This document discusses soil pollution near mining tailings in Zimapán, Mexico. 120 soil samples were collected from areas near three different tailings piles - an older oxidized red pile (RT) and two gray piles of different ages (OSM and NSM). Samples found very high concentrations of arsenic and metals exceeding safety limits. Fractionation analysis found arsenic and metals were most mobile in soils near the NSM pile, followed by the RT pile, and least mobile in soils near the OSM pile. Polluted soils in residential areas pose health risks to local inhabitants. Remediation is needed to prevent exposure.
This document summarizes a study on microbial metal cycling and bioaccumulation in roadside soils and streams. The study aims to establish relationships between urbanization and pollutant concentrations in a local stream ecosystem. Researchers analyzed metal concentrations in insects, soils, and sediments from different zones of a creek. They also investigated microbial oxidation and reduction of antimony species from roadside soils and isolated bacterial strains to study metabolic pathways. Preliminary results found higher arsenic and lead levels in downstream insects and trace antimony reduction by soils microbes. The study provides background on metal pollution impacts and aims to further examine seasonal shifts and microbial antimony processing.
Three arrays of MacroRhizone pore water samplers were deployed at the abandoned Devon Great Consols mine site to investigate water-substrate interactions and potential environmental contamination. Samples were taken from three distinct tailings types - copper, tin, and arsenic tailings - deposited at different stages of the mine's history. Pore water compositions varied significantly between tailings types, with copper tailings highest in copper, aluminum, and manganese, tin tailings highest in tin but lowest in other metals, and arsenic tailings highest in arsenic, sodium, and strontium but lowest in copper. This suggests ongoing geochemical processes influence pore water compositions differently in each tailings type. SEM-EDX analysis showed
Cemeteries heavy metals concentration analysis of soils and the contamination...IJERA Editor
This research aims to quantify and analyze the levels of soil contamination by heavy metals in three cemeteries
located in the city of Carazinho-RS, Brazil. The decomposition of buried bodies in traditional cemeteries releases
high amounts of heavy metals into the ground, which compromises population settlements near the cemeterial
areas. In each of the three selected cemeteries (A, B and C), five sampling points were determined through the
Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) method. The depths to collect the samples were 0-20cm and 20-40cm. Four
sample sites outside the cemeteries (for the same depths), 100m away from each other were also defined in order
to obtain a triangulation of up to 400m away from each analyzed cemetery. The results indicated that all
cemeteries in question had significantly higher heavy metal values when compared to Brazilian tolerated limits,
especially regarding to copper (Cu). Iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) concentration analysis also
deserve attention due to the high values found. The results of this research warn for possible soil contamination
hazards by heavy metals to residents who live near cemeteries, in a 400m radius.
About the Interaction between water and Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn, Ba Mineralize...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: One of the most important environmental concerns at mining sites is acid mine drainage (DAM), which is formed by the exposure sulfide minerals to air and water. The consequent production of sulfuric acid reduces the quality of water bodies and may allow the solubilization of potentially toxic metals such as Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn and Al. There is a range of laboratory procedures, classified as static and kinetic. Which have been used to understand the acidification and neutralization potencies of a rock through water/rock interaction process. These procedures seek to describe, quantify and predict the compositional changes of the solid and liquid phases in natural systems. The choice of techniques, methods, procedures and protocols requires the understanding of the problem to be solved or mitigated and is related to the specific geochemical and geological characteristics of the site to be analyzed. The elaboration of experimental procedures involves sampling strategies, selection of methodologies, (Accuracy, precision, sensitivity, speed, cost) and thus equipment and other necessary materials. This work presents the main static and kinetic procedures, highlighting its principles, advantages and limitations for selection and application in carbonate rocks rich in sulphide minerals. PH, Acid-Base Accounting and Net Acid Generation (NAG) are the static methods chosen. While the kinetic procedures chosen for the study of the natural enrichment of toxic metals in sulfate carbonate rocks is leaching columns, the Soxhlet system and reaction reactors. To provide more consistent drainage forecasts and hence better plans for the management of The results of different methods should be analyzed together.
2011 tortosa galeote et al nitrate contamination doñanaGermán Tortosa
This document discusses a study on the effects of nitrate contamination and seasonal variation on denitrification and greenhouse gas production in La Rocina Stream in Donana National Park in Spain. Water and sediment samples were taken from four sites along the stream with varying nitrate concentrations over time. Results showed nitrate levels affected pH, nutrients, organic matter, and biological activities in sediments. Higher nitrate led to more greenhouse gas production, especially nitrous oxide. Denitrification and gas emissions increased during drier seasons due to nitrate contamination and rainfall patterns, exacerbating environmental issues.
1) Acid mine drainage is a major water pollution problem in Pennsylvania due to the state's long history of coal mining. When pyrite in coal mines is exposed to air and water, it produces sulfuric acid and dissolved metals that severely degrade water quality and aquatic habitats.
2) Chemical treatment using alkaline substances like limestone is currently the most common method to neutralize acidity and precipitate metals out of the water. However, it is expensive to operate and maintain. Passive treatment methods like constructed wetlands are becoming more widely used because they have lower long-term costs.
3) Wetlands can successfully remediate acid mine drainage through natural processes that raise the pH and remove metals. Pennsylvania is
This document discusses a study that examined the potential for three species of aquatic macrophytes (Pista stratiotes, Spirodela intermedia, and Lemna minor) to simultaneously remove several heavy metals from water. In laboratory experiments, the macrophytes were exposed to varying concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, and lead over 15 days. High removal percentages for all three species and metals were observed. However, L. minor did not survive the experimental conditions. The rate of metal uptake by the macrophytes was dependent on the initial metal concentration. Overall, the study evaluated the macrophytes' ability to remove multiple heavy metals from water to help treat naturally polluted environments.
Heavy metals like chromium, copper, cadmium, lead, and nickel were found to contaminate drinking water in Agra City, India. Chromium levels were highest, likely due to chrome tanning used in many local leather industries. Concentrations of chromium, copper, and lead exceeded permissible limits, posing health risks. Removing heavy metals using biotechnology methods like microorganisms that absorb metals was suggested to improve water quality and protect public health.
This document summarizes a study on microbial metal cycling and bioaccumulation in roadside soils and streams. The study aims to establish relationships between urbanization and pollutant concentrations in a local stream ecosystem. Researchers analyzed metal concentrations in insects, soils, and sediments from different zones of a creek. They also investigated microbial oxidation and reduction of antimony species from roadside soils and isolated bacterial strains to study metabolic pathways. Preliminary results found higher arsenic and lead levels in downstream insects and trace antimony reduction by soils microbes. The study provides background on metal pollution impacts and aims to further examine seasonal shifts and microbial antimony processing.
Three arrays of MacroRhizone pore water samplers were deployed at the abandoned Devon Great Consols mine site to investigate water-substrate interactions and potential environmental contamination. Samples were taken from three distinct tailings types - copper, tin, and arsenic tailings - deposited at different stages of the mine's history. Pore water compositions varied significantly between tailings types, with copper tailings highest in copper, aluminum, and manganese, tin tailings highest in tin but lowest in other metals, and arsenic tailings highest in arsenic, sodium, and strontium but lowest in copper. This suggests ongoing geochemical processes influence pore water compositions differently in each tailings type. SEM-EDX analysis showed
Cemeteries heavy metals concentration analysis of soils and the contamination...IJERA Editor
This research aims to quantify and analyze the levels of soil contamination by heavy metals in three cemeteries
located in the city of Carazinho-RS, Brazil. The decomposition of buried bodies in traditional cemeteries releases
high amounts of heavy metals into the ground, which compromises population settlements near the cemeterial
areas. In each of the three selected cemeteries (A, B and C), five sampling points were determined through the
Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) method. The depths to collect the samples were 0-20cm and 20-40cm. Four
sample sites outside the cemeteries (for the same depths), 100m away from each other were also defined in order
to obtain a triangulation of up to 400m away from each analyzed cemetery. The results indicated that all
cemeteries in question had significantly higher heavy metal values when compared to Brazilian tolerated limits,
especially regarding to copper (Cu). Iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) concentration analysis also
deserve attention due to the high values found. The results of this research warn for possible soil contamination
hazards by heavy metals to residents who live near cemeteries, in a 400m radius.
About the Interaction between water and Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn, Ba Mineralize...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: One of the most important environmental concerns at mining sites is acid mine drainage (DAM), which is formed by the exposure sulfide minerals to air and water. The consequent production of sulfuric acid reduces the quality of water bodies and may allow the solubilization of potentially toxic metals such as Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn and Al. There is a range of laboratory procedures, classified as static and kinetic. Which have been used to understand the acidification and neutralization potencies of a rock through water/rock interaction process. These procedures seek to describe, quantify and predict the compositional changes of the solid and liquid phases in natural systems. The choice of techniques, methods, procedures and protocols requires the understanding of the problem to be solved or mitigated and is related to the specific geochemical and geological characteristics of the site to be analyzed. The elaboration of experimental procedures involves sampling strategies, selection of methodologies, (Accuracy, precision, sensitivity, speed, cost) and thus equipment and other necessary materials. This work presents the main static and kinetic procedures, highlighting its principles, advantages and limitations for selection and application in carbonate rocks rich in sulphide minerals. PH, Acid-Base Accounting and Net Acid Generation (NAG) are the static methods chosen. While the kinetic procedures chosen for the study of the natural enrichment of toxic metals in sulfate carbonate rocks is leaching columns, the Soxhlet system and reaction reactors. To provide more consistent drainage forecasts and hence better plans for the management of The results of different methods should be analyzed together.
2011 tortosa galeote et al nitrate contamination doñanaGermán Tortosa
This document discusses a study on the effects of nitrate contamination and seasonal variation on denitrification and greenhouse gas production in La Rocina Stream in Donana National Park in Spain. Water and sediment samples were taken from four sites along the stream with varying nitrate concentrations over time. Results showed nitrate levels affected pH, nutrients, organic matter, and biological activities in sediments. Higher nitrate led to more greenhouse gas production, especially nitrous oxide. Denitrification and gas emissions increased during drier seasons due to nitrate contamination and rainfall patterns, exacerbating environmental issues.
1) Acid mine drainage is a major water pollution problem in Pennsylvania due to the state's long history of coal mining. When pyrite in coal mines is exposed to air and water, it produces sulfuric acid and dissolved metals that severely degrade water quality and aquatic habitats.
2) Chemical treatment using alkaline substances like limestone is currently the most common method to neutralize acidity and precipitate metals out of the water. However, it is expensive to operate and maintain. Passive treatment methods like constructed wetlands are becoming more widely used because they have lower long-term costs.
