenic had the highest negative impact on soil fungi levels. The conclusion is that added heavy metals change the soil microbial community structure and activities over time.
Effects of UVR and CO2 on phytoplankton on a temperate coastal lagoonRita Domingues
This document summarizes a study on the effects of increased ultraviolet radiation and carbon dioxide on winter phytoplankton assemblages in the Ria Formosa coastal lagoon in Portugal. The study found that specific phytoplankton groups responded differently, with cyanobacteria experiencing higher mortality, while diatoms showed higher net growth rates under increased CO2 and UV exposure. There were also changes in the phytoplankton community structure, but no significant effects on overall production. The results indicate that climate change could impact phytoplankton communities through taxon-specific responses.
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document summarizes a study on the distribution and mobility of lead and zinc in soils near an industrial foundry in Tiaret, Algeria. Samples were taken from 35 soil sites within 2 parcels near the foundry. Analysis found lead levels varied from 0-13.7 ppm and zinc from 0-21.96 ppm depending on soil properties. The study found lead and zinc mobility correlated positively with pH, limestone content, and each other, but negatively with cation exchange capacity. Higher pH, limestone, and moisture increased heavy metal solubility by forming complexes while fine particles promoted dispersion. The results indicate soil properties significantly influence heavy metal distribution from atmospheric depositions near industrial areas.
Environmental burden of heavy metal contamination levels (zikai wang 的冲突副本 20...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes heavy metal contamination levels in soils from two sites under sewage irrigation and a control site in Geriyo catchment, Nigeria. Heavy metal concentrations were highest at Site II, followed by Site I, with the control site having the lowest levels. Zinc, copper, cadmium, chromium and lead concentrations exceeded international standards at Site II. An index was used to assess contamination/pollution levels, finding the soils ranged from slight to excessive heavy metal pollution. Remediation through leaching and liming was recommended due to risks of negative effects on plants and groundwater contamination.
Environmental burden of heavy metal contamination levelsAlexander Decker
The document analyzes heavy metal contamination levels in soils from two sites using sewage irrigation and a control site in Nigeria. At the sewage irrigation sites, concentrations of metals like Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb were higher than the control site. The highest concentrations were found at Site II, with levels of Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb exceeding international standards. Based on a contamination/pollution index, soils ranged from slight pollution to excessive heavy metal pollution, posing risks to plants and groundwater. Remediation through leaching and liming was recommended to reduce metal levels and ensure sustainable agriculture.
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme Industrial Area ...theijes
The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
Cadmium and lead hazards as occurring with their speciations in periurbain ag...Premier Publishers
Environment pollution hazard awareness is required for less industrialized countries which are faced with increasing periurban agriculture practice however. Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) were characterized around Abidjan city (Bingerville, Port-Bouët and Yopougon) in soil, perched ground water and vegetable crops (Hibiscus and sweet potato). Total amounts and speciations of metals were determined respectively. The sites were mainly differing with pH observed at Yopougon characterized by highest soil content of Pb (40 mg kg-1). In contrast with the low soil contents of metals, plant contaminations were observed in the root for Cd and Pb at Yopougon and Port-Bouët sites respectively with variance involving above and below ground organs as specific contamination of Hibiscus or sweet potato. Skeleton fractions as exchangeable (F1) and carbonate bound (F2) were characterizing these contaminations although additional fraction as oxide bound (F3) Cd and organic (F4) Pb were required respectively for effectiveness. The non-polluted perched groundwater pH, Eh, temperature and O2 concentration were likely concerned by these fractions availability beside that of residual fraction (F5) of Cd. Enhance isomorphic substitution of anionic Pb forms transforming F2 into F5 and the cationic substitutions between Cd and Pb were suggested for pollution management.
This document discusses a study that examined the potential for three species of aquatic macrophytes (Pista stratiotes, Spirodela intermedia, and Lemna minor) to simultaneously remove several heavy metals from water. In laboratory experiments, the macrophytes were exposed to varying concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, and lead over 15 days. High removal percentages for all three species and metals were observed. However, L. minor did not survive the experimental conditions. The rate of metal uptake by the macrophytes was dependent on the initial metal concentration. Overall, the study evaluated the macrophytes' ability to remove multiple heavy metals from water to help treat naturally polluted environments.
Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of dif...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of different treated sewage sludge in soils of the Pampas region. In: Sewage Treatment: Uses, Processes and Impact. Editors: Anna Stephens and Mark Fuller, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788. ISBN: 978-1-60692-959-9. 95-123. 394p.
1. Biogeochemistry is the study of the cycles of chemical elements like carbon and nitrogen through biological and geological systems over space and time. Key cycles include the carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles.
2. These biogeochemical cycles involve the movement of elements between living and non-living components of the Earth system, including the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.
3. Microbes play an important role in transforming elements between their various chemical forms and facilitating their movement between different Earth reservoirs as part of these global element cycles.
Arsenic and metals mobility in soils impacted by tailings at zimapán, méxico ...MarcosLoredo4
This document discusses soil pollution near mining tailings in Zimapán, Mexico. 120 soil samples were collected from areas near three different tailings piles - an older oxidized red pile (RT) and two gray piles of different ages (OSM and NSM). Samples found very high concentrations of arsenic and metals exceeding safety limits. Fractionation analysis found arsenic and metals were most mobile in soils near the NSM pile, followed by the RT pile, and least mobile in soils near the OSM pile. Polluted soils in residential areas pose health risks to local inhabitants. Remediation is needed to prevent exposure.
This document discusses the use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) for water remediation and nanoremediation. While nanoremediation shows promising benefits like lower costs and greater effectiveness compared to conventional methods, there are also environmental risks associated with ENMs that require consideration. The document analyzes these risks, such as increased mobility of ENMs leading to unintended exposure, and transformation of ENMs in natural environments altering their properties. It advocates for an eco-design approach to develop sustainable ENMs from renewable resources for water treatment to improve safety.
This document summarizes a study on microbial metal cycling and bioaccumulation in roadside soils and streams. The study aims to establish relationships between urbanization and pollutant concentrations in a local stream ecosystem. Researchers analyzed metal concentrations in insects, soils, and sediments from different zones of a creek. They also investigated microbial oxidation and reduction of antimony species from roadside soils and isolated bacterial strains to study metabolic pathways. Preliminary results found higher arsenic and lead levels in downstream insects and trace antimony reduction by soils microbes. The study provides background on metal pollution impacts and aims to further examine seasonal shifts and microbial antimony processing.
This document discusses atmospheric pollutants that impact aquatic ecosystems. It focuses on three categories: organic compounds, mercury, and nutrients. Many organic compounds are persistent, bioaccumulate in organisms, and are toxic. Mercury readily rains from the air into waterways where it can transform into methylmercury, a toxic form that builds up in fish. Atmospheric deposition is a significant source of nutrients like nitrogen to coastal waters, contributing to eutrophication. The effects of these pollutants are intertwined as they are often deposited together, and one may influence the bioaccumulation and impacts of others. The document calls for increased monitoring and regulation of atmospheric sources to reduce harm to the environment and human health.
Artifi cial wetlands are useful for wastewater treatment; however, relatively little is known of the effects of sewage on artifi cial wetland microbial community structure. Therefore, we assessed the effect of municipal sewage on microbial community diversity in surface water throughout an artifi cial wetland (Xiantao artifi cial wetland) treating municipal sewage. We analyzed the relationship between physicochemical parameters of surface water (i.e., Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and
NH4+-N) with microbial community structure (Illumina MiSeq sequencing followed by abundance indices). The results showed that the total microbial community in surface water was signifi cantly correlated with COD, TN, TP, and NH4
+-N (r = 0.764, 0.897, 0.883, 0.839, P < 0.05). In addition, the most abundant taxa were significantly correlated with COD (r = 0.803, P < 0.05). The relative abundance of rare operational taxonomic units in the more purifi ed water farther downstream was higher than in the polluted area, suggesting that rare groups were more sensitive to physicochemical parameters than abundant groups, and that the abundance of some bacteria could indirectly indicate the degree of aquatic pollution. Our results indicate that the responses of microorganisms in artificial wetlands to environmental conditions should be considered to ensure efficient treatment.
Copper Accumulation in Leucaena leucocephala by Mycorrhizae Glomus Sp. Zac–19...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Jose Antonio Alzate dam is the main man-made reservoir along the Lerma River in central Mexico. The water in this dam is heavily contaminated with organic and inorganic residues including copper and other heavy metals. For many years, people living in the vicinity of the dam use sediments as fertilizers, resulting in heavy soil contamination. This study focuses on the use of native Leucadena leucocephala, a small, fast-growing mimosid tree cultivated under greenhouse conditions in an attempt to reduce the levels of copper. The plant was inoculated with a fungus of the Glomus sp. Zac-19 species that in a symbiotic manner increases the decontaminating properties of L. leucocephala. The study was carried out in three stages, starting with sequential extractions to assess the geochemical distribution of copper. Next, L. leucocephala was grown under controlled conditions using a factorial statistical model adding two known doses of Cu2+ and a third plantlet grown under normal conditions to be used as control. The plant growth was followed at random during 30, 60, 90 and 180 days to assess the level of copper bioaccumulation in leaves, stem and in the whole plant. The bioaccumulation index was evaluated using the initial six fractions, with fraction five revealing a direct relationship between the levels of copper in plant and sediment. Due to the relation of fraction V with humic material, it was finally considered for the calculation of the bioaccumulation index. Copper accumulation in stems was greater than in leaves and the metal concentration decreased with time. The percentage of arbuscules, vesicles and complete colonization was affected by high doses of Cu2+,inhibiting the growth of stem and leaves of L. leucocephala. These results suggest that the plant can be useful for the biological removal of copper in contaminated sediments or soils.