3) Wetlands can successfully remediate acid mine drainage through natural processes that raise the pH and remove metals. Pennsylvania is
This document discusses a study that examined the potential for three species of aquatic macrophytes (Pista stratiotes, Spirodela intermedia, and Lemna minor) to simultaneously remove several heavy metals from water. In laboratory experiments, the macrophytes were exposed to varying concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, and lead over 15 days. High removal percentages for all three species and metals were observed. However, L. minor did not survive the experimental conditions. The rate of metal uptake by the macrophytes was dependent on the initial metal concentration. Overall, the study evaluated the macrophytes' ability to remove multiple heavy metals from water to help treat naturally polluted environments.
Heavy metals like chromium, copper, cadmium, lead, and nickel were found to contaminate drinking water in Agra City, India. Chromium levels were highest, likely due to chrome tanning used in many local leather industries. Concentrations of chromium, copper, and lead exceeded permissible limits, posing health risks. Removing heavy metals using biotechnology methods like microorganisms that absorb metals was suggested to improve water quality and protect public health.
This document summarizes a study on the seasonality of contamination, toxicity, and quality values in sediments from coastal ecosystems in the Gulf of Cadiz in Spain. Sediment samples were collected from seven stations in winter and summer and analyzed for heavy metals, organic carbon, grain size, and toxicity. Toxicity tests using amphipods and clams showed only sediments near an untreated urban discharge were toxic. Multivariate analysis found most variables did not vary seasonally, except copper which was toxic in winter but not summer. Sediment quality values were derived from chemical concentrations associated with no biological effects.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the correlation between the methylating capacity of river and marine sediments and their organic sediment index (OSI). Sediment samples from the Axios River and Thermaikos Gulf in Greece were incubated with various metal salts, including tin, lead, and mercury. Methylated derivatives of these metals were produced from bioactive sediments but not sterilized sediments, and yields were higher when nutrients were added. Methylation yields correlated positively with OSI, determined as the product of organic carbon and organic nitrogen percentages. Mercury methylation yields were four orders of magnitude higher than tin and lead. In low OSI sediments, mercury methylation rates were higher, while in high OSI sediments, lead methylation
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that examined seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons across five stations and analyzed for heavy metals. Results showed that iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were low in both seasons and within WHO standards. Chromium, cadmium, barium, nickel, vanadium and mercury were not detected. Some metals like iron, zinc, copper, lead and hydrocarbons varied significantly between seasons. The sources of heavy metals included runoff from industrial, agricultural and residential areas in the wet season and effluent discharges in the dry season. The river's heavy
Zn distribution in soils amended with different kinds of sewage sludgeSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2008 b. Zn distribution in soils amended with different kinds of sewage sludge. Journal of Environmental Management (Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 88: 1571-1579. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.07.026 ISSN: 0301-4797.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis and assessment of essential toxic heavy metals, ph andAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heavy metal contamination in river banks and adjacent agricultural soils along a 48 km section of the Ishaqi River in Iraq. Samples were taken from 10 sites and analyzed for zinc, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, cadmium, vanadium and lead using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed higher concentrations of most metals in river banks compared to soils. Nickel, zinc, manganese and iron exceeded permissible levels in both river banks and soils. The highest metal concentrations were found at sites near residential and industrial areas, indicating pollution from waste discharges.
An investigation on role of salinity, pH and DO on heavy metals elimination t...GJESM Publication
One of the most paramount processes that play a considerable role in reducing the concentration of
heavy metals during estuarine mixing is flocculation. Not only does such a process cause a huge percentage of metals to come into the particulate phase, but also it provides ample nutrients for the aquatic life. In the present study, impact of such factors as salinity, pH and DO on flocculation of Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd and Mn throughout mixing of Chaluse River with Caspian Sea is investigated. The trend of flocculation of Pb (24.32%) < Zn (24.38%) < Cd (40.00%) < Cu (64.71%) < Ni (68.00%) < Mn (76.47%) reveals that among the studied elements Mn and lead experience minimum and maximum flocculation at diverse salinity regimes, respectively. Moreover, flocculation rate of studied metals fluctuates between 24.32 and 76.47 percent. It is interesting to note that much of metal flocculation occurs at the very lower (less than 2 ppt) salinity regimes.
Geochemical Survey, Health and Environmental Implication of Trace Elements in...Premier Publishers
This study involves the geochemical assessment of trace elements of surface soil samples from Owo area in Ondo State, Nigeria. In environmental studies, chemical elements are often distinguished as lithogenic and anthropogenic based on their sources. The knowledge about their distribution in soils is thus crucial for the assessment of the environmental hazards due to chemical pollution of urban soils. In this area, fourteen (14) soil samples were collected and analyzed for the following trace elements – Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu), Lead(Pb), Arsenic(As), Cadmium(Cd), Titanium(Ti), Strontium(Sr), Zircon(Zr), Molybdenum(Mo), Silver(Ag), Rubidium (Rb), and Tin(Sn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The background values as determined were as follows: Zn(8.30-8.70ppm), Cu(1.95-2.19ppm), Pb(0.83-0.87ppm) As(0.052-0.054ppm), Cd(0.06-0.07ppm), Ti(0.12-0.14ppm), Sr(0.04-0.05ppm), Zr(0.04-0.05ppm), Mo(0.13-0.14ppm), Ag(0.12 0.13ppm), Rb(0.013-0.014ppm) and Sn(0.07-0.08ppm).The threshold values in (ppm) were: 9.12, 2.69, 0.93, 0.06, 0.07, 0.20, 0.05, 0.06, 0.20, 0.26, 0.02, and 0.11. The increase above the background concentrations is probably anthropogenic. The Anthropogenic Factor (AF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) were determined for Zn, Pb, Cu and As in order to quantify the level of contamination in the soils. The result revealed an average AF of 1.1 and Igeo of -0.44, 1.00, -1.05 and -0.37. This result indicates uncontaminated to slightly contaminated soil condition. The pH values of the soils, ranging from (5.5-7.7) indicate a slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soils owing to the chemical reactions of the anthropogenic additives. Anthropogenic inputs from the few industries in the area were quite minimal, except for municipal and vehicular contributions. Therefore, monitoring programs should be introduced to check the level of environmental degradation that may result from future anthropogenic perturbations.
This document summarizes a student research project that analyzed concentrations of arsenic, lead, manganese, and nickel in sediments from Possession Sound, which is influenced by discharge from the Snohomish River. Sediment samples were taken from two sites and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations. The student hypothesized that metal concentrations would be higher at one site due to shallower sediments and that concentrations would increase with river discharge. Statistical analysis did not find a strong correlation with discharge, suggesting other internal estuary processes influence metal mobility. The document provides background on sources and environmental impacts of each metal.
Identification of possible migration of contaminants in groundwater at a land...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on identifying possible groundwater contamination at a landfill site in Barka, Oman. Borehole drilling, soil sampling, and groundwater sampling and analysis were conducted. Results showed elevated levels of contaminants like TDS, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and coliform bacteria in groundwater below the landfill compared to background levels, indicating contamination from leachate and liquid waste disposal. A pump test also found decreasing contaminant concentrations with pumping time, suggesting contaminant migration from the landfill area.
Artifi cial wetlands are useful for wastewater treatment; however, relatively little is known of the effects of sewage on artifi cial wetland microbial community structure. Therefore, we assessed the effect of municipal sewage on microbial community diversity in surface water throughout an artifi cial wetland (Xiantao artifi cial wetland) treating municipal sewage. We analyzed the relationship between physicochemical parameters of surface water (i.e., Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and
NH4+-N) with microbial community structure (Illumina MiSeq sequencing followed by abundance indices). The results showed that the total microbial community in surface water was signifi cantly correlated with COD, TN, TP, and NH4
+-N (r = 0.764, 0.897, 0.883, 0.839, P < 0.05). In addition, the most abundant taxa were significantly correlated with COD (r = 0.803, P < 0.05). The relative abundance of rare operational taxonomic units in the more purifi ed water farther downstream was higher than in the polluted area, suggesting that rare groups were more sensitive to physicochemical parameters than abundant groups, and that the abundance of some bacteria could indirectly indicate the degree of aquatic pollution. Our results indicate that the responses of microorganisms in artificial wetlands to environmental conditions should be considered to ensure efficient treatment.
Assessment of impact of climatic change on groundwater quality around igbokod...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of coastal saltwater on groundwater quality in Igbokoda, Nigeria. Hydrochemical analysis of 39 groundwater samples found higher concentrations of sodium and chloride ions compared to other ions, indicating influence from saltwater intrusion. While most ion concentrations met drinking water standards, iron and manganese exceeded guidelines in some samples. Ratios of ions like magnesium to calcium and chloride to bicarbonate suggested transformation of fresh groundwater to brackish water in parts of the aquifer due to saltwater mixing. The dominant groundwater type was characterized as sodium-chloride, reflecting saltwater influence, along with some calcium-bicarbonate freshwater sources.
Leachate characterization and assessment of groundwater and surface water qua...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that characterized leachate from a municipal solid waste dump site in Effurun, Nigeria and assessed the impact on local groundwater and surface water quality. Water and leachate samples were collected from the dump site and surrounding areas and tested for various physicochemical parameters. The results showed that the leachate had varying pH levels, indicating different stages of waste decomposition. While most groundwater parameters met drinking water standards, ammonia levels exceeded WHO standards in some wells. Surface water quality near the dump reflected some pollution. The study concluded that while groundwater has not yet been significantly impacted, there is potential for pollution in the future without upgrades to the dump site.
The document summarizes a five-year field study on phytoremediation of mine tailings using Atriplex halimus and organic/inorganic amendments. The study assessed the effect of treatments including tilling, marble waste, pig slurry, and their combination on soil properties, metal bioavailability, and metal accumulation in A. halimus. After five years, A. halimus was the dominant species growing spontaneously in all plots. Application of marble waste increased soil pH and the bioavailability of some metals in soil. It also increased metal accumulation in leaves of A. halimus, indicating this species may uptake and translocate metals under saline conditions.
A geochemical assessment of soils within oke ogun area, southwestern nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed soil samples from Oke-Ogun area in southwestern Nigeria to investigate concentrations of major elements and trace metals.
Key findings include:
1. Soil samples showed elevated levels of Pb, Cr, V, Mn, and Co compared to underlying bedrock, indicating enrichment during weathering.
2. Statistical analysis revealed associations between Cu-Pb-Cd-Ni-Co and Zn-V.
3. Principal component analysis identified three factors associated with differing sources for trace metals in the soils.