This document contains lecture notes from Prof. Zaini Ujang on environmental chemistry. The notes cover topics such as pollution perspectives, major pollutants in water, atmosphere and soil, ecological systems and disturbances, and an introduction to environmental components and ecosystems. The lecture outline includes pollution perspective, major pollutants, effects of pollutants, fate of chemicals in the environment, and environmental monitoring techniques.
Bioavailabilty and crop uptake of heavy metals from Sewage sludge P.K. Mani
Application of sewage sludge to agricultural soils can increase the concentration of heavy metals in soil and plants. A study found increasing rates of untreated sewage sludge application from 10 to 80 tonnes/hectare led to a corresponding increase in extractable zinc, copper, lead and cadmium levels in soil. Similarly, Chinese cabbage grown in soils amended with increasing rates of sewage sludge from 5% to 25% showed higher accumulation of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, copper, and zinc in leaves compared to the unamended control. Several soil properties and plant factors influence the availability and uptake of heavy metals from sludge-amended soils into food crops.
Biosorption kinetics of vetiveria zizanioides rhizobacter on heavy metals con...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the kinetics of biosorption of heavy metals in contaminated wastewater using two bacteria - Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis - isolated from the rhizosphere of the Vetiveria zizanioides plant. The results showed that B. cereus accumulated the most lead (96.75%), cadmium (23%), and zinc (16.98%), while B. subtilis accumulated the most lead (95.2%), cadmium (41.3%), and zinc (32.2%). Kinetic studies revealed that the uptake of heavy metals followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The goal was to determine the potential of these microorganisms for bioremediating wast
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal ...Angelo Mark Walag
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines were assessed from March to May 2014. Water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and type of substrate were determined in the study were within the normal range. A modified transect-quadrat method was used in an approximately 14,000 m2 of study area. Seven hundred twenty seven individuals belonging to 15 species were found in the area. These organisms belong to four phyla namely: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Annelida. The three most abundant organisms found were Coenobita clypeatus, Ophiothrix longipeda, and Cypraea poraria with relative abundance of 73.86%, 4.13% and 3.71% respectively. Most of the macrobenthic fauna identified exhibited a clumped pattern of distribution, while the rest are randomly distributed. The species diversity of the area is 1.19 which is very low compared to reports from related studies.
EFFECTS OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION ON SOIL MICROBIALgudlord nkosi
This document summarizes a study on the effects of heavy metal contamination on soil microbial biomass. The study aimed to determine if heavy metal contamination affects soil microbial biomass. Soil and heavy metal samples were collected from a contaminated site and analyzed over 8 weeks. The results showed that bacteria levels initially increased with heavy metal exposure but then declined from week 4 to 8. Lead and arsenic had the highest negative impact on soil fungi levels. The conclusion is that added heavy metals change the soil microbial community structure and activities over time.
Effects of UVR and CO2 on phytoplankton on a temperate coastal lagoonRita Domingues
This document summarizes a study on the effects of increased ultraviolet radiation and carbon dioxide on winter phytoplankton assemblages in the Ria Formosa coastal lagoon in Portugal. The study found that specific phytoplankton groups responded differently, with cyanobacteria experiencing higher mortality, while diatoms showed higher net growth rates under increased CO2 and UV exposure. There were also changes in the phytoplankton community structure, but no significant effects on overall production. The results indicate that climate change could impact phytoplankton communities through taxon-specific responses.
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document summarizes a study on the distribution and mobility of lead and zinc in soils near an industrial foundry in Tiaret, Algeria. Samples were taken from 35 soil sites within 2 parcels near the foundry. Analysis found lead levels varied from 0-13.7 ppm and zinc from 0-21.96 ppm depending on soil properties. The study found lead and zinc mobility correlated positively with pH, limestone content, and each other, but negatively with cation exchange capacity. Higher pH, limestone, and moisture increased heavy metal solubility by forming complexes while fine particles promoted dispersion. The results indicate soil properties significantly influence heavy metal distribution from atmospheric depositions near industrial areas.
Influence of hydrological connectivity of riverine wetlandso.docxjaggernaoma
Influence of hydrological connectivity of riverine wetlands
on nitrogen removal via denitrification
E. Racchetti • Marco Bartoli • E. Soana •
D. Longhi • R. R. Christian • M. Pinardi •
P. Viaroli
Received: 30 April 2009 / Accepted: 25 May 2010 / Published online: 17 June 2010
� Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010
Abstract Wetland ecosystems in agricultural areas
often become progressively more isolated from main
water bodies. Stagnation favors the accumulation of
organic matter as the supply of electron acceptors
with water renewal is limited. In this context it is
expected that nitrogen recycling prevails over nitro-
gen dissipation. To test this hypothesis, denitrifica-
tion rates, fluxes of dissolved oxygen (SOD),
inorganic carbon (DIC) and nitrogen and sediment
features were measured in winter and summer 2007
on 22 shallow riverine wetlands in the Po River Plain
(Northern Italy). Fluxes were determined from incu-
bations of intact cores by measurement of concen-
tration changes or isotope pairing in the case of
denitrification. Sampled sites were eutrophic to
hypertrophic; 10 were connected and 12 were
isolated from the adjacent rivers, resulting in large
differences in nitrate concentrations in the water
column (from \5 to 1,133 lM). Benthic metabolism
and denitrification rates were investigated by two
overarching factors: season and hydrological
connectivity. SOD and DIC fluxes resulted in respi-
ratory quotients greater than one at most sampling
sites. Sediment respiration was coupled to both
ammonium efflux, which increased from winter
to summer, and nitrate consumption, with higher
rates in river-connected wetlands. Denitrification
rates measured in river-connected wetlands (35–
1,888 lmol N m-2 h-1) were up to two orders of
magnitude higher than rates measured in isolated
wetlands (2–231 lmol N m-2 h-1), suggesting a
strong regulation of the process by nitrate availabil-
ity. These rates were also significantly higher in
summer (9–1,888 lmol N m-2 h-1) than in winter
(2–365 lmol N m-2 h-1). Denitrification supported
by water column nitrate (DW) accounted for 60–
100% of total denitrification (Dtot); denitrification
coupled to nitrification (DN) was probably controlled
by limited oxygen availability within sediments.
Denitrification efficiency, calculated as the ratio
between N removal via denitrification and N regen-
eration, and the relative role of denitrification for
organic matter oxidation, were high in connected
wetlands but not in isolated sites. This study confirms
the importance of restoring hydraulic connectivity of
riverine wetlands for the maintenance of important
biogeochemical functions such as nitrogen removal
via denitrification.
Keywords Denitrification � Benthic respiration �
N-regeneration � Hydrological connectivity �
Riverine wetlands
E. Racchetti � M. Bartoli (&) � E. Soana �
D. Longhi � M. Pinardi � P. Viaroli
Department of Environmental Sciences, Univers.
This document summarizes a study that compared the nitrate removal rates, efficiencies, and potential for pollution swapping of different organic carbon media in laboratory denitrification bioreactors. The media tested included lodgepole pine woodchips, cardboard, lodgepole pine needles, barley straw, and a soil control. Results showed nitrate removal was consistently over 99% for all media. However, when considering pollution swapping through the production of other nitrogen species and leaching of contaminants, removal efficiencies ranged from 67% to 95%. Phosphorus releases from the bioreactors exceeded thresholds for eutrophication. Greenhouse gas emissions were dominated by carbon dioxide and methane, with little nitrous oxide. Compar
1) Long-term monitoring has shown that total soil respiration is higher in urban forests compared to rural forests in Baltimore. This study aims to determine if differences in earthworm abundance explain the higher respiration levels.
2) Field measurements of soil respiration, moisture, biomass, organic matter, and earthworm abundance were taken at urban and rural forest sites. Earthworms were extracted using a mustard solution.
3) Preliminary results showed earthworm biomass was higher in urban sites, suggesting higher respiration in urban forests could be due to earthworm respiration and stimulation of root respiration by earthworms. Earthworm abundance varied with soil moisture.
Methane in Coastal Blue Carbon EcosystemCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Judith A. Rosentreter
(Postdoctoral Researcher Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia) on 25 September 2019 at Blue Carbon Regional Workshop, Merida, Yucatan.
The document discusses several key topics related to global environmental issues:
1. It describes the different types of ecosystem services that benefit humans, including provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural services.
2. It explains the causes and effects of ozone layer depletion, including the role of chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances.
3. It discusses the causes and impacts of global warming and climate change, focusing on greenhouse gas emissions and their effects on temperature rise, extreme weather, species distribution shifts, and health risks.
Anthropogenic And Natural CO2 Emission Sources In An Arid Urban EnvironmentTye Rausch
Human and automobile activity produced more than 80% of the carbon dioxide inputs into the urban environment of Phoenix, Arizona. Soil CO2 efflux, or emissions, from human-maintained landscapes like golf courses, lawns, and irrigated agriculture were higher than from natural desert ecosystems, and were dependent on both temperature and soil moisture. Landfills exhibited the most consistent soil CO2 efflux rates but were independent of temperature and moisture. An analysis using GIS estimated the annual CO2 released from the predominant land-use types in the Phoenix region, with agriculture accounting for over 60% of total soil CO2 emissions from land-based sources.
You will see all the relevant topics Trans-boundary environmental problems; global pollution; economic significance of biodiversity;
economics of climate change; trade and environment, dispute resolutions
Acid rain has become an important environmental problem in China since the late 1970s due to rapid industrialization and economic growth. Coal combustion for energy production, which accounts for 69% of China's energy, has led to significant emissions of sulfur and subsequent widespread acid rain deposition in southern and southwestern China. Some deposition levels in these areas are comparable to or higher than levels observed in Europe in the 1980s. Nitrogen is also deposited from sources including agriculture, vehicles, and power plants. Little is known about the effects of this acid deposition on China's ecosystems, but forest damage has been observed near heavily polluted cities. Long-term monitoring is needed to better understand deposition trends and environmental impacts.
Ecology & pollution control in textile industryDEVNARAYAN YADAV
This document outlines a course on ecology and pollution control in the textile industry. It covers 5 units: (1) an introduction to environmental pollution and pollutants from the textile industry, (2) air pollution including sources and effects, (3) water pollution and wastewater treatment, (4) other pollution treatment methods, and (5) noise pollution challenges. Key topics include classifying air and water pollutants, sources of pollution in textile mills, effluent treatment plants, and standards for textile processing effluents. Reference books on related environmental engineering topics are also listed.
Nitrogen and carbon cycle and their effect on global climate change.PriyankaPrakash37
1) The document discusses the nitrogen and carbon cycles, how human activity has altered them, and their effects on global climate change.
2) It describes how the nitrogen cycle involves the movement of nitrogen between the environment and organisms, and how human activities like fossil fuel combustion and fertilizer use have increased reactive nitrogen levels.
3) It also explains the carbon cycle and how carbon is the basic building block of all living things, being present in the atmosphere, soils, oceans, and Earth's crust. However, human activities have disrupted the natural flows of both nitrogen and carbon.
Wood biochar (1.6% w/w) was applied to a clay Ferralsol soil in Brazil to investigate its impact on N2O-N fluxes over 2.5 years with annual N fertilization (90 kg N ha-1). Manual chambers were used to measure N2O-N fluxes and soil variables weekly after sowing and fertilization. N fertilization increased N2O-N fluxes and soil N-NH4+ and N-NO3- levels, especially when soil water filled pore space was lower. However, biochar did not interact with N fertilization or affect N2O-N fluxes up to 2.5 years after application. The study highlights the need for long-
This document contains a two-pager summarizing the state of scientific research on climate change. It discusses what is known and still unknown about climate change, factors driving changes in the global climate, who is conducting the research, areas needing further study, and key questions. It also includes two charts showing greenhouse gas emissions by country and selected contributors. The attached document was prepared by a top DOE scientist for the Department of Energy to summarize the consensus views on climate change research.
Wetlands play an important role as carbon sinks by storing carbon through plant biomass and accumulation of organic matter in soils. Wetlands globally store about 35% of the world's terrestrial carbon. Coastal wetlands like mangroves and seagrass meadows also store a significant amount of carbon. However, degradation of wetlands through drainage, burning or climate change can release large amounts of stored carbon and switch wetlands from carbon sinks to sources of carbon emissions. Maintaining natural wetlands is critical to mitigating climate change.
1. Nutrients are essential for plant and animal growth but can become toxic at high concentrations. Nitrogen is particularly complex as it can be both a nutrient and toxin depending on its form and concentration.
2. Excess nutrients from fertilizer, wastewater, and animal waste can lead to algal blooms, hypoxia, and eutrophication in waterbodies. This degrades water quality, harms ecosystems and fisheries, and impacts drinking water supplies.
3. The Clean Water Act established water quality standards and requires states to monitor impaired waters and develop nutrient reduction plans called Total Maximum Daily Loads to restore water quality.
EIA in India was first introduced in 1977-78 to evaluate river valley projects. In 1994, the Ministry of Environment and Forests issued a notification requiring developers to consult with state pollution control boards on environmental impact assessments and obtain central government clearance for projects in sensitive areas. The 2006 EIA notification strengthened these requirements to minimize adverse environmental impacts and address climate change issues.
Tropical forests in a changing world: Investigating global change impacts in ...Christine O'Connell
The document summarizes a presentation on the impacts of land use change and climate change on tropical forests in Amazonia and Puerto Rico. In Amazonia, the presentation examines how agricultural expansion and intensification impact carbon storage, energy balance, and habitat. It finds that the location of future agricultural expansion will largely determine impacts on ecosystem services. In Puerto Rico, it analyzes the effects of a severe drought on soil biogeochemistry and greenhouse gas emissions, finding complex impacts varying by topography. The presentation concludes that land use change likely has larger biogeochemical effects than agricultural intensification, and climate impacts on tropical forests will involve nutrient cycle feedbacks.
Presented by Rupesh Bhomia, Scientist, CIFOR at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, 20-22 September 2021
Similar to 2011 tortosa galeote et al nitrate contamination doñana (20)
Clase sobre Compostaje Residuos Agroindustriales (05 de marzo de 2024)Germán Tortosa
Este documento describe el proceso de compostaje de residuos orgánicos agroindustriales. Explica que el compostaje es un proceso natural de descomposición de la materia orgánica que se lleva a cabo en condiciones controladas. Luego detalla factores como la humedad, temperatura, aireación, relación carbono/nitrógeno que influyen en el proceso. Finalmente, cubre temas como los criterios de calidad del compost terminado y sus usos como fertilizante orgánico en la agricultura.
Primera sesión del proyecto de ciencia ciudadana BICHOCOMPOGermán Tortosa
Este documento presenta el proyecto de investigación "BICHOCOMPO: Analizando la biodiversidad de invertebrados en una pila de compost". El proyecto estudiará la biodiversidad de invertebrados en pilas de compost doméstico para determinar la madurez del compost mediante la identificación de especies. Se propone realizar muestreos directos e instalar trampas en dos pilas de compost en diferentes fechas, así como en un suelo de control. Los resultados ayudarán a establecer un bioindicador de la madurez del
Presentación del marco terórico del proyecto ENERGYCOMPO II.pdfGermán Tortosa
El documento describe un proyecto de investigación llamado ENERGYCOMPO II que busca mejorar un dispositivo que produce electricidad con plantas cultivadas en compost. El proyecto incluye tres experimentos para determinar cómo factores como la humedad, salinidad y extractos de compost afectan la producción eléctrica. Los estudiantes llevarán a cabo los experimentos, analizarán los datos, presentarán los resultados en un congreso y publicarán un artículo científico.
Este documento describe el proyecto "BICHOCOMPO: Analizando la biodiversidad de invertebrados en una pila de compost", que forma parte de los proyectos de ciencia ciudadana CAOS. El objetivo es identificar la mesofauna que aparece en pilas de compostaje para proponerlos como bioindicadores de la calidad del compost. Los estudiantes realizarán muestreos de invertebrados y compost, identificarán los invertebrados, y analizarán las propiedades del compost como parte de la investigación. Los resultados se presentarán
Charla de Germán Tortosa en las jornadas técnicas sobre el cultivo de tomate de la variedad Huevo de Toro, organizada por la Asociación Tomate Huevo Toro, Frutas y Verduras del Guadalhorce, se celebrará en Alhaurín el Grande (Málaga, España).
- The document describes a project called "Recovery of electrical energy from organic waste composting (ENERGYCOMPO)" led by Germán Tortosa Muñoz.
- The objective is to create an experimental device that can grow plants and produce electricity using compost. Various experiments will evaluate compost's ability to improve electrical energy generation and effectiveness as an organic fertilizer.
- The project will involve preparing compost bottles, monitoring the composting process over time, measuring CO2 emissions and bacterial diversity, and testing the compost's ability to generate electricity and support plant growth. Results will be presented in April 2023.
Este documento presenta un proyecto de ciencia ciudadana sobre compostaje dirigido a estudiantes. El proyecto se llevará a cabo en la Estación Experimental del Zaidín, un centro de investigación agrícola en Granada. Los estudiantes realizarán experimentos sobre compostaje de residuos y generación de energía a partir de plantas como parte del proyecto CAOS III. El proyecto incluye la investigación, presentación de resultados, escritura de un artículo científico y divulgación de los hallazgos.
Tortosa Desgranando Ciencia VIII 2022 v2.pdfGermán Tortosa
Charla de divulgación científica sobre compostaje de humanos difuntos, por Germán Tortosa en Desgranando Ciencia 8, 28 de mayo de 2022 (Granada), España.
Este documento presenta los resultados de un estudio sobre la microbiología del compostaje de alperujo mediante el análisis de RNA. Se encontró que la fase termófila es la más activa metabólicamente y que hay una especialización bacteriana asociada a la degradación y humificación de la materia orgánica. Luteinomonas, Parapedobacter y Planomicrobium parecen jugar un papel importante en la humificación y podrían ser biomarcadores de la maduración del compost. El estudio aporta nuevos conocimientos sobre las comun
Este documento presenta un proyecto sobre el uso de plantas como fuente de energía eléctrica. El proyecto tiene dos fases: 1) construir un sistema para generar electricidad a partir de plantas y 2) cultivar plantas con y sin compost para analizar cómo la materia orgánica estimula la actividad biológica de las plantas y el suelo. El documento incluye fotos e información sobre la importancia de la materia orgánica del suelo y los métodos que se usarán, y anima a la gente a unirse al proyecto.