Cd cr y pb on growth and uptake in typha annotatedRenato Oquendo
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of chromium, cadmium, and lead on the growth, metal uptake, and antioxidant capacity of Typha angustifolia (narrow-leaved cattail). The study found that T. angustifolia showed high tolerance to 1 mM concentrations of Cr, Cd, and Pb with no visible toxicity symptoms. Exposure to Cd and Pb increased plant height and biomass, especially in Pb treatment. Cr, Cd, and Pb uptake increased along with increased uptake of nutrients like Ca and Fe. Antioxidant enzyme activities like SOD, POD, CAT, APX, and GPX increased in response to Cr, Cd, and Pb stress
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
DNAPL Remediation with ClO2_UV-published paperDarcy Bye
This study investigated the sorption of PAHs, PCBs, phenols, and BTEX hydrocarbons from groundwater onto a subsoil core sample. It also examined the destruction of these contaminants in ClO2/UV solution systems using methanol as the carrier solvent. Sorption experiments showed the contaminants formed S-type isotherms and could be modeled using the Freundlich equation. Off-site travel times for the contaminants in groundwater ranged from 145 to 80,817 years based on sorption. Treatment with ClO2/UV destroyed 76-98% of the contaminants and produced no dioxins or furans as byproducts, demonstrating this method's potential for remediating recal
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document summarizes a study on the distribution and mobility of lead and zinc in soils near an industrial foundry in Tiaret, Algeria. Samples were taken from 35 soil sites within 2 parcels near the foundry. Analysis found lead levels varied from 0-13.7 ppm and zinc from 0-21.96 ppm depending on soil properties. The study found lead and zinc mobility correlated positively with pH, limestone content, and each other, but negatively with cation exchange capacity. Higher pH, limestone, and moisture increased heavy metal solubility by forming complexes while fine particles promoted dispersion. The results indicate soil properties significantly influence heavy metal distribution from atmospheric depositions near industrial areas.
This document summarizes a study analyzing vegetation across an ecotone between the Red Sea coast and Eastern Desert in Egypt. 98 study sites were established along 13 transects spanning the environmental gradient. 45 plant species from 24 families were recorded. Perennial species were most common. Species distribution was found to correlate with soil characteristics like pH, sand content, and concentrations of ions like sulfate and phosphate. The study aims to understand how environmental conditions shape vegetation structure and composition across the ecotone.
This document summarizes a study on the seasonality of contamination, toxicity, and quality values in sediments from coastal ecosystems in the Gulf of Cadiz in Spain. Sediment samples were collected from seven stations in winter and summer and analyzed for heavy metals, organic carbon, grain size, and toxicity. Toxicity tests using amphipods and clams showed only sediments near an untreated urban discharge were toxic. Multivariate analysis found most variables did not vary seasonally, except copper which was toxic in winter but not summer. Sediment quality values were derived from chemical concentrations associated with no biological effects.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the correlation between the methylating capacity of river and marine sediments and their organic sediment index (OSI). Sediment samples from the Axios River and Thermaikos Gulf in Greece were incubated with various metal salts, including tin, lead, and mercury. Methylated derivatives of these metals were produced from bioactive sediments but not sterilized sediments, and yields were higher when nutrients were added. Methylation yields correlated positively with OSI, determined as the product of organic carbon and organic nitrogen percentages. Mercury methylation yields were four orders of magnitude higher than tin and lead. In low OSI sediments, mercury methylation rates were higher, while in high OSI sediments, lead methylation
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that examined seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons across five stations and analyzed for heavy metals. Results showed that iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were low in both seasons and within WHO standards. Chromium, cadmium, barium, nickel, vanadium and mercury were not detected. Some metals like iron, zinc, copper, lead and hydrocarbons varied significantly between seasons. The sources of heavy metals included runoff from industrial, agricultural and residential areas in the wet season and effluent discharges in the dry season. The river's heavy
Zn distribution in soils amended with different kinds of sewage sludgeSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2008 b. Zn distribution in soils amended with different kinds of sewage sludge. Journal of Environmental Management (Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 88: 1571-1579. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.07.026 ISSN: 0301-4797.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis and assessment of essential toxic heavy metals, ph andAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heavy metal contamination in river banks and adjacent agricultural soils along a 48 km section of the Ishaqi River in Iraq. Samples were taken from 10 sites and analyzed for zinc, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, cadmium, vanadium and lead using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed higher concentrations of most metals in river banks compared to soils. Nickel, zinc, manganese and iron exceeded permissible levels in both river banks and soils. The highest metal concentrations were found at sites near residential and industrial areas, indicating pollution from waste discharges.
An investigation on role of salinity, pH and DO on heavy metals elimination t...GJESM Publication
One of the most paramount processes that play a considerable role in reducing the concentration of
heavy metals during estuarine mixing is flocculation. Not only does such a process cause a huge percentage of metals to come into the particulate phase, but also it provides ample nutrients for the aquatic life. In the present study, impact of such factors as salinity, pH and DO on flocculation of Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd and Mn throughout mixing of Chaluse River with Caspian Sea is investigated. The trend of flocculation of Pb (24.32%) < Zn (24.38%) < Cd (40.00%) < Cu (64.71%) < Ni (68.00%) < Mn (76.47%) reveals that among the studied elements Mn and lead experience minimum and maximum flocculation at diverse salinity regimes, respectively. Moreover, flocculation rate of studied metals fluctuates between 24.32 and 76.47 percent. It is interesting to note that much of metal flocculation occurs at the very lower (less than 2 ppt) salinity regimes.
Geochemical Survey, Health and Environmental Implication of Trace Elements in...Premier Publishers
This study involves the geochemical assessment of trace elements of surface soil samples from Owo area in Ondo State, Nigeria. In environmental studies, chemical elements are often distinguished as lithogenic and anthropogenic based on their sources. The knowledge about their distribution in soils is thus crucial for the assessment of the environmental hazards due to chemical pollution of urban soils. In this area, fourteen (14) soil samples were collected and analyzed for the following trace elements – Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu), Lead(Pb), Arsenic(As), Cadmium(Cd), Titanium(Ti), Strontium(Sr), Zircon(Zr), Molybdenum(Mo), Silver(Ag), Rubidium (Rb), and Tin(Sn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The background values as determined were as follows: Zn(8.30-8.70ppm), Cu(1.95-2.19ppm), Pb(0.83-0.87ppm) As(0.052-0.054ppm), Cd(0.06-0.07ppm), Ti(0.12-0.14ppm), Sr(0.04-0.05ppm), Zr(0.04-0.05ppm), Mo(0.13-0.14ppm), Ag(0.12 0.13ppm), Rb(0.013-0.014ppm) and Sn(0.07-0.08ppm).The threshold values in (ppm) were: 9.12, 2.69, 0.93, 0.06, 0.07, 0.20, 0.05, 0.06, 0.20, 0.26, 0.02, and 0.11. The increase above the background concentrations is probably anthropogenic. The Anthropogenic Factor (AF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) were determined for Zn, Pb, Cu and As in order to quantify the level of contamination in the soils. The result revealed an average AF of 1.1 and Igeo of -0.44, 1.00, -1.05 and -0.37. This result indicates uncontaminated to slightly contaminated soil condition. The pH values of the soils, ranging from (5.5-7.7) indicate a slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soils owing to the chemical reactions of the anthropogenic additives. Anthropogenic inputs from the few industries in the area were quite minimal, except for municipal and vehicular contributions. Therefore, monitoring programs should be introduced to check the level of environmental degradation that may result from future anthropogenic perturbations.
This document summarizes a student research project that analyzed concentrations of arsenic, lead, manganese, and nickel in sediments from Possession Sound, which is influenced by discharge from the Snohomish River. Sediment samples were taken from two sites and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations. The student hypothesized that metal concentrations would be higher at one site due to shallower sediments and that concentrations would increase with river discharge. Statistical analysis did not find a strong correlation with discharge, suggesting other internal estuary processes influence metal mobility. The document provides background on sources and environmental impacts of each metal.
Identification of possible migration of contaminants in groundwater at a land...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on identifying possible groundwater contamination at a landfill site in Barka, Oman. Borehole drilling, soil sampling, and groundwater sampling and analysis were conducted. Results showed elevated levels of contaminants like TDS, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and coliform bacteria in groundwater below the landfill compared to background levels, indicating contamination from leachate and liquid waste disposal. A pump test also found decreasing contaminant concentrations with pumping time, suggesting contaminant migration from the landfill area.
Artifi cial wetlands are useful for wastewater treatment; however, relatively little is known of the effects of sewage on artifi cial wetland microbial community structure. Therefore, we assessed the effect of municipal sewage on microbial community diversity in surface water throughout an artifi cial wetland (Xiantao artifi cial wetland) treating municipal sewage. We analyzed the relationship between physicochemical parameters of surface water (i.e., Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and
NH4+-N) with microbial community structure (Illumina MiSeq sequencing followed by abundance indices). The results showed that the total microbial community in surface water was signifi cantly correlated with COD, TN, TP, and NH4
+-N (r = 0.764, 0.897, 0.883, 0.839, P < 0.05). In addition, the most abundant taxa were significantly correlated with COD (r = 0.803, P < 0.05). The relative abundance of rare operational taxonomic units in the more purifi ed water farther downstream was higher than in the polluted area, suggesting that rare groups were more sensitive to physicochemical parameters than abundant groups, and that the abundance of some bacteria could indirectly indicate the degree of aquatic pollution. Our results indicate that the responses of microorganisms in artificial wetlands to environmental conditions should be considered to ensure efficient treatment.
Assessment of impact of climatic change on groundwater quality around igbokod...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of coastal saltwater on groundwater quality in Igbokoda, Nigeria. Hydrochemical analysis of 39 groundwater samples found higher concentrations of sodium and chloride ions compared to other ions, indicating influence from saltwater intrusion. While most ion concentrations met drinking water standards, iron and manganese exceeded guidelines in some samples. Ratios of ions like magnesium to calcium and chloride to bicarbonate suggested transformation of fresh groundwater to brackish water in parts of the aquifer due to saltwater mixing. The dominant groundwater type was characterized as sodium-chloride, reflecting saltwater influence, along with some calcium-bicarbonate freshwater sources.
Leachate characterization and assessment of groundwater and surface water qua...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that characterized leachate from a municipal solid waste dump site in Effurun, Nigeria and assessed the impact on local groundwater and surface water quality. Water and leachate samples were collected from the dump site and surrounding areas and tested for various physicochemical parameters. The results showed that the leachate had varying pH levels, indicating different stages of waste decomposition. While most groundwater parameters met drinking water standards, ammonia levels exceeded WHO standards in some wells. Surface water quality near the dump reflected some pollution. The study concluded that while groundwater has not yet been significantly impacted, there is potential for pollution in the future without upgrades to the dump site.
The document summarizes a five-year field study on phytoremediation of mine tailings using Atriplex halimus and organic/inorganic amendments. The study assessed the effect of treatments including tilling, marble waste, pig slurry, and their combination on soil properties, metal bioavailability, and metal accumulation in A. halimus. After five years, A. halimus was the dominant species growing spontaneously in all plots. Application of marble waste increased soil pH and the bioavailability of some metals in soil. It also increased metal accumulation in leaves of A. halimus, indicating this species may uptake and translocate metals under saline conditions.