La ciencia del compostaje a pequeña escalaGermán Tortosa
Este documento describe los principios básicos del compostaje a pequeña escala. Explica que el compostaje es un proceso natural de descomposición de la materia orgánica controlado que mejora las propiedades del suelo. Detalla los factores que influyen en el proceso como el tamaño de partícula, humedad, pH, aireación y temperatura. También resume los diferentes sistemas de compostaje y escalas, desde el doméstico hasta el industrial.
Unesco 2021 compostaje residuos agroindustriales 2Germán Tortosa
LVII Curso Internacional de Edafología y Biología Vegetal.
Por el Dr. Germán Tortosa Muñoz
Dpto. Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos
Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC)
http://www.compostandociencia.com
Proyecto Caos. Sesión primera (enero de 2021)Germán Tortosa
Este documento presenta un proyecto para incrementar la materia orgánica de los suelos a través de varios experimentos. El proyecto incluye experimentos para demostrar la importancia de la materia orgánica como fertilizante, elaborar un abono orgánico líquido a partir de aguas de cocción de alimentos, y aislar bacterias rizobios del suelo utilizando plantas trampa. Los resultados se presentarán en marzo.
Sesión inicial proyecto CAOS "Materia orgánica y suelos"Germán Tortosa
Este documento describe un proyecto para incrementar la materia orgánica en los suelos mediante cuatro experimentos: 1) demostrar la importancia de la materia orgánica como fertilizante, 2) elaborar un abono orgánico líquido, 3) aislar rizobios del suelo en un experimento de plantas trampa, y 4) presentar los resultados. El objetivo general es encontrar formas de aumentar la materia orgánica en los suelos, lo cual mejora sus propiedades y combate el cambio climático.
Universidad Nacional de Temuco
Enero de 2020
Microbiología aplicada
al desarrollo de una
agricultura sostenible
Dr. Germán Tortosa Muñoz (@germantortosa)
Dept. Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas
Simbióticos
Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC)
http://www.compostandociencia.com
ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation F...AlexanderRichford
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation Functions to Prevent Interaction with Malicious QR Codes.
Aim of the Study: The goal of this research was to develop a robust hybrid approach for identifying malicious and insecure URLs derived from QR codes, ensuring safe interactions.
This is achieved through:
Machine Learning Model: Predicts the likelihood of a URL being malicious.
Security Validation Functions: Ensures the derived URL has a valid certificate and proper URL format.
This innovative blend of technology aims to enhance cybersecurity measures and protect users from potential threats hidden within QR codes 🖥 🔒
This study was my first introduction to using ML which has shown me the immense potential of ML in creating more secure digital environments!
"NATO Hackathon Winner: AI-Powered Drug Search", Taras KlobaFwdays
This is a session that details how PostgreSQL's features and Azure AI Services can be effectively used to significantly enhance the search functionality in any application.
In this session, we'll share insights on how we used PostgreSQL to facilitate precise searches across multiple fields in our mobile application. The techniques include using LIKE and ILIKE operators and integrating a trigram-based search to handle potential misspellings, thereby increasing the search accuracy.
We'll also discuss how the azure_ai extension on PostgreSQL databases in Azure and Azure AI Services were utilized to create vectors from user input, a feature beneficial when users wish to find specific items based on text prompts. While our application's case study involves a drug search, the techniques and principles shared in this session can be adapted to improve search functionality in a wide range of applications. Join us to learn how PostgreSQL and Azure AI can be harnessed to enhance your application's search capability.
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMsSease
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
That is where AI – and most importantly, Natural Language Processing and Large Language Model techniques – could make a difference. This natural language, conversational engine could facilitate access and usage of the data leveraging the semantics of any data source.
The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
The key concept is to enable users to express their search queries in natural language, which the LLM then enriches, interprets, and translates into structured queries based on the Solr index’s metadata.
This approach leverages the LLM’s ability to understand the nuances of natural language and the structure of documents within Apache Solr.
The LLM acts as an intermediary agent, offering a transparent experience to users automatically and potentially uncovering relevant documents that conventional search methods might overlook. The presentation will include the results of this experimental work, lessons learned, best practices, and the scope of future work that should improve the approach and make it production-ready.
"What does it really mean for your system to be available, or how to define w...Fwdays
We will talk about system monitoring from a few different angles. We will start by covering the basics, then discuss SLOs, how to define them, and why understanding the business well is crucial for success in this exercise.
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Lee Barnes - Path to Becoming an Effective Test Automation Engineer.pdfleebarnesutopia
So… you want to become a Test Automation Engineer (or hire and develop one)? While there’s quite a bit of information available about important technical and tool skills to master, there’s not enough discussion around the path to becoming an effective Test Automation Engineer that knows how to add VALUE. In my experience this had led to a proliferation of engineers who are proficient with tools and building frameworks but have skill and knowledge gaps, especially in software testing, that reduce the value they deliver with test automation.
In this talk, Lee will share his lessons learned from over 30 years of working with, and mentoring, hundreds of Test Automation Engineers. Whether you’re looking to get started in test automation or just want to improve your trade, this talk will give you a solid foundation and roadmap for ensuring your test automation efforts continuously add value. This talk is equally valuable for both aspiring Test Automation Engineers and those managing them! All attendees will take away a set of key foundational knowledge and a high-level learning path for leveling up test automation skills and ensuring they add value to their organizations.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
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2. 540 G. Tortosa et al. / Ecological Engineering 37 (2011) 539–548
ical monitoring is needed for assessment of ecological risks due
to freshwater pollution and to provide maximal information for
adequate protection of aquatic ecosystems (Camargo, 1994). Sev-
eral authors and reports have shown that NO3 − contamination of
soils and surface and groundwater is becoming more intense and
frequent due to the great consume of inorganic nitrogen, mainly
nitrate and ammonium salts from agrochemicals, of the intensive
farming (Spalding and Exner, 1993; European Commission, 2002).
Denitrification is the biological process by which NO3 − can be
transformed into molecular nitrogen (N2 ) via formation of NO2 −
and nitric oxide (NO). Thus, it represents the major pathway by
which NO3 − can be removed from soils and waters to avoid NO3 −
accumulation and contamination. And yet, incomplete denitrifica-
tion results in the production of the greenhouse gases NO and N2 O
(Aulakh et al., 1992; Conrad, 1996; Groffman et al., 2006).
The European directive 91/676/CEE concerning NO3 − contam-
ination from agricultural sources defines the so-called “nitrate
vulnerable zones” as reference areas of special environmental
protection to prevent soil and water nitrate contaminations. An
˜
example is Donana National Park (DNP), one of the most important
wetlands in Europe covering an area around 60,000 ha in a marshy
area of SW Spain, in the estuary of the Guadalquivir River. These
water flows are susceptible of NO3 − contamination from small
urban areas in the surrounding of the park and agricultural prac-
tices allowed in the ecotone, where organic farming of strawberries
and rice is common. This area is the most fertile and productive
˜
zone of Donana as a result of its permanent humidity and of the fer-
tilization it receives from the animals either living there or crossing
it (Suso and Llamas, 1993).
Several authors have noted that surface and groundwater of
DNP wetland are becoming polluted during the last 20 years.
Suso and Llamas (1993) remarked that some wetlands and small
streams could be depleted by groundwater extraction for agri- ˜
Fig. 1. Geographical situation of Donana National Park (DNP) and La Rocina Stream.
cultural reclamation, affecting negatively the quality of surface ˜
Sampling sites: Palacio del Acebrón (S1), Arroyo de la Canada (S2), Vado de la Canar-
and groundwater. Olías et al. (2008) evaluated the water qual- iega (S3) and Marisma del Rocío (S4).
ity of the Almonte-Marismas aquifer (upon which DNP is located)
and showed that it was affected by pollution of both agricultural
and urban origins. They detected some shallow points located the Guadiamar River, which represents the main water input of the
in the agricultural zones with high concentrations of NO3 − and wetlands and suffered the Aznalcollar mine spill in 1998 (Cabrera
sulphates (SO4 2− ) from fertilizer pollution. Finally, Serrano et al. et al., 1999; Grimalt et al., 1999; Sierra et al., 2003; Olías et al.,
(2006) reviewed the aquatic systems of DNP and they focused on 2005).
processes affecting water quality. They noted that there has been a The study was performed on La Rocina Stream, located in the
considerable increase of NO3 − concentration in the water flows of north of the DNP wetland, which is one of the main natural streams
La Rocina and El Partido Streams during the past decade, probably feeding El Rocío marsh (Fig. 1). Selection of sampling sites was
due to the increase in cultivated land and fertilizer applications. based on their NO3 − content (in situ measurements using a Nitrate
They advise that the influence of this pollution on the eutrophica- Test Kit, CHEMetrics Inc.) after screening of more than 25 points
tion of the nearby marshes should not be overlooked. along the course of La Rocina basin (462 km2 ) at the different sam-
Our research aim was to evaluate the anthropogenic (espe- pling times. Four sampling sites along the course of La Rocina
cially from agriculture) and seasonal influence in La Rocina Stream stream differing in their NO3 − concentration were selected (Fig. 1).
and how it could be affected by the physicochemical and biologi- The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates for the sites
cal characteristics of the surface water and its aquatic sediments, were as follows: 29S 0718632, 4114294 for the lagoon of Palacio del
focusing in the NO3 − contamination and its influence on the green- Acebrón (S1); 29S 0717797, 4113881 for the small stream Arroyo
house gas production (CO2 , CH4 and N2 O) and the denitrification ˜
de la Canada (S2); 29S 0722653, 4111704 for the junction between
process. the stream and the marsh called Vado de la Canariega (S3); and 29S
0723654, 4111088 for the El Rocío marsh (S4). S1 and S2 had the
lowest and the highest NO3 − concentration, respectively, whereas
2. Materials and methods the values detected in S3 and S4 were between those detected in S1
and S2. Also, differences on hydrological morphology (S1: a small
2.1. Description and selection of sampling sites stream, S2: a lagoon, S3: the union between a stream and a marsh,
S4: a marsh) and in riparian vegetation (not present in S3 and S4)
In 1982, DNP was declared a Reserve of the Biosphere by were noted.
UNESCO and a Wetland of International Interest per RAMSAR Con- Samples were taken in October 2008 (T1) and January (T2),
vention. DNP wetland has three important surface water inputs April (T3) and July (T4) 2009 in order to represent the pluvial regi-
(Arambarri et al., 1996; Serrano et al., 2006). Two natural streams men (dry and wet). Rainfall, relative humidity and air temperature
called La Rocina and El Partido, in the north edge of the park, and were collected from the Manecorro RM1 meteorological station,
3. G. Tortosa et al. / Ecological Engineering 37 (2011) 539–548 541
which belongs to the Singular Scientific and Technological Installa- -glucosidase, pNPS: p-nitrophenyl sulphate for arylsulphatase,
˜
tion (http://icts.ebd.csic.es/) of Donana National Park located about pNPP: 4-nitrophenyl phosphate for acid phosphatase and urea for
200 m away from S3, and from Estación Manual Palacio de Donana ˜ urease activity, respectively) and measuring the ending product
(EM05, http://www-rbd.ebd.csic.es). of each enzyme reaction colorimetrically (INTF: iodonitrote-
trazolium formazan for dehydrogenase, pNP: p-nitrophenol for
2.2. Physicochemical properties -glucosidase, arylsulphatase, acid phosphatase and NH4 + , mea-
sured as described above for water and sediment samples, for
Four replicates of the surface waters (approximately 1–2 m from urease activity).
the shore in streams and 3–4 m in lagoons for each replicate) and
semi-disturbed sediments (0–10 cm from the upper layer using an 2.4. Gas emission (CO2 , CH4 and N2 O) and denitrification
EIJKELKAMP Peat sampler) were taken at each sampling site, placed potential of the sediments
in a portable fridge and processed in the laboratory within 24 h
of sample collection. Subsets of samples from the sediments were The emission of CO2 , CH4 and N2 O were measured after 24 h aer-
lyophilized and kept frozen at −20 ◦ C until use. obic incubation (25 ◦ C) of 20–30 g of the freshly collected sediments
In water samples, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were in 125 mL glass bottles. Gas concentrations were analyzed in the
analyzed using a Basic 20 Crison pHmeter and a Basic 525 Cri- headspace by a Varian 4900 Gas Chromatograph with a PoraPlot Q
son conductimeter at the laboratory, respectively. After filtration column (10 m length, 0.15 mm internal diameter) and thermal con-
through 0.45 m filters, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total ductivity detector (TCD). Denitrifying Enzyme Activity (DEA) and
dissolved nitrogen (TDN) were determined using an automatic Shi- Denitrification Potential (DP) were also determined in the fresh
madzu TOC-VCSN analyzer. NO3 − and NO2 − concentrations were sediments using an acetylene inhibition technique adapted from
estimated by ion chromatography (HPLC) using an IC-Pac anion HC Simek et al. (2004). DEA is a measure of denitrifying enzymes in
(Waters) column at the facilities of Servicio de Instrumentación the sediment and reflects whether the environmental conditions
(EEZ-CSIC). NH4 + was determined by a colorimetric method based of the sediments at the moment of sampling would induce the
on Berthelot’s reaction (Kempers and Zweers, 1986; Sommers et al., activity of the denitrifying bacteria, whereas DP represents a long-
1992), adding sodium citrate to complex divalent cations. Macro term denitrification potential, allowing the maximum regrowth of
and microelements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn) were denitrifying bacteria (Tiedje, 1994). DEA was determined using an
determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spec- anerobic slurry prepared by mixing 25 g moist sediment and 25 ml
trometry (ICP-OES) using an IRIS Intrepid II XDL (Thermo Fisher of a solution containing 1 mM glucose, 1 mM KNO3 and 1 g L−1
Scientific Inc.). chloramphenicol (to prevent protein synthesis and growth) in a
Texture of the sediments was determined in fresh samples 125 mL glass bottle. The headspace was evacuated and flushed four
according to the Spanish Official Methods for Soils and Waters times with He and 10 ml of acetylene were added. The samples
(MAPA, 1974). NH4 + , after 2 h extraction 1:20 (w/v) with 2 N KCl, were shaken at 25 ◦ C and the concentration of N2 O was measured
and water extracted (1:20, w/v) NO3 − and NO2 − were also ana- in the headspace after 30 and 60 min of incubation by gas chro-
lyzed in fresh samples as indicated above. All other assays were matography, as previously described. DEA was calculated from the
performed in ground samples (0.2 mm) after lyophilization. pH and N2 O increase during a half an hour incubation (60–30 min) and
EC were measured after water extraction (1:5, w/v) for 2 h. Total using the Bunsen coefficient for the N2 O dissolved in water. DP was
organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were determined determined by mixing 6 g moist sediment with 5 mL of a solution
using a LECO TruSpec CN Elemental Analyzer. DOC and TDN were containing 1 mM KNO3 and 1 mM glucose in a 125 mL glass bottle.
obtained after 2 h water extraction 1:20 (w/v) and estimated as After evacuating and flushing the headspace four times with He,
indicated for surface waters. Macro and microelements were ana- 10 ml of acetylene were added and the samples were incubated at
lyzed by ICP-OES after microwave digestion with a mixture (1:1) 25 ◦ C during 48 h. DP was calculated from the N2 O increase in the
HF:HCl. Organic nitrogen (NORG ) was calculated as the difference headspace after the second day of incubation and using the Bunsen
between either TDN in surface waters or TN in sediments, and coefficient for the N2 O dissolved in water.
the content in inorganic nitrogen (NINORG ), considering NINORG as
N-NO3 − + N-NO2 − + N-NH4 + . 2.5. Isotope measurements
2.3. Enzymatic analysis in sediments ı15 N of NO3 − was determined following the methodology
described by Silva et al. (2000) with modifications. Water samples
A selection of some enzymatic activities related to the metabolic (10–30 l) were first filtered through Whatman filter paper and then
activity and the main biogeochemical cycles were measured in passed through 0.45 m filters (High Capacity GWV, Groundwater
the freeze-dried sediments. Dehydrogenase was used as an esti- Sample Filter). Possible interferences from sulphate and phosphate
mation of overall microbial activity, -glucosidase as the enzyme in the samples were eliminated by adding an excess of BaCl2 ,
that catalyses the hydrolysis of disaccharides (C cycle), arylsul- and dissolved CO2 was removed by adding HCl and gentle heat-
phatase as a measure of the enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis ing. Water samples were then eluted through a cation exchange
of organic sulphate esters (S cycle), acid phosphatase as a mea- resin (AG 50W X8 100–200 mesh, Bio-Rad) to remove dissolved
sure of the enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of phosphate organic matter and the excess of Ba2+ , and passed through an anion
esters (P cycle), and urease which catalyses the hydrolysis of exchange resin (AG1 X8 100–200 mesh, Bio-Rad) to retain NO3 − .
urea to CO2 and NH3 (N cycle). Dehydrogenase was determined Finally, nitrate was eluted from the column by adding 1 N HCl, and
according to García et al. (1997), -glucosidase, arylsulphatase the solution containing HNO3 and HCl was neutralized with Ag2 O
and acid phosphatase, were determined as described by Tabatabai (Merck). The resulting AgCl precipitate was removed by filtration
(1982) and urease activity was determined according to Kandeler (0.45 mm membrane filter) leaving only Ag+ and NO3 − in solu-
and Gerber (1988). Briefly, these techniques were based on a tion. The solutions were freeze-dried yielding a pure, dry AgNO3
controlled incubation of the sediments after adding the initial precipitate.
substrate (INT: 2-p-iodophenyl-3-p-nitrophenyl-5-tetrazolium for Nitrogen isotope ratios and total nitrogen contents of AgNO3
dehydrogenase, pNG: 4-nitrophenyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside for precipitates were determined by thermal de-composition in a
4. 542 G. Tortosa et al. / Ecological Engineering 37 (2011) 539–548
Table 1a
Physicochemical properties of the surface waters at the sampling sites.