A geochemical assessment of soils within oke ogun area, southwestern nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed soil samples from Oke-Ogun area in southwestern Nigeria to investigate concentrations of major elements and trace metals.
Key findings include:
1. Soil samples showed elevated levels of Pb, Cr, V, Mn, and Co compared to underlying bedrock, indicating enrichment during weathering.
2. Statistical analysis revealed associations between Cu-Pb-Cd-Ni-Co and Zn-V.
3. Principal component analysis identified three factors associated with differing sources for trace metals in the soils.
Cd cr y pb on growth and uptake in typha annotatedRenato Oquendo
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of chromium, cadmium, and lead on the growth, metal uptake, and antioxidant capacity of Typha angustifolia (narrow-leaved cattail). The study found that T. angustifolia showed high tolerance to 1 mM concentrations of Cr, Cd, and Pb with no visible toxicity symptoms. Exposure to Cd and Pb increased plant height and biomass, especially in Pb treatment. Cr, Cd, and Pb uptake increased along with increased uptake of nutrients like Ca and Fe. Antioxidant enzyme activities like SOD, POD, CAT, APX, and GPX increased in response to Cr, Cd, and Pb stress
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
DNAPL Remediation with ClO2_UV-published paperDarcy Bye
This study investigated the sorption of PAHs, PCBs, phenols, and BTEX hydrocarbons from groundwater onto a subsoil core sample. It also examined the destruction of these contaminants in ClO2/UV solution systems using methanol as the carrier solvent. Sorption experiments showed the contaminants formed S-type isotherms and could be modeled using the Freundlich equation. Off-site travel times for the contaminants in groundwater ranged from 145 to 80,817 years based on sorption. Treatment with ClO2/UV destroyed 76-98% of the contaminants and produced no dioxins or furans as byproducts, demonstrating this method's potential for remediating recal
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document summarizes a study on the distribution and mobility of lead and zinc in soils near an industrial foundry in Tiaret, Algeria. Samples were taken from 35 soil sites within 2 parcels near the foundry. Analysis found lead levels varied from 0-13.7 ppm and zinc from 0-21.96 ppm depending on soil properties. The study found lead and zinc mobility correlated positively with pH, limestone content, and each other, but negatively with cation exchange capacity. Higher pH, limestone, and moisture increased heavy metal solubility by forming complexes while fine particles promoted dispersion. The results indicate soil properties significantly influence heavy metal distribution from atmospheric depositions near industrial areas.
This document summarizes a study analyzing vegetation across an ecotone between the Red Sea coast and Eastern Desert in Egypt. 98 study sites were established along 13 transects spanning the environmental gradient. 45 plant species from 24 families were recorded. Perennial species were most common. Species distribution was found to correlate with soil characteristics like pH, sand content, and concentrations of ions like sulfate and phosphate. The study aims to understand how environmental conditions shape vegetation structure and composition across the ecotone.
The Influence of Vermiculite on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in a Terre...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite, typical 2:1 clay. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles in the presence of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite in soil. Silver nanoparticles were characterized using techniques including transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction. The levels of silver in test species exposed to silver nanoparticles were measured using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. An increase in the cation exchange capacity of soil was observed with the increase in the concentration of vermiculite in soil. The results suggested a decrease in the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil by Acheta domesticus as a function of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite in soil. No apparent trend was observed in the remaining species. Both plant species were found to accumulate silver in their roots. The translocation of silver to stems and leaves was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Vermiculite in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles.
Health risks of heavy metals in selected food crops cultivatedAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed heavy metal levels in soils and two commonly consumed food crops (cassava and plantain) in small-scale gold mining communities in Ghana. Soil samples contained heavy metals within permissible limits, though pollution load indices revealed significant metal loading. Heavy metal levels were higher in the food crops than soils. Lead, cadmium, zinc and copper levels in plantain, and lead, cadmium and zinc levels in cassava exceeded international safety standards. Analysis showed local inhabitants were at risk of long-term health effects from dietary exposure to these heavy metals.
Speciation of heavy metals in the soil and the tailings, in the zinc lead sid...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the speciation of heavy metals in soil and tailings samples from the abandoned Sidi Bou Othmane zinc-lead mine in Morocco. Total metal concentrations and sequential extractions were performed to determine the chemical forms and potential mobility of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc. The tailings had much higher metal levels than the surrounding soils. Most soils near the mine exceeded thresholds for zinc, lead and cadmium, indicating high pollution. The study aimed to evaluate the contamination risk posed by the abandoned mine wastes.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Heavy metals contamination at whitespots – conlig, newtownards, northern irel...Alexander Decker
This study investigated heavy metal contamination at an abandoned lead mine in Northern Ireland. Soil samples were collected from 7 vertical profiles down to 80cm depth and analyzed for moisture content, pH, minerals using XRD and PXRF spectrometry, and heavy metals using ICP-MS. The results showed elevated levels of lead and other heavy metals accumulated in the topsoil of some profiles, likely due to surface runoff transporting contaminated materials. The clay-rich and slightly alkaline soil composition helped immobilize some heavy metals while allowing limited leaching of others like zinc. The dispersion of contaminants occurred through both surface water flow transporting particles and lateral migration of contaminated spoil materials.
Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants along Mubi-Gombi Highway, Adama...Premier Publishers
The concentrations of some selected heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co) along Mubi- Gombi highway were analysed. Samples of roadside soil and plants were randomly collected from six (6) towns; these include Mubi, Mararaba, Makera, Kala’a, Hong and Gombi. Subsequently the concentrations of the following heavy metals Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co in the samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) . Three samples were taken at each sampling point at a distance of 5 m, 10 m and 15 m from the edge inward. The result revealed that Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co were present in the soil and plant samples. The mean concentration ranged from Cd(0.02±0.01 – 1.50 ±0.11 mg/ kg) Pb(0.02±0.01 – 2.70±0.20 mg/ kg), Co(0.13±0.02 – 0.84±0.06mg/ kg), Fe( 243.80±16.4 – 311.74±22.8mg/ kg) and Mg(1.75±0.03 – 2.35±0.06mg/ kg) in the soil samples. While the mean concentration in plants leaves samples ranged from Cd (0.01±0.00 – 0.04±0.02mg/ kg), Pd( 0.17±0.04 – 0.82±0.10mg/ kg), Co(0.20±0.03 – 0.88±0.88mg/ kg), Fe( 41.56±3.21 - 85.12±5.48mg/ kg) and Mg(2.11±0.18 - 2.32±0.07mg/ kg) . The concentration of Pb,Fe and Co exceeded the permissible limit of WHO. While the concentration of Cd and Mg were found to be within WHO limit. The high levels of Pb, Fe and Co indicate the potential health risk for human. The high level of these metals might be due to anthropogenic activities. However, the values of these metals decreased with increasing distance from the road inward. Also, significant difference in heavy metal concentrations among the sampling locations at p<0.05 level both in soil and plant were observed. Therefore, economic plants should not be planted along the highway to avoid heavy metal contamination.
Assessment of the effects of Acid Mine Drainage on Mogpog River Ecosystem, Ma...No to mining in Palawan
This document discusses a study assessing the effects of acid mine drainage from past mining operations on the Mogpog River ecosystem and local communities in Marinduque, Philippines. Key points:
1) Soil samples and biological indicators were analyzed from 5 stations along Mogpog River and 3 stations along the reference Dawis River.
2) Soil pH decreased significantly from the river mouth to upstream areas in Mogpog River, indicating increasing acidity due to mine drainage. However, soil pH remained consistently alkaline along Dawis River.
3) Heavy metal analysis found elevated levels of arsenic, lead, and cadmium in soils near Mogpog River compared to Dawis River
S-isotope-PNAS-2014-Shaheen-1406315111 with coverRobina Shaheen
1) The highest sulfur isotope anomalies (Δ33S = +1.66‰ and Δ36S = +2‰) were observed in nonvolcanic sulfate aerosols extracted from a South Pole snow pit from 1998-1999, similar in magnitude to the largest volcanic eruptions of the 20th century.
2) These anomalies are linked to stratospheric chemistry and dynamics changes induced by the very strong 1997-1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation event, including higher altitude transport of sulfur dioxide and carbonyl sulfide via deep convection.
3) Recurring negative sulfur isotope anomalies (Δ36S = -0.6 ± 0.2‰) in nonvol
The chemical stability of tailings from mineral processing is important subject for study within the research field regarding the possible impacts for the environment, especially groundwater pollution and acid mine drainage (AMD). Tailings generated from processing metal ores can be classified as fined-grained sediment-water slurry. The solids are composed of minerals such as silicates, oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and sulphides. The mineralogical and geochemical studies of tailings from metals ores are key factors used in the investigation of the chemical reactions and chemical systems that results in AMD. The scope of the study is to investigate tailing dams as a potential source of Arsenic (As) in Dokyiwa tailing dam which is an abandoned together with Pompora tailing dam and one active tailing dam which is the Sansu tailing dam at obuasi municipality and its dissolution into adjoining environmental media. The scope of this work is confined to Dokyiwa tailing dam in Obuasi municipality.
Evaluation of some heavy metals in roadside soil along Samaru-Giwa road, Zari...Innspub Net
This research work was carried out to evaluate the concentrations of some heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Mn) in roadside soil along Samaru-Giwa road, Zaria, Nigeria. Four sampling locations were selected (ABUTH, NAPRI, Marabar Guga and ABU Dam Quarters in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria main campus which served as the control site). Soil samples were collected at 0, 50, 100 and 200 m distances from the roadside in three replicates, air dried at room temperature, sieved and kept in specimen bottles with appropriate labels pending analysis. Samples were digested and analyzed for concentrations of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Manganese (Mn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Concentrations of these heavy metals were observed to be significantly higher at 0 m than the other distances from the roadside and this decreased with increasing distance from the roadside. There was generally no significant difference in soil heavy metal concentration at 50- 200 m from the roadside. Soil lead concentration was mostly observed to be higher than that of all other metals studied. The concentrations of heavy metals observed in the soil samples was in the order of Pb>Mn>Zn >Cd >Cu. The contamination factors for individual heavy metal for the locations showed low to moderate contamination by the metals. Among the locations studied, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, (ABUTH) showed the highest concentration of the most heavy metals while ABU Dam Quarters (Control), had the lowest concentration of most of the heavy metals. The study showed that, nearness to the roadside increased the soil heavy metal concentrations and this could invariably influence the same in crops planted or farm produce being dried along the roadside.
This study analyzed trace elements and heavy metals in the otoliths of American eels (Anguilla rostrata) captured from six locations in the Hudson River estuary using a novel solid phase extraction method coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The method successfully measured low concentrations of elements that are difficult to detect due to calcium matrix interferences. Statistical analysis found significant differences in elemental compositions among sampling locations, with 78% accuracy in classifying eels to their site of capture. Elements like aluminum, bismuth, cadmium, manganese, nickel, and vanadium contributed most to distinguishing among sites and indicated varying exposure to pollution across the estuary.