Sampling site Times pH ECa DOCb NO3 − b NO2 − b NH4 + b Pb Kb Cab Mgb Nab Sb Feb Cub Mnb Znb
S1 T1 6.62b 0.63a 17.7a 0.2c nd 0.1 <0.6 9.0a 49.3a 20.9a 66.8a 61.2a 0.0d nd 0.9 <0.01
T2 6.57b 0.26c 16.7b 0.3b 0.6 nd <0.6 4.8c 12.6b 6.0c 43.8b 7.0c 0.3a 0.1 <0.01 0.3
T3 6.99b 0.12d 5.7d 0.6a nd nd <0.6 2.0d 7.2c 3.3d 16.8c 2.4d 0.1c 0.1 <0.01 0.2
T4 7.60a 0.33b 8.9c nd nd nd <0.6 5.2b 3.4d 8.6b 8.6d 46.6b 0.2b <0.01 <0.01 0.2
S2 T1 7.75c 0.52c 28.3a 61.6d 0.1c 0.1 <0.6 10.9c 38.5b 6.8d 20.5c 16.2c nd nd <0.01 <0.01
T2 7.15d 0.57b 3.6c 106.6a nd nd 1.9a16.0b 36.5c 11.2c 28.7b 18.5c <0.01 0.1 0.1 <0.01
T3 8.89a 0.62a 6.7b 101.6b 0.5b 0.1 1.2b27.7a 56.9a 20.3b 51.6a 30.0b <0.01 0.1 0.1 <0.01
T4 7.96b 0.50d 3.1c 68.8c 1.2a nd 0.6c14.4b 15.1d 58.7a 16.6c 46.2a 0.1 <0.01 0.1 0.1
S3 T1 8.03b 1.22b 68.1b 1.9 0.5 0.3b <0.6 24.3b 71.2a 25.3b 144.2a 84.1b nd <0.01 <0.01 nd
T2 7.30c 0.44c 12.3c 3.0 0.4 nd <0.6 5.5d 24.2d 7.9b 37.9c 14.9b nd 0.1 <0.01 0.1
T3 8.38a 0.34d 21.0c nd nd 0.2b <0.6 9.7c 28.8c 12.2b 53.1b 9.2b 0.52 0.3 <0.01 0.5
T4 8.03b 3.11a135.2a nd nd 4.7a 2.3 41.3a 43.0b 30.1a 30.2d 581.3a 0.22 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
S4 T1 7.95a 0.90a 77.7a 1.1c 0.1a 0.8b <0.6 21.2a 70.3a 25.6b 103.4a 42.9b <0.01 <0.01 0.2b nd
T2 7.54b 0.34d 6.8d 3.6b 0.2a 0.3d <0.6 4.5d 23.0c 6.3d 25.4c 9.6d <0.01 <0.01 0.2b <0.01
T3 8.32a 0.60c 12.9c 5.7a nd 0.1c <0.6 13.7c 51.4b 21.6c 79.4b 24.7c <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
T4 7.51b 0.83b 16.3b nd nd 0.9a <0.6 17.3b 14.1d 59.2a 26.0c 105.3a <0.01 <0.01 1.2a 0.1
* * * * * * * * * *
S – – – – – –
* * * * * * * * * *
T – – – – – –
S×T * * * *
– *
– * * * * *
– – – –
˜
Sampling sites: Palacio del Acebrón (S1), Arroyo de la Canada (S2), Vado de la Canariega (S3) and Marisma del Rocío (S4). Sampling times: October 2008 (T1), January 2009
(T2), April 2009 (T3) and July 2009 (T4). For each variable, at a given sampling site, values followed by the same letter are not statistically different according to Tukey’s test
at p ≤ 0.05.
a
Values of electrical conductivity (EC) are expressed in dS cm−1 .
b
Values of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), NO3 − , NO2 − and NH4 + are expressed in mg L−1 . nd: no detected.
*
p ≤ 0.05.
Carlo Elba NC1500 elemental analyzer on line with a Delta Plus tered in October 2008 (119.25 mm) and March–April 2009 (49.49
XL (ThermoQuest) mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS). The overall pre- and 30.90 mm), respectively, coinciding with T1 and T3 sampling
cision of analyses was ±0.1‰ for ı15 N. The stable composition times. T2 (January 2009) presented 9.3 mm and T4 (July 2009)
is reported as ı values per mil: ı = (Rsample /Rstandard − 1) × 1000, 0.11 mm, being the driest season. This pluvial regimen affected
where R = 15 N/14 N for ı15 N. Nitrogen contents of the AgNO3 sam- water dynamic in the sampling places studied especially at T4,
ples were typically ∼8%, indicating that no major contaminants transforming the stream and lagoon waters sampled in swamps
were present in the precipitate. Commercial N2 was used as the (especially in S3 that presented a high eutrophization rate). Rela-
internal standard for the nitrogen isotopic analyses, contrasted tive humidity was higher in autumn and winter seasons (T1: 73.79%
with the international standard. ı15 N values for all samples were and T2: 79.69%) than in spring and summer seasons (T3: 65.38%
normalized against internationally accepted reference materials and T4: 48.68%), decreasing with air temperature (T1: 18.04 ◦ C, T2:
(IAEA N1, ı15 N = +0.4‰, IAEA N2, ı15 N = +20.3‰). The nitrogen 9.73 ◦ C, T3: 14.55 ◦ C and T4: 25.31 ◦ C).
isotope ratios of AgNO3 generated from dissolved IAEA-NO-3
potassium nitrate were within +4.65‰ (n = 12), similar to the
3.2. Surface waters: physicochemical characterization and
accepted value. Duplicate nitrogen isotope ratio determinations on
isotopic analysis
AgNO3 from laboratory nitrate samples were performed with a pre-
cision generally better than ±0.2‰. ı15 N values are reported with
Surface water showed in general slightly basic pH values, espe-
respect to air.
cially in S2, S3 and S4 (average values of 7.94 and 7.83 in S2, S3
and S4, respectively, Table 1a). EC was related directly to total K,
2.6. Statistical analysis Ca, Mg, Na and S concentration in waters, and also to the sampling
season. EC values typically varied within the range from 0.12 and
Differences between the different physicochemical parameters 1.22 dS cm−1 depending on the sampling season. The highest EC
were checked out using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the values were generally recorded during rainy the season (T1), with
Tukey post hoc test at p < 0.05. Pearson coefficients were calcu- the exception of the large EC value (3.11 dS cm−1 ) registered in S3
lated to obtained correlation between variables using the SSPS 17.0 during the driest season (T4), due to the eutrophization caused for
program for Windows XP. A principal component analysis (PCA) the swamp water. In general, soluble organic matter was high at
was performed to analyze relationships among parameters con- T1 (S1: 17.7, S2: 28.3 and S4: 77.7 mg L−1 of DOC) for all sampling
cerning physicochemical characterization of the sediments, their sites studied with the exception of S3, that presented 135.2 mg L−1
enzymatic activities and gas production. of DOC at T4, due to the high water eutrophication (the P concen-
tration at this location was the highest value for all sampling sites
3. Results and seasons) which produced an elevated suspended algae content
(green water colour by visual observation).
3.1. Meteorological data S2 presented higher TDN concentrations (in the range 21.6 and
9.4 mg L−1 ) than the other three locations S1, S3 and S4 that pre-
Total rainfall at DNP during the period of study was 299.9 mm, sented an overall of 0.5, 6.2 and 2.3 mg L−1 , respectively (Table 1b).
a value which is lower than that of 477.5 mm, which represents In S3 at the driest season (T4), TDN showed a value of 18.1 mg L−1
the mean rainfall for the previous 5 years. Main rainfall was regis- especially due to the high NH4 + content (Tables 1a and 1b). S2
5. G. Tortosa et al. / Ecological Engineering 37 (2011) 539–548 543
Table 1b
Total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and organic nitrogen (NORG ) in the surface waters at the sampling sites.
Sampling site Times TDN (mg L−1 ) DOC/DN NORG (%) N-NO3 − (%) N-NO2 − (%) N-NH4 + (%)
S1 T1 0.6b 29.5 79.5 7.5 – 13.0
T2 0.7a 23.9 64.2 9.7 26.1 –
T3 0.3d 19.0 54.8 45.2 – –
T4 0.4c 22.3 100.0 – – –
S2 T1 15.6b 1.8 10.1 89.2 0.2 0.5
T2 15.3b 0.1 3.7 96.3 – –
T3 21.6a 0.3 4.2 94.7 0.7 0.4
T4 9.4c 0.2 8.6 89.3 2.1 –
S3 T1 4.4b 15.5 81.5 9.8 3.5 5.3
T2 1.1b 11.2 27.3 61.6 11.1 –
T3 1.2b 17.5 87.0 – – 13.0
T4 18.1a 7.5 79.8 – – 20.2
S4 T1 3.6a 21.6 75.0 6.9 0.8 17.3
T2 1.1d 6.2 20.6 73.9 5.5 –
T3 2.1c 6.1 35.0 61.3 – 3.7
T4 2.3b 7.1 69.6 – – 30.4
˜
Sampling sites: Palacio del Acebrón (S1), Arroyo de la Canada (S2), Vado de la Canariega (S3) and Marisma del Rocío (S4). Sampling times: October 2008 (T1), January 2009
(T2), April 2009 (T3) and July 2009 (T4). For TDN, at a given sampling site, values followed by the same letter are not statistically different according to Tukey’s test at p ≤ 0.05.
NORG = TDN − NINORG , where NINORG (inorganic nitrogen) = N-NO3 − + N-NO2 − + N-NH4 + . nd, no detected.
presented a large NO3 − concentration (61.6, 106.6, 101.6 and With the procedure used in this study, isotopic analysis of N-
68.8 mg L−1 at T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively) respect to the NO3 − could be carried out only in S2, the site with the highest NO3 −
other sampling sites studied (less that 6 mg L−1 , Table 1a). These concentrations. Values of ı15 N ranged from −1.6 to +6‰ (AIR) with
NO3 − concentrations represented between 90 and 97% of the TDN an average of −0.78‰ (AIR). This relatively low value, closed to
of the surface waters (Table 1b). Also, this fact was noticed in that of the atmosphere air, indicates that contaminant NO3 − was
DOC/TDN ratio values, being smaller in S2 (average of 0.6) than in of inorganic origin because atmospheric air is used for their syn-
S1, S3 and S4 (23.7, 12.9 and 10.2, respectively). These sampling thesis (Vitoria et al., 2004). Moreover, since mean average values
sites presented an important organic nitrogen fraction (average of ı15 N for most inorganic Spanish fertilizers vary between −1 and
of 74.6, 68.9 and 50.1%, respectively), not in S2 that was pre- +2‰ (AIR), being the total range between −4 and +6‰ (Otero et
dominantly inorganic (average of 92.4% of NO3 − respect to TDN al., 2005), the stable isotopes of nitrogen indicate an origin related
content). with fertilizers used in agricultural practices.