This document summarizes a student research project on analyzing heavy metal contamination in the plant Celosia argentea collected from four different locations. The student describes collecting plant samples, using atomic absorption spectrometry to determine metal concentrations, and finding that levels of metals like iron, copper, zinc, manganese, and chromium were below permissible limits set by the FAO and WHO. However, the student notes that farming along roadsides should still be discouraged due to potential heavy metal pollution from vehicular traffic.
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
Effect of Concentration of Silver Nanoparticles on the Uptake of Silver from ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The bioavailability and uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated. Two species of insects, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two species of plants, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to a range of concentrations of silver nanoparticles in soil. Silver nanoparticles were charactrized by techniques including transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction. The concentration of silver in insects and plants exposed to silver nanoparticles was measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The results suggested an increase in the levels of silver in both insects and plants as a function of increasing concentrations of silver nanoparticles in soil. The translocation of silver to various parts of dicot plants such as stems and leaves was also observed. Such a result was not observed in the case of monocot plants. Results from this study suggests that silver nanoparticles would be available for uptake by insects and plants in terrestrial ecosystems.
Analysis of leachates from solid waste dumpsites a tool for predicting the qu...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes leachates and soils from five solid waste dumpsites in Accra, Ghana. Heavy metals (cadmium, lead, zinc, manganese, copper) and pathogens (coliform bacteria, helminth eggs) were found in higher levels in the wet season compared to the dry season. The high levels of heavy metals and pathogens indicate that waste from these dumpsites would require sorting to remove contaminants before use in composting. Proper composting temperatures and curing periods would also be needed to eliminate pathogens from any compost produced from these waste sources. The quality of compost produced would depend on the waste composition and levels of pollutants.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Similar to Arsenic and metals mobility in soils impacted by tailings at zimapán, méxico armienta2016 (20)
Este documento resume los sitios de monitoreo de la calidad del agua superficial y subterránea en México entre 2012 y 2015. Incluye información sobre 3,950 sitios de agua superficial como ríos, lagos y zonas costeras, calificando su calidad de acuerdo a indicadores como DBO5, DQO, SST, coliformes fecales y toxicidad. También cubre 1,084 sitios de agua subterránea, calificando su calidad en base a los sólidos disueltos totales. Proporciona las coordenadas y detalles
Lineamientos generales Monitoreo en ANP Ver 1.0.pdfMarcosLoredo4
Este documento presenta lineamientos y directrices para el desarrollo de actividades de monitoreo en las Áreas Naturales Protegidas de México. Incluye un inventario de actividades de monitoreo existentes, objetivos del monitoreo, principios rectores, herramientas de apoyo y un portafolio de actividades de monitoreo en distintas áreas como biología, agua, cambio climático y más. El documento provee una guía integral para el diseño e implementación de sistemas de monitoreo efectivos en las ANP de acuerdo con
Este documento presenta la agenda de investigación científica en las Áreas Naturales Protegidas de México para el periodo 2020-2024. Resalta la importancia de la investigación para el manejo y conservación de las ANP, e incluye información sobre especies nuevas descubiertas y líneas de investigación prioritarias. Propone objetivos como generar conocimiento sobre la biodiversidad, efectividad del manejo y factores de amenaza, e impulsar estudios biológicos, ecológicos y sociales. Finalmente, describe recursos e infraestr
Preparacion de muestras para el analisis.pptMarcosLoredo4
1) El documento trata sobre la preparación de muestras para análisis, incluyendo técnicas como trituración, molienda, secado y disolución.
2) La disolución de muestras es importante para permitir análisis posteriores, pero requiere consideraciones como el uso de reactivos puros y evitar la volatilización de analitos.
3) Se describen ácidos comunes como clorhídrico, nítrico y sulfúrico que se usan para disolver muestras,
Este documento resume las técnicas analíticas para la determinación de metales mediante espectrometría de masas con plasma inductivamente acoplado (ICPMS). Describe los componentes clave del ICPMS como el sistema de introducción de muestras, el plasma inductivamente acoplado, la interfase de acondicionamiento y el analizador de masas. También explica los procesos que ocurren en cada etapa y los requisitos para desarrollar un método analítico acreditado usando esta técnica.
Este documento discute los procedimientos para la recolección, preservación y transporte de muestras para análisis. Explica que las muestras deben ser recolectadas de manera representativa en el sitio, preservadas y transportadas adecuadamente para garantizar resultados confiables. También describe los métodos para la digestión de muestras, incluida la digestión por microondas que ofrece ventajas como mayor velocidad y retención de elementos volátiles.
Este documento presenta conceptos básicos sobre desarrollo sostenible y su aplicación a la mejora ambiental de productos y servicios. Explica nociones como aspectos e impactos ambientales, contaminación del agua, suelo y aire, y cómo se ven afectados los ecosistemas y la salud humana. También describe la marco regulatorio europeo para la economía circular y producción más sostenible.
Este documento describe un electroanalizador modelo E1000 que se utiliza para realizar análisis electrogravimétricos. Explica cómo funcionan los electrodos de platino y el proceso de electrólisis para depositar metales en los electrodos, lo que permite determinar la cantidad de metal originalmente presente mediante un aumento de masa. También proporciona instrucciones sobre el encendido del equipo y la colocación de la varilla agitadora.
Exploring low emissions development opportunities in food systemsCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Christopher Martius (CIFOR-ICRAF) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
Republic of Ethiopia EPA (2003) Ambient Environment Standards for Ethiopia.pdf
Arsenic and metals mobility in soils impacted by tailings at zimapán, méxico armienta2016
1. SOIL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION
Arsenic and metals mobility in soils impacted by tailings
at Zimapán, México
María Aurora Armienta1
& Violeta Mugica2
& Isabel Reséndiz3
&
Mirella Gutierrez Arzaluz2
Received: 28 January 2015 /Accepted: 14 August 2015 /Published online: 27 August 2015
# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015
Abstract
Purpose Mining wastes may cause important environmental
impacts in soil, water, and air due to their high metals and
arsenic contents. The aim of this work was the assessment of
the mobility of arsenic and several heavy metals in soils lo-
cated near different types of tailing heaps in the town of
Zimapán, México.
Materials and methods One hundred twenty soil samples
were collected nearby to three tailing heaps, one oxidized
presenting a red color (RT), and two with gray wastes (OSM
and NSM) but with different age, during the dry and rainy
seasons at the surface and to 40 cm depth, as well as to differ-
ent distances from the deposits. Arsenic, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb,
V, and Zn total concentrations were determined; in addition,
geochemical phase distribution of As, Cu, Mn, and Zn in
selected samples was determined by sequential extraction.
Concentrations were measured by graphite furnace atomic
absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma. To
interpret the results, statistical analyses were performed.
Results and discussion All samples presented high As con-
centrations reaching more than 50,000 mg kg−1
close to OSM
tailings, although the highest concentrations in the available
fractions were measured in NSM impacted soils. Arsenic and
metals concentrations exceeded the screening limits recom-
mended for industrial sites. In samples influenced by OSM
tailings, most of the elements analyzed were in the residual
fraction, whereas in NSM and RT they were mostly in the
organic and sulfide fractions and in the Fe and Mn oxides
fractions, respectively. Larger concentrations of As and metals
than those allowed by the screening values in Canada and the
Netherlands were measured in the residential area
representing a health threat for the inhabitants and the
environment.
Conclusions Acid mine drainage, water, and wind erosion of
tailings have polluted nearby soils. Higher concentrations of
As and metals were measured during the rainy season in gray
tailings impacted soils and during the dry season in red tail-
ings, showing both deposit types’ different mobility. Elements
fractionation in soils depends mainly on tailings characteris-
tics. Low metals and As proportions were found in the fraction
with the highest mobility. Metals and arsenic are more stable
in soils impacted by gray tailings, mainly in the organic and
sulfides and residual fractions, while in RT, most are linked to
Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides. Polluted soils in residential areas
constitute a health hazard. Remedial actions must be taken to
stop the population exposure.
Keywords México . Mining wastes . Sequential extraction .
Soil pollution
1 Introduction
Soil pollution by mining activities is a worldwide problem.
High concentrations of toxic elements produced by mining
wastes have been reported in Europe, Asia, Africa,
Australia, and America (Hutchinson and Whitby 1974; Bech
et al. 1997, 2012; Razo et al. 2004; Archer and Caldwell 2004;
Responsible editor: Saulo Rodrigues-Filho
* María Aurora Armienta
victoria@geofisica.unam.mx
1
Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
Circuito Exterior, C.U., México 04510, D.F., México
2
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo
180 Col. Reynoza, Azcapotzalco, Mexico 02200, D.F., México
3
Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT),
Blvd. Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, México 14210, D.F., México
J Soils Sediments (2016) 16:1267–1278
DOI 10.1007/s11368-015-1244-x
2. Osher et al. 2006; Teršič et al. 2009; Stefanowicz et al. 2014;
Teng et al. 2014; Ngure et al. 2014; Bačeva et al. 2014;
Morales et al. 2015). At Zimapán, a historical mining zone
in central Mexico, groundwater arsenic contamination has
been a concern for almost 20 years (Armienta et al. 1997,
2001; Ongley et al. 2001; Rodriguez et al. 2004; Romero
et al. 2004; Sracek et al. 2010). Natural (mineralization in
the fractured deep limestone aquifer) and anthropogenic (tail-
ings leaching) were identified as arsenic sources. However,
drinking water was polluted by the natural source. Currently,
the construction of three treatment plants has decreased arse-
nic population exposure. Further, a general overview of As
content in soils was provided by Ongley et al. (2007).
Importance of tailings as a potential source of As to nearby
soils was highlighted in this study. These wastes have also
impacted the sediments of the nearby Tolimán River with high
As, Pb, Cd, and Zn concentrations (Espinosa et al. 2009).
Sequential fractionation was also used to assess the environ-
mental availability of those toxic elements in sediments col-
lected along the river (García et al. 2001; Espinosa et al.
2009). Abundance of limestones in the area proved to be a
major factor in the geochemical behavior of the elements stud-
ied. Presence of tailings impoundments with contrasting ap-
pearance and mineralogical variations in the town skirts may
represent different environmental hazards to soils close by
according to the As and heavy metals availability in each
deposit. In addition to tailing particulates, As and heavy
metals-polluted soils constitute an important exposure route
to plants, animals, and population. Besides, some corn fields
and shallow wells (used for irrigation) are located next to the
studied zone.
The aim of this study was to determine the environmental
mobility of As and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, V, Pb, Zn)
in soils potentially impacted by tailings impoundments at
Zimapán town. To achieve this goal, samples were collected
at increasing distances from two apparently low-oxidized
(gray) and one oxidized (red) deposits. In addition, sequential
fractionation of As, Cu, Mn, and Zn was carried out in select-
ed samples.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Site description
Zimapán mining zone is located in Central Mexico about
150 km from Mexico City (Fig. 1). Climate is semi-arid
with average temperatures between 16 and 18 °C and pre-
cipitation from 400 to 500 mm3
mainly occurring as heavy
storms (INEGI 1994, 2010). Geology is composed of
Upper Jurassic calcareous shales of Las Trancas
Formation, overlaid by the Cretaceous limestones
Tamaulipas, Abra, and Soyatal Formations. Tertiary Age
continental and volcanic rocks El Morro Fanglomerate
and Las Espinas Formation are also present in the area.
Late Tertiary and Quaternary alluvial fans cover the lower
zones (Simons and Mapes-Vazquez 1956; García and
Querol 1991).
Ore comprises sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, and
tetrahedrite-tennantite, while calcite, pyrite, arsenopyrite,
pyrrothite, and silicates are the main gangue minerals
(Simons and Mapes-Vazquez 1956; Villaseñor et al.
1996). Ore processing by selective flotation has pro-
duced tailing heaps, most of them located in the town
outskirts. Soils close to three of the several tailing heaps
at Zimapán town outskirts were sampled in this study.
Of the six deposits settled in that zone, three of them
with different characteristics were selected in order to
have an overview about the influence of tailings on
soils: the first one is New San Miguel (NSM) that is
a gray deposit, which is still active and close to resi-
dential areas; the second one is Old San Miguel (OSM)
which is a 30-year-old abandoned deposit with gray
tailings similar to NSM; and the third one corresponds
to oxidized tailings which are here named Red Tailings
(RT) (Fig. 1). In addition, NSM and OSM are the largest
deposits in Zimapán town outskirts.
2.2 Sampling and analysis
One hundred twenty soil samples were collected in eight
transects at increasing distances from the basements of
the three selected tailing heaps (Fig. 2). Within each
transect, a soil sample was collected every 20 m, from
the surface and at 40 cm depth. In addition, three dupli-
cate samples were taken close to NSM tailings during the
dry season, two of them marked as 13 and 15 sited in a
residential area at the back of the NSM deposit uphill
and upwind, and the other one around 700 m at the
Eastern of NSM marked as 16 and located at the front
of a high school. These areas were selected to have a
first approach to population exposure.
Location was determined with a GPS II Plus Garmin
Personal Navigator. Sampling was carried out in the dry and
in the rainy seasons. About 1.5 kg was taken with a shovel and
placed in a pre-washed plastic bag for their transport to the
laboratory where the samples were air-dried, quartered,
ground, and sieved through a 230 mesh (<62 μm). One gram
of the quartered sample was taken for As analyses and another
for heavy metals determinations.
The pH was measured in a 1:1 (water/soil) slurry
following the 9045 C USEPA method (USEPA U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency 1995) measuring with
a Beckman model ф720 potentiometer. Mineralogy of
1268 J Soils Sediments (2016) 16:1267–1278
3. tailing samples was determined with an XRD Siemens
D5000.
Samples for As analysis were digested following
USEPA 3051A (USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency 2007) in a microwave oven MDS 2000 at
90 psi during 30 min and 100 % power with an acid
solution. Sequential extraction of selected samples was
carried out following the method established by Tessier
et al. (1979) and modified by Dold (2003). Arsenic was
measured by atomic absorption spectrometry with a
graphite furnace in a Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 100 and
HGA 850.
Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spec-
trometry (ICP-AES; Atom Advantage Thermo Jarrel
Ash) was used to analyze total metals contained in the
soils after digestion in the microwave oven (OI-
Analytical) using high-pressure Teflon digestion vessels
with HCl and HNO3, following also USEPA method
3051A (USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2007).
The sequential extraction procedure described in detail
by Ure et al. (1993) was used to determine Cu, Mn, Pb, and
Zn fractionation in the samples. In addition, the soluble
fraction suggested by Tessier et al. (1979) was also
obtained.
Analytical quality was assessed measuring 20 % duplicates
and analyzing the NIST standard 2710 Montana soil highly
elevated trace element concentration.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Tailings impoundments
Main mineralogy, physical characteristics, and covered area
are shown in Table 1. An important difference between OSM
and NSM deposits relies on their consolidation degree since
most of the surface of NSM is composed of loose material
while OSM is more compacted and welded (Fig. 1). Calcite,
quartz, and arsenopyrite were identified in gray tailings; in
addition, pyrite was also present in the New San Miguel
deposit.
Presence of gypsum and K-jarosite in red tailings (Fig. 1)
indicates the occurrence of important oxidation processes that
have produced these secondary minerals (Méndez and
Armienta 2003). Gypsum is formed by the reaction of sulfate
with calcium which are released by pyrite oxidation produc-
ing acid mine drainage which in turn promotes calcite disso-
lution. Though this process goes to a series of reactions, it
may be simplified as (Seal and Hammarstrom 2003):
Fig. 1 Location of Zimapán in México, and Google view of the tailing heaps: NSM New San Miguel, OSM Old San Miguel, RT red tailings
J Soils Sediments (2016) 16:1267–1278 1269
4. FeS2 þ 7
.
2 O2 þ H2O→ Fe2þ
þ 2SO4
2−
þ 2Hþ
Fe2þ
þ 1=4 O2 þ 5
.
2 H2O → Fe OH
ð Þ3 þ 2Hþ
CaCO3 þ Hþ
→ Ca2þ
þ HCO3
−
Calcium and sulfate may then react to form anhydrite and/
or gypsum; jarosite (KFe(SO4)2(OH)6) is also formed in the
paragenesis of mine wastes containing pyrite (Jambor 2003).
Goethite, which is also a characteristic secondary mineral, has
also been identified by optical microscopy in RT (Romero
et al. 2006).
3.2 Total concentrations
Medians and ranges of the measured metals and arsenic in the
transects for the dry and rainy seasons and for superficial and
at 40 cm depth samples are displayed in Table 2, while
Spearman correlations between concentrations at different
depths and measured species during the two seasons are
shown in Table 3. In general, the highest concentrations were
Fe>Zn>As for all the sites, depths, and seasons, whereas the
lowest concentrations were found for V. With pyrite being one
of the main minerals at Zimapán mineralization, it is not sur-
prising that Fe was the most abundant element in the sampled
Fig. 2 Location of sampling points
Table 1 Mineralogy, visual
characteristics, and area of
tailings impoundments
Tailings Mineralogy Physical characteristics Covered area (m2
)
New San Miguel Calcite, gypsum, arsenopyrite,
pyrite, quartz
Gray, silt-clayey particles 100,855
Old San Miguel Calcite, gypsum, arsenopyrite,
quartz, pyrite
5688
30,126
Red tailings Gypsum, quartz, K-jarosite Brown-reddish 9178
26,281
14,415
1270 J Soils Sediments (2016) 16:1267–1278
5. soils, reaching a value of 94.7 % in the RT transects during the
dry season. Presence of Fe oxides in RT is responsible for the
color in these heaps. Iron was also the most abundant metal
measured in Zimapán tailings, but higher concentrations of As
than Zn were determined in gray and red tailings by Romero
et al. (2006) (Table 2). The sequence of the other metals in
Table 2 Concentrations of arsenic and heavy metals at the three sites (mg kg−1
)
Old San Miguel gray tailings (OSM)
Dry season surface Dry season 40 cm depth Rainy season surface Rainy season 40 cm depth
Median Range Median Range Median Range Median Range
As 5312 479–51,534 3692 124–19,166 7752 275–22,681 7278 159–23,570
Cd 100 2–3160 18 1–905 1763 22–3060 991 6–3404
Cu 165 12–2215 146 6–1818 6405 3923–11,062 7190 5084–8292
Fe (%) 17.9 7.3–54.7 11.8 29.2–74.6 39.6 6.6–58.7 36.4 7.9–62.8
Mn 751 288–13,011 738 156–10,909 2962 772–8474 1609 718–11,788
Pb 760 64–7503 546 30–3696 3468 408–4787 2890 83–4912
V 113 24–145 98 13–123 134 81–169 137 111–168
Zn 1285 152–58,648 973 56–70,159 25,683 254–32,430 13,879 99–50,233
pH 7.3 7.1–8.0 7.4 6.9–8.2 6 5.5–6.3 5.8 5.6–6.3
New San Miguel gray tailings (NSM)
Dry season surface Dry season 40 cm depth Rainy season surface Rainy season 40 cm depth
Median Range Median Range Median Range Median Range
As 1069 15–3468 313 0–1172 6492 459–16,666 7449 2343–14,331
Cd 277 106–411 46 5–285 1031 63–2628 1096 153–2016
Cu 994 223–1211 97 8–701 1154 55–2310 910 587–1520
Fe (%) 13.6 6.2–16.2 9.6 19.4–15.6 23.9 10.4–50.8 29.3 8.5–66.7
Mn 3139 605–5361 668 428–2683 5126 831–8417 3035.5 1012–11,623
Pb 3457 1307–4763 1374 237–6569 3093 190–5970 3194.5 1831–9758
V 68 59–219 64 34–132 126 91–181 84.5 44–140
Zn 2012 1375–14,631 870 130–1922 3052 364–29,464 3799 1698–53,348
pH 7.6 7.3–8.3 7.6 7.2–8.4 6 5.4–6.2 6.1 5.5–6.4
Red tailings (RT)
Dry season surface Dry season 40 cm depth Rainy season surface Rainy season 40 cm depth
Median Range Median Range Median Range Median Range
As 8426 1189–11,737 7585 3336–23,821 3910 407–7965 478 95–10,600
Cd 165 6–405 161 4–219 102 17–293 81 11–438
Cu 494 43–1252 447 2–856 194 45–718 132 34–1154
Fe (%) 54.6 17.6–94.7 29 12.1–70.9 24.8 13.2–40.6 13 7.4–45.7
Mn 881 629–8141 745 410–7592 1352 423–3311 975 342–3348
Pb 4685 419–12,526 4584 135–6587 2451 250–5814 1359 330–13,932
V 54 34–100 47 21–115 102 0–189 121 63–157
Zn 11,965 777–98,040 3312 94–74,819 1326 348–22,562 1388 138–33,752
pH 2.4 2.0–7.4 2.3 2.0–7.6 4.6 2.3–6.1 5.6 2.2–6.0
Tailing heapsa
Gray (total) Red (total) Gray (soluble mg/L) Red (soluble mg/L)
Median Range Median Range Median Range Median Range
As 39,500 6200–82,500 17,500 3800–40,900 – 0.03–0.15 14.14 0.41–48.68
Cu 1600 300–4900 1300 500–3500 – Bdl 7.9 2.5–25.5
Fe 7.88 % 5.26–9.73 % 17.86 % 14–24.44 % – Bdl 114.5 71.3–897.5
Mn 3560 3300–3872 460 310–852 – – – –
Pb 9300 700–21,100 2400 1400–4100 – Bdl 0.7 <1.0–1.8
Zn 32,600 4100–21,100 6400 2200–17,400 – 0.2–1.0 114.3 22.5–400
Bdl below detection level
a
Data from Romero et al. (2006)
J Soils Sediments (2016) 16:1267–1278 1271
6. soils showed variations depending on the different sites,
depths, and seasons. Manganese and Pb exhibited overall
greater concentrations than Cu, with the exception of OSM
during the rainy season at both depths, where some Cu con-
centrations had values 2.5 times higher than Mn and Pb.