Table 2a
Physicochemical properties of the sediments at the sampling sites.
Sampling Times pH (1:5) EC (1:5)a Pb Kb Cab Mgb Nab Sb Feb Cuc Mnc Znc
site
S1 T1 5.44 860 0.12d 5.07c 7.28a 3.09b 0.71b 7.75b 16.39a 11c 252a 25b
T2 5.51 390 0.45b 5.51b 5.89b 2.88b 0.71b 3.34d 15.40b 25a 163c 27b
T3 3.98 565 0.83a 4.43d 5.28c 1.96c 0.55c 9.66a 13.47c 11c 98d 44a
T4 5.90 178 0.32c 6.71a 6.89a 3.40a 0.82a 5.61c 13.42c 11c 189b 22b
S2 T1 5.05d 628a 0.12d 2.92b 5.04bc 1.72a 0.28a 3.80a 10.32b 8a 136a 16b
T2 7.13c 82c 0.45a 3.21a 3.86c 1.79a 0.24b 0.65b 12.26a 4b 136a 17b
T3 7.59b 153b 0.21c 1.92c 5.75b 0.92c 0.21bc 0.48c 5.06d 10a 114b 16b
T4 8.26a 113bc 0.27b 2.02c 36.83a 1.33b 0.21c 0.52c 5.81c 9a 107b 19a
S3 T1 8.58a 90b 0.12b 0.68b 0.44c 0.44bc 0.10b 0.16a 2.57ab 5a 58a 7c
T2 7.72c 84c 0.45a 0.91b 0.96a 0.62b 0.10b 0.15a 4.11a 4a 82a 11a
T3 6.75d 39d 0.02c 0.57b 0.25c 0.28c 0.11b 0.14a 2.07b 2a 65a 17b
T4 8.20b 101a 0.04c 1.29a 0.68b 0.76a 0.25a 0.12a 3.61ab 2a 69a 4d
S4 T1 7.36c 117c <0.01 1.92d 1.32d 1.08c 0.23a 0.20a 5.66d 3d 140c 13d
T2 7.55b 165b <0.01 8.72b 5.58a 5.19a 0.48b 0.67a 26.60a 26a 313a 56a
T3 6.81d 115c 0.17b 7.61c 2.78c 3.51b 0.49b 0.59a 13.67c 19c 150c 34c
T4 7.68a 221a 0.33a 10.95a 4.37b 5.12a 0.80a 0.65a 19.37b 23b 256b 46b
* * * * * * * * * * * *
S
* * * * * * * * * * * *
T
S×T * * * * * * * * * * * *
˜
Sampling sites: Palacio del Acebrón (S1), Arroyo de la Canada (S2), Vado de la Canariega (S3) and Marisma del Rocío (S4). Sampling times: October 2008 (T1), January 2009
(T2), April 2009 (T3) and July 2009 (T4). For each variable, at a given sampling site, values followed by the same letter are not statistically different according to Tukey’s test
at p ≤ 0.05.
a
Values of EC (electrical conductivity) are expressed in S cm−1 .
b
For each variable, values are expressed in g kg−1 (sediment dry weight).
c
For each variable, values are expressed in mg kg−1 (sediment dry weight).
*
p ≤ 0.05.
6. 544 G. Tortosa et al. / Ecological Engineering 37 (2011) 539–548
Table 2b
Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), organic nitrogen (NORG ), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DN) in sediments at the sampling sites.
Sampling site Season TOCa TNa TOC/TN NORG (%) NO3 − b NO2 − b NH4 + b DOCb DNb
S1 T1 183.4a 5.7b 31.9 99.4 nd nd 41b 1137c 70b
T2 154.2b 9.0a 17.1 99.5 34 nd 44b 2580a 144a
T3 99.8c 3.7c 27.3 99.3 7 nd 30c 332d 30c
T4 206.0a 6.9b 29.8 99.1 nd nd 79a 1934b 138a
S2 T1 78.4a 3.1a 25.5 99.6 32 nd 6c 280b 22bc
T2 18.3b 1.0c 18.8 97.5 54 nd 16b 258b 23b
T3 38.4b 1.6bc 23.7 97.8 3 nd 45a 174c 16c
T4 22.7b 0.5c 42.9 96.8 nd nd 20b 412a 42a
S3 T1 3.1a 0.3a 11.7 98.5 32a nd 6c 163b 15b
T2 3.4a 0.3a 12.2 97.8 4b nd 7c 147b 17b
T3 1.8b 0.2a 8.3 92.3 3b nd 20b 25c 3c
T4 1.7b 0.2a 11.0 89.9 nd nd 26a 206a 33a
S4 T1 5.4d 0.4c 10.8 97.3 nd nd 14c 310c 27c
T2 16.6c 1.5b 10.9 98.6 4 nd 25b 382b 43b
T3 25.2a 1.9a 12.6 97.7 nd nd 55a 196d 19c
T4 20.1b 1.9a 10.5 98.8 nd nd 30b 669a 104a
* * * * * * *
S – –
* * * * * * *
T – –
S×T * * * *
– – * * *
˜
Sampling sites: Palacio del Acebrón (S1), Arroyo de la Canada (S2), Vado de la Canariega (S3) and Marisma del Rocío (S4). Sampling times: October 2008 (T1), January 2009
(T2), April 2009 (T3) and July 2009 (T4). For each variable, at a given sampling site, values followed by the same letter are not statistically different according to Tukey’s test
at p ≤ 0.05.
a
Values of TOC and TN are expressed in g kg−1 (sediment dry weight).
b
Values of NO3 − , NO2 − , NH4 + , DOC and DN are expressed in mg kg−1 (sediment dry weight). DOC and DN were obtained after 2 h water extraction (1:20, w/v) of the
lyophilized sediments. NORG = TN − NINORG , where NINORG (inorganic nitrogen) = N-NO3 − + N-NO2 − + N-NH4 + . nd, no detected.
*
p ≤ 0.05.
3.3. Sediments: physicochemical characterization, enzymatic the sampling time (Table 2a). Despite these differences, the val-
activities and gas production ues of TOC and TN were always higher in S1 than in the remaining
sampling sites (Table 2b). Regardless of the sampling sites and sam-
Sand constituted more than 85% of the components of the sed- pling times, more than 90% of the nitrogen content in the sediments
iments. According to the corresponding contents in clay and silt, was of organic origin and, accordingly, the greatest values of DOC
S1 and S2 were classified as loamy sand sediments, those from S3 and TDN were also found in S1 (Table 2b). Similarly, -glucosidase,
as sand, and sandy loam for S4. Similar to surface waters, values dehydrogenase, urease acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase activ-
of pH, EC and content in macro and microelements in sediments ities varied greatly with both the sampling sites and the sampling
from the four sampling sites varied both among the sites and with times (Fig. 2). Whereas S4 showed the highest values of dehy-
Fig. 2. -Glucosidase, dehydrogenase, urease, acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase activities in sediments. Vertical boxes show the median (dash line), mean (solid line) and
˜
the 5th/95th percentiles. Sampling sites: Palacio del Acebrón (S1), Arroyo de la Canada (S2), Vado de la Canariega (S3) and Marisma del Rocío (S4). Sampling times: October
2008 (T1), January 2009 (T2), April 2009 (T3) and July 2009 (T4).
7. G. Tortosa et al. / Ecological Engineering 37 (2011) 539–548 545
Fig. 3. CO2 , CH4 and N2 O emissions, denitrifying enzymatic activity (DEA) and denitrification potential (DP) in sediments. The vertical boxes show the median (dash line),
˜
mean (solid line) and the 5th/95th percentiles. Sampling sites: Palacio del Acebrón (S1), Arroyo de la Canada (S2), Vado de la Canariega (S3) and Marisma del Rocío (S4).
Sampling times: October 2008 (T1), January 2009 (T2), April 2009 (T3) and July 2009 (T4).
drogenase (mean average value of 10.26 g INTF g−1 h−1 ), acid maximal values of N2 O production with mean average values of 500
phophatase (mean average value of 23.5 g pNP g−1 h−1 ), urease and 310 ng N-N2 O g−1 day−1 , respectively. Potential denitrification
(mean average value of 600 g pNP g−1 h−1 ) and arylsulphatase as assayed by DEA and DP showed that S1 and S2 have the high-
(mean average value of 400 g pNP g−1 h−1 ) activities, S1 was the est potential for denitrification compared to S3 and S4. The highest
site with the greatest values of -glucosidase activity (mean aver- values for DEA were obtained during the driest season (T4) with
age value of 90 g pNP g−1 h−1 ) (Fig. 2). 1115, 2246 and 719 ng N-N2 O g−1 h−1 in S1, S2 and S4, respectively.