During the dry season, the RT transects displayed the greater
As medians at both depths, with sample concentrations from
1189 to 23,821 mg kg−1
, although the highest As value (51,
534 mg kg−1
) was measured at the base of OSM tailings. In
this season, the greatest median concentrations of Fe, Pb, and
Zn at the two depths were determined also in RT with sample
concentrations reaching 94.7 %, 12,526 mg kg−1
, and 98,
040 mg kg−1
respectively, whereas the highest Cu, Mn, and
Cd median concentrations were measured at NSM. However,
the largest values of Cu, Mn, Cd, and V were reported at OSM
impacted soils with 2215, 13,011, 3160, and 145 mg kg−1
,
respectively.
Metals and As concentrations had important increments
during the rainy season at OSM and NSM possibly due to
the decrease of pH (Table 2) with the consequence of acid
drainage of elements from the heaps to the land. In addition,
washout of tailings during the rainy season may have mobi-
lized As and heavy metals to the surrounding soils, as ob-
served in sediments close to tailings in the Xochula river by
Espinosa and Armienta (2007). Besides, many correlations
among As and metals were found for these sites in both sea-
sons (Table 3), reflecting their similar source. Differences be-
tween soils close to the two gray tailings may have resulted
from the fact that NSM is still in operation and OSM is an old
heap with a longest exposure time to atmospheric oxygen and
rain.
Cadmium, Cu, and Zn presented the highest median con-
centrations increasing at OSM during the rainy season with up
to 18, 39, and 20 times, respectively, in comparison to the dry
season in the surface samples, but up to 55, 49, and 14 times,
respectively, in the 40 cm depth samples showing the occur-
rence of important vertical transport of the elements, mainly of
those present as soluble species. For NSM, the increase of
median concentrations in the rainy season compared to the
dry season was 3.7 and 1.2 times higher for Cd and Cu, re-
spectively, whereas increases at 40 cm depth were around 24
and 9 times for those metals. Arsenic was higher in the rainy
season at OSM, with 1.5 and 2 times for surface and 40 cm
depth samples, respectively, than in the dry season, while at
NSM the increases of As for the rainy season were 6 and 24
times in average, showing also an important leaching due to
the rain.
An opposite situation occurred at RT where As and metal
concentrations had important decrements during the rainy sea-
son with the exception of Mn and V. This behavior, only at RT,
could be related with the low values of soil pH during the dry
season (close to 2) in comparison with the high values of 6.9–
8.3 at OSM and NSM. Besides, the hard cover formed by Fe
oxides may prevent the occurrence of wash-off processes in
RT heaps.
The As, Cd, Cu, Pb, V, and Zn measured concentrations in
both seasons presented greater values than those recommend-
ed for agriculture and industrial sites by the Canadian Council
of Ministers of the Environment (CSQG 2007).
Rodríguez et al. (2009) reported metal concentrations at the
tailings of a Spanish abandoned Pb-Zn mine in Ciudad Real
where Cd, Cu, and Pb concentrations had values of 2.9–54.5,
44.1–716.6, and 1243.2–93,900.9 mg kg−1
, respectively,
which, with the exception of Pb, were lower than the metal
concentrations measured at Zimapan’s soils, with values of 2–
3404, 12–11,062, and 30–13,932 mg kg−1
for Cd, Cu, and Pb,
respectively. Barrutia et al. (2011) reported metal contents also
in an abandoned Pb-Zn mine at Cantabria, Spain, finding Cd,
Pb, and Zn concentrations of 3–84, 340–32,600, and 1220–
61,300 mg kg−1
, respectively, which, as the other case with the
Table 3 Significant Spearman correlation at p ≤0.05 between superficial and 40 cm depth samples and between metals and As at the three tailings sites
>0.6
OSMS dry FeS–Fe40; As–Cd–Mn–Zn, Cd–Cu–Fe–Mn–Zn, Cu–Fe–Mn–Pb–Zn, Fe–Mn–Pb–Zn
OSM40 dry As–Cu, Cd–Cu–Mn–Pb–Zn, Fe–Mn, Mn–Pb–Zn
OSMS rainy CdS–Cd40, CuS–Cu40, FeS–Fe40, PbS–Pb40, ZnS–Zn40; As–V, Cd–Fe–Pb–Zn, Fe–Mn, Fe–Pb, Fe–Zn, Mn–Zn, Pb–Zn
OSM40 rainy As–Cd, Cd–Fe, Cd–Pb, Cd–Zn, Fe–Mn–Pb–Zn
NSMS dry ZnS–Zn40; As–Cd–Cu–Pb, Cd–Fe, Cd–Pb, Cu–Mn, Cu–Pb, Mn–Zn
NSM40 dry As–Cu, Cd–Zn
NSMS rainy ZnS–Zn40; As–Cd–Mn, As–Zn, Cd–Cu–Mn, Cu–Mn–Pb, Fe–Zn
NSM40 rainy As–Cu, Cd–Cu, Cd–Fe–Mn–V–Zn
RTS dry CdS–Cd40, FeS–Fe40, MnS–Mn40, VS–V40; Cd–Cu–Mn, Cd–Pb, Cu–Pb, Mn–Zn
RT40 dry Cd–Cu–Pb, Mn–Zn
RTS rainy VS–V40, As–Fe–Pb, Cd–Cu–Fe–Pb–Zn, Mn–V
RT40 rainy As–Mn, As–Zn, Cd–Cu–Fe–Pb–Zn
MS–M40 correlation of species concentrations between surface and 40 cm depth
1272 J Soils Sediments (2016) 16:1267–1278
7. exception of Pb, are lower than the concentrations found in
this study. The Bureau of Land Management of Arizona re-
ported that in an abandoned mine in Saginaw Hill, concentra-
tions of As in the tailings had values of 5348 to 30,
426 mg kg−1
(LaBerge et al. 2008), which are lower than the
reported concentrations of this study with concentrations up to
51,534 mg kg−1
although the concentration of Pb was 21,373–
49,539 mg kg−1
that is higher than the values found at
Zimapán (30–13,932 mg kg−1
).
In comparison with other studies carried out in Mexico,
Cortés-Jiménez et al. (2013) reported average concentrations
of Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn of 254±26, 4520±225, 3291±358, and
3735±143 mg kg−1
in tailings at La Concha-Guerrero, which
are lower than those measured in this study. Talavera et al.
(2005) reported also lower concentrations of As and all the
metals determined in this study in tailings of six Mexican
mines located in Guerrero.
Romero et al. (2006) reported strong differences between
gray and red heaps in aqueous leachates obtained from gray
and red tailings at Zimapán (Table 2), with Fe and Cu concen-
trations below detection levels and As and Zn from 0.03 to
1 mg L−1
in solutions from gray samples, while median con-
centrations for Fe, Cu, As, and Zn were 114.5, 7.9, 14.1, and
114.3 mg L−1
, respectively, in leachates from red samples.
Lead was below detection level in gray tailings leachates
and up to 1.8 mg L−1
in red ones. The presence of limestone
plays an important role on gray tailings composition since
calcite is one of the main neutralizing minerals of acid mine
drainage (Blowes et al. 1998), which is characterized by high
concentrations of As and heavy metals. Calcite also promotes
the formation of secondary minerals as stated above.
Furthermore, an important decrease in water-soluble concen-
trations of As, Cd, Pb, and Fe with increasing CaCO3 was
observed in another tailings deposit located about 9 km NE
of Zimapán town (Armienta et al. 2012). However, as reported
in Table 2, soils influenced by red and gray tailings did not
have such strong concentration differences. Thus, heavy
metals and As presence in soils may mainly be due to
tailings particulates deposition, either carried by wind or rain
but less to their transport as soluble species. Similarly, Reza
et al. (2014) found low association of Pb and Zn with second-
ary Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides in soils impacted by mining,
and related this behavior with their transport as dust.
Regarding differences between concentrations at both
depths, most of the samples at the three sites presented lower
concentrations at 40 cm depth. In OSM, these differences
ranged from 5 to 85 % with the exception of Cd that presented
a median five times higher at the surface than at 40 cm depth
during the dry season. At this site, only Fe had a high corre-
lation between the two depths during the dry season, while
during the rainy season the correlation was higher between
both depths in the cases of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn suggesting
a similar vertical mobility of these elements. The
concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn measured dur-
ing the dry season at the NSM tailings transect were 4, 6, 10,
5, 2.5, and 2 times higher, respectively, at the surface than at
40 cm depth, whereas Fe and V were no more than 1.4 times
higher. Contrariwise, most of the median concentrations of As
and metals during the rainy season were lower at the surface
(although not with the maximum values). During the two sea-
sons, only Zn showed high correlation at the two depths at
NSM.
At RT, high Spearman correlations (>0.6 at p ≤0.05) were
found for Cd, Fe, Mn, and V between the two depths during
the dry season, and the concentrations of most species were
from 3 to 18 % higher at the surface than at 40 cm depth, but
Fe and Zn had concentrations 1.9 and 3.6 times higher at the
surface.
During the rainy season, no correlations were found at RT
between the two depths, with the exception of V which seems
to be very stable in these tailings; in addition, the differences
between surface and 40 cm depth concentrations were quite
higher than in the dry season, and As was eight times higher at
the surface, whereas the median concentrations for Cd, Cu, Fe,
Mn, and Pb in the dry season were from 30 to 90 % higher at
the surface suggesting a poor vertical transport probably due
to the nature of this stabilized soil.
Exceptions during the rainy season were V and Zn, which
presented slightly lower concentrations at the surface. The
observed behavior in the correlations probably results from
the settling of tailings particulates carried by the wind in the
dry season and leaching of As and most metals in the rainy
season.
Concerning the variation in the concentrations registered
for the species at different distances, no pattern was found
for any of the elements. In some cases, the concentrations
increased with distance and sometimes decreased. This can
be due to the irregular geography and that the three deposits
are uphill compared to the other points, which are close to the
river or to canyons, and then the transport by water or wind
can occur and vary throughout the year.
3.3 Sequential fractionation
Sequential fractionation (Fig. 3) shows that the lowest propor-
tion of all elements at the three tailings transects was contained
in the soluble fraction with up to 3.57 % for Cu, 2.39 % for
Mn, 3.61 % for Pb, 4.12 % for Zn, and 2.81 % for As. It was
followed by the interchangeable fraction in almost all samples.
Clear differences were observed in the proportion of elements
linked to the Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides (FeMnOOH) between
the soil transects starting from red (RT) with respect to those
starting from gray Old San Miguel (OSM) and New San
Miguel (NSM) tailings. While Pb, Cu, Mn, Zn, and As (except
the farthest sample) were mostly present in the FeMnOOH
fraction in RT impacted soils (from 39.48 to 91.87 %), they
J Soils Sediments (2016) 16:1267–1278 1273
8. comprised lower proportions (up to 26.43 %) in soil samples
influenced by the gray ones. In addition, the analyzed ele-
ments were mostly associated to the residual and organic
and sulfide fractions in all of the gray impacted samples with
up to 56.2 % for Cu, 49.1 % for Mn, 69.3 % for Pb, 61.2 % for
Zn, and 70.5 % for As. Predominance of the association with
the residual fraction was also observed by Arenas-Lago et al.
(2014), reporting even higher proportions, up to 70 % for Cu,
96 % of Mn, 68 % for Pb, and 97 % for Zn in soil samples
collected at a copper mine site in Touro, NW Spain.
Presence of elements mostly on the sulfide and organic and
residual fractions in soils close to the gray tailings indicates a
low influence of sulfide oxidation processes, whereas those
soils influenced by RT displayed a higher degree of oxidation.
It is well known that iron oxides possess a high capacity to
retain heavy metals and arsenic. Thus, the observed differ-
ences between red and gray tailings’ transects regarding the
proportion associated with Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides reflect
the importance of oxidation processes taking place at the tail-
ings, along with limestone presence that have increased the
formation of iron oxyhydroxides in RT with respect to OSM
and NSM. It is thus not surprising that the predominance of
this fraction in the elements distribution in soil samples is
influenced by RT. In addition, goethite has been reported in
RT (Romero et al. 2006). Differences in elements fraction-
ation may be ascribed mainly to the tailings characteristics
and oxidation degree since similar distributions of the ana-
lyzed elements were determined in samples influenced by a
certain tailing deposit.
Sequential fractionation is a proxy to the environmental
mobility of toxic metals and metalloids (Tessier et al. 1979;
Salomons 1995; Cai et al. 2002; Garcia et al. 2008;
Marabottini et al. 2013); in the applied scheme, the soluble
fraction contains the most mobile proportion of elements and
in decreasing mobility order: soluble>interchangeable>
FeMnOOH>sulfide and organic>residual. Results showed
that low proportions of all the analyzed elements are in the
highest mobile fraction in soils surrounding tailings impound-
ments. However, the following labile interchangeable fraction
may deliver important amounts of those contaminants present
in high concentrations (mainly As, Pb, Zn, and Mn) to the
environment. On the other hand, due to their prevalence in
the organic and sulfide and residual fractions, metals and ar-
senic are more stable in soils impacted by gray tailings, with
respect to those influenced by red ones where they are mostly
linked to iron and manganese oxyhydroxides. In addition, acid
pH in soils close to RT (Table 2) also enhance As and heavy
metals mobility (González-Corrochano et al. 2014).
Figure 3 also shows variations in the fractionation be-
havior with distance. A slightly higher proportion of solu-
ble As was observed in samples collected at the base of the
three tailings with respect to farther ones. The organic and
sulfide fraction of As decreased and the residual fraction
increased with distance in OSM transect, while an opposite
trend was observed in NSM. Most of the As was contained
in the FeMnOOH fraction in RT at the base and 60 m far,
but it represented less than 20 % in the sample collected at
80 m from RT, where it was mostly in the organic and
sulfide fraction. Relevance of iron oxyhydroxides on As
retention has been highlighted in many publications
(Dzombak and Morel 1990; Bowell 1994; Dold and
Fontboté 2001; Patinha et al. 2004). Its presence in the base
of RT may thus have played an important role on the de-
crease of As mobilization. The observed decrease in the
soluble fraction in the three transects and the increase in
the organic and sulfide fraction in the farthest sample of RT
transect indicate lowering of the As environmental mobility
upon moving away from tailings.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Old San Miguel
Sol Int Fe-Mn O-OH Org Res
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
New San Miguel
Sol Int Fe-Mn O-OH Org Res
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Red Tailings
Sol Int Fe-Mn O-OH Org Res
Fig. 3 Sequential fractionation in soils collected at various distances
from OSM, NSM, and RT
1274 J Soils Sediments (2016) 16:1267–1278
9. Copper did not have a fractionation trend with distance
with most of the metal in the organic and sulfide, and re-
sidual fractions (29.78 to 49.62 % and 25.86 to 56.2 %,
respectively) at gray tailings transects, and in the iron and
manganese oxyhydroxides fraction (40.55 to 54.24 %) at
red tailings transect. High Cu association with iron oxides
was also observed by Ramos and Siebe (2007) in oxidized
tailings. An increase in the proportion of Mn in the residual
fraction with distance from tailings was observed from
OSM deposit, while it decreased in NSM and RT. Soluble
Mn decreased with distance in RT transect. These differ-
ences in the behavior of Mn among the three deposits main-
ly indicate less environmental mobility with distance from
RT and OSM with respect to NSM.
Soluble Pb decreased from OSM and RT, while it de-
creased and increased slightly from NSM. On the other hand,
the residual fraction decreased from NSM while it decreased
and increased in OSM and RT.
These variations with distance show an overall Pb mobility
decrease coming from OSM and RT, and an increase of that
supplied by NSM when moving away from tailings. Zinc
associated to the organic and sulfide fraction in OSM and in
the soluble fraction in the RT transects showed a clear de-
crease with distance. Conversely, Zn in the residual fraction
increased with distance in OSM and RT. Zinc fractionation did
not show a clear trend in NSM transect. These changes indi-
cate less Zn mobility in the farthest soils from OSM and RT
heaps.
Influence of limestone presence on soils pH was mostly
observed in RT transect since pH increased from about 2 in
the dry season at the tailings base to between 4 and 5 at 60 m
and about 7.5 in the 70 m far samples. This is also related to
the calcisol soil type present in this area. Low development of
oxidation processes along with calcite presence in gray tail-
ings and calcisol soil type have contributed to the fractionation
and relatively low mobility of As and metals provided by
these deposits to soils.
Differences in fractionation with distance result mainly
from tailings characteristics (mineralogy and oxidation de-
gree) and from the geochemistry of each element. Sequential
fractionation showed that environmental potential mobility of
As, Mn, Pb, and Zn decreased with distance from RT and
OSM, while Cu did not have a clear trend. In addition, the
analyzed elements did not show a tendency in the NSM tran-
sect. This lack of a pattern may be due to the fact that NSM are
still active and thus the nearby soils may receive influence of
tailings with diverse composition with time.
3.4 Concentrations in residential areas
With the aim to have an approach of the exposure levels to As
and metals by the population, samples were collected in two
residential areas surrounding the NSM tailings. Table 4 shows
the average concentrations of As and metals, where, surpris-
ingly, it is possible to observe that in a waste land located at
the back of NSM deposits at 100 m of a small residential area,
the concentration of As is more than five times higher than in
the tailings, and Cd, Fe, V, and Zn levels are also higher,
suggesting accumulation, although the concentrations de-
creased substantially with depth. The samples collected inside
the soils of a house in front of the previous site showed con-
centrations from 3 to 16 times lower than at the base of NSM
tailings, with the exception of As and V which presented con-
centrations around 3 times higher.
Regarding the concentrations close to a high school, with
the exception of V, the concentrations of the measured species
were lower than at the base of the NSM tailings from 30 % for
As to 23 times for Cd. According to the screening values for
residential soil recommended in Canada and the Netherlands,
there is a risk potential mainly for the high values of As and
Table 4 Concentrations of As and metals in residential areas close to New San Miguel (mg kg−1
)
Waste land located at the back of NSM (13) House in front of the waste land (15) Front of high school (16) CSQG NDL
Surface Sol+Int fraction 40 cm depth Surface 40 cm depth Surface Sol+Int fraction 40 cm depth
As 17,724 451 624 3416 18 732 73 480 12 55
Cd 693 n.a. 15 33 2 12 n.a. 8 10 12
Cu 837 100 99 61 6 190 6.5 136 63 190
Fe (%) 25.3 n.a. 7.2 9.1 1.1 n.a. n.a. 7.7 n.a. n.a.
Mn 1329 231 706 925 190 n.a. 109 856 n.a. n.a.
Pb 2719 309 688 362 355 530 48 1889 140 530
V 72 n.a. 130 191 16 250 n.a. 106 130 250
Zn 5931 664 154 177 150 720 94 1903 200 720
pH 7.4 7.7 7.8 8.2 7.8 8.1
n.a. not available, Sol+Int sum of soluble and interchangeable fractions, CSQG Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines (2007), NDL screening values for
potentially unacceptable risk (residential soil-use) for metals and metalloids in the Netherlands (Carlon 2007)
J Soils Sediments (2016) 16:1267–1278 1275
10. Cd which exceeded in the three sites the recommended screen-
ing values. For the other metals, Cu exceeded in the high
school the proposed value by the Canadian Guidelines, but
the values of the other metals were not exceeded. In the case
of the other two sites close to the NSM tailings, with the
exception of Cu, all the values are exceeded. This represents
a concern since the population is exposed to high concentra-
tions of metals in residential areas. On the other hand, as
shown in Table 4, the most available fractions (soluble and
interchangeable) in the waste ground in front of the residential
area are 2.6, 3.6, 11.4, and 11.2 % of the total concentration for
As, Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively, whereas in the high school
the available concentration represents 10, 9.3, 10.7, and
11.5 % for As, Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively. According to
the Risk Assessment Code, when the available fraction is be-
tween 1 and 10 %, there is a low environmental risk, which
was the situation for As and Cu at the high school.
4 Conclusions
This study reveals that acid mine drainage, water, and wind
erosion of tailings have polluted nearby soils with As, Cd, Cu,
Mn, Pb, V, and Zn in different grades.
Soils impacted by gray tailings presented higher concentra-
tions of As and metals during the rainy season, probably due
to the pH decrease, that is opposite to those close to red tail-
ings that presented higher concentrations during the dry sea-
son. This shows a different mobility of the species from both
types of deposits.
Arsenic and metal median concentrations were higher in
the surface than at 40 cm depth during the dry and rainy
seasons, with the exception of NSM in the rainy season where
most of the median concentrations were higher at 40 cm
depth.
Acid mine drainage is clearly occurring in red tailings and
impacting the soils mainly due to the low pH. Limestone
presence favors oxyhydroxide formation