The mean average value of CO2 produced at sampling sites S1, Despite fluctuations at the sampling times, S1 and S2 also showed
S2, S3 and S4 were 112, 89, 13, and 41 g C-CO2 g−1 day−1 , respec- maximal values of DP with mean average values of 218, 164, 58 and
tively (Fig. 3). Methane production from the sediments was also 89 g N-N2 O g−1 d−1 for S1, S2, S3 and S4, respectively.
higher in S1 (mean average value of 9.7 g C-CH4 g−1 day−1 ) than in
S3 and S4 (mean average values of 0.2 and 0.3 g C-CH4 g−1 day−1 , 3.4. Statistical analysis
respectively). Methane production occurred in S2 was in general
low. Unexpectedly, values for S2 detected at T3 were the highest for Pearson correlation matrix revealed that TOC, TN, NH4 + , DOC
all samples analyzed (34.9 g C-CH4 g−1 day−1 ) (Fig. 3). S2, the site and TDN were positive and significantly (p ≤ 0.01) correlated with
with the highest NO3 − contents in its surface water, and S4 showed CO2 production and with -glucosidase activity (Table 3). After PCA
Table 3
Pearson correlation matrix (n = 16) between the physicochemical properties, enzymatic activities and greenhouse gas emissions in sediments at four sampling sites along La
Rocina Stream.
pH EC TOC TN NH4 + DOC DN DH GC AS AP UR CO2 CH4 DEA DP
pH
EC −0.770**
TOC −0.720** 0.676**
TN −0.698** 0.601* 0.932**
NH4 + NS NS 0.663** 0.644**
DOC NS NS 0.815** 0.992** 0.612*
DN NS NS 0.718** 0.815** 0.622* 0.932**
DH 0.549* NS NS NS NS NS NS
GC NS NS 0.707** 0.839** 0.689** 0.861** 0.736** NS
AS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.521* 0.654** NS
AP NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.509* NS NS
UR NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.499* NS NS 0.554*
CO2 NS NS 0.714** 0.605** 0.625** 0.516* NS NS 0.542* NS NS NS
CH4 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.539* NS NS NS 0.804**
DEA NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.606* 0.506*
DP NS 0.641** 0.632** 0.513** NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.854** 0.765** NS
NS, not significant; EC, electrical conductivity; TOC, total organic carbon; TN, total nitrogen; DOC, dissolved organic carbon; DN, dissolved nitrogen; DH, dehydrogenase
activity; GC, -glucosidase activity; AS, arylsulphatase activity; AP, acid phosphatase activity; UR, urease activity; DEA, denitrifying enzymatic activity; DP, denitrification
potential.
*
Significant at p < 0.05.
**
Significant at p < 0.01.
8. 546 G. Tortosa et al. / Ecological Engineering 37 (2011) 539–548
Fig. 4. (a) Principal component analysis performed on the whole set of measured sediments properties and (b), the spatial and seasonal distribution of the parameters.
˜
Sampling sites: Palacio del Acebrón (S1), Arroyo de la Canada (S2), Vado de la Canariega (S3) and Marisma del Rocío (S4). Sampling times: October 2008 (T1), January 2009
(T2), April 2009 (T3) and July 2009 (T4).
analysis, except for NO3 − and pH, the remaining parameters ana- (European Commission, 1991). At that site, concentration of inor-
lyzed clustered in 3 main groups (Fig. 4a). The first cluster contained ganic N represented more than 90% of the TDN. In this study, based
most of the parameters related with the organic fraction of the sed- on isotopic analysis of the contaminant NO3 − in surface waters of La
iments (TOC, TN, DOC, TDN, NH4 + , CO2 , CH4 , DP and -glucosidase Rocina Stream, we show that, at least in S2, they were of inorganic
activity), the second cluster included the inorganic components (K, origin, more probably from chemical fertilizers.
Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn), and the third cluster was composed of The interpretation of the nutrients dynamic in aquatic ecosys-
the enzymatic activities dehydrogenase, acid phophatase, urease tems could be biased by the strong effects of hydrology on
and arylsulphatase. The first principal component (PC1) explained physicochemical (Espinar and Serrano, 2009). For that, microbi-
36.79% of the total variance of the data, whereas the second prin- ological processes involved in the principal biogeochemical cycles
cipal component (PC2) was responsible for 20.34%. According to are needed (Faulwetter et al., 2009). Soil microorganisms medi-
these two axes, the sampling sites were ordered as a function of the ate many processes that are of particular interest in freshwater
three clusters mentioned above (Fig. 4b). Consequently, S1 showed wetland ecosystems where nutrient cycling is highly responsive to
the highest values for the organic fraction and S4 for the enzymatic fluctuating hydrology and nutrients and soil gas releases may be
fraction. Nevertheless, sizes of the clusters indicated that seasonal sensitive to climate warming (Gutknecht et al., 2006). Determina-
variation affected much more to S1 and S4 than to S2 and S3. tion of enzymatic activities in sediments of La Rocina Stream varied
both among sampling sites and among sampling times. Although
4. Discussion determinations of enzymatic activities in sediments are relatively
scarce, previous analyses have shown they vary widely across the
Although to a different extent depending on the sampling site, different wetland ecosystems examined (Gutknecht et al., 2006).
physicochemical properties of the surface waters sampled along In our study, dryness and temperature positively affected dehydro-
La Rocina Stream were influenced by seasonal variation (espe- genase, as values of activity were always greater at T4. Similarly,
cially rainfall regime). These results agree with those of Espinar -glucosidase activity correlated significantly with the content of
and Serrano (2009) which indicate that development of tempo- the organic matter fraction, as the highest values of activity were
rary wetlands in DNP are influenced by climate and geology of the detected in S1 and S2, the sites with the highest TOC concentrations.
region. This is especially important in wetlands located in semiarid Similar results were reported by Williams and Jochem (2006) who
areas such as the South of Spain, where the climate is unpredictable showed that, despite the complex relationships between biological
and produces a wide range of hydrological conditions (Serrano et and environmental parameters, the kinetic of several ectoenzymes,
al., 2006). Thus, it is possible that rainfall, evaporation, groundwa- among them -glucosidase, were controlled by organic matter
ter discharge, biogeochemical interactions at the sediment–water availability.
interface affected chemical composition of the surface waters along Wetlands play an important role in carbon cycle and in global
the course of La Rocina Stream. Hydrological dynamic at each sam- climate change. The emission of greenhouse gases, especially CO2 ,
pling site was affected by the sampling time. That was clearly visible and CH4 , shows a large spatial and temporal variation due to the
in S3 at T4, the driest sampling time, where stream waters were complex interactions between environmental variables and the
transformed into swampy waters, and in S4 where desiccation microbiological processes leading to gas production. The carbon
almost emptied the El Rocio marsh. flux is related to many external factors, including soil environment,
Several authors have reported continuous increases in pollution hydrological conditions, vegetation type and exogenous nitrogen
(Suso and Llamas, 1993; Olías et al., 2008), and more precisely in (Ma and Lu, 2008). As revealed by Pearson correlation matrix
NO3 − content, in surface- and groundwater of DNP during the last (Table 3), CO2 and CH4 fluxes showed a strong seasonal influence,
two decades (González-Quesada et al., 1987; Serrano et al., 2006). especially at S1 and S2, the sampling sites with the highest TOC
Recently, contamination due to NO3 − and SO4 2− in the Donana ˜ concentrations. There is to note, however, that NO3 − contamina-
aquifer has been linked to utilization of agrochemicals during the tion increased production not only of N2 O, but also of CO2 and CH4 .
agricultural practices that take place in the ecotone of the Park These results agree with those which show that alterations in the
(Olías et al., 2008). Values of NO3 − content in S2 were higher than biogeochemical cycles in nature may lead to altered biogenic fluxes
the 50 mg L−1 defined by the European directive 91/676/CEE as of CO2 , CH4 and N2 O, the three main gases contributing to global
the upper limit for NO3 − contamination from agricultural sources warming (Liu and Greaver, 2009).
9. G. Tortosa et al. / Ecological Engineering 37 (2011) 539–548 547
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CTM2009-1473-C02-02 from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Hernández, M.E., Mitsch, W.J., 2007. Denitrification in created riverine wetlands:
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(Spain) and RNM-4746 from Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y
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Empresa de la Junta de Andalucía (Spain), all of them co-financed by metric determination of ammonium. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 6, 68–72.
the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Support of Junta Kempers, A.J., Zweers, A., 1986. Ammonium determination in soil extracts by the
salicylate method. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 17, 715–723.
de Andalucía to Research Group BIO-275 is also acknowledged. D.
Liu, L., Greaver, T.L., 2009. A review of nitrogen enrichment effects on three biogenic
David Correa thanks Ministerio de Educación for predoctoral grant GHGs: the CO2 sink may be largely offset by stimulated N2 O and CH4 emission.
AP2007-03967. The authors thank Estación Biológica de Donana ˜ Ecol. Lett. 12, 1103–1117.
(EBD-CSIC) and the technician staff of Equipo de Seguimiento Ma, A.N., Lu, J.J., 2008. The progress of research on carbon flux in wetland ecosystems.
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Miguel Ángel Bravo for field support. We also thank Dr. José Anto- cultura, Spain.
nio Alburquerque, Dra. Pilar Bernal (CEBAS-CSIC) and Dra. Lourdes Merbach, W., Augustin, J., Kalettka, T., Jacob, H.J., 1996. Nitrous oxide and methane
emissions from riparian areas of ponded depressions of Northeast Germany. J.
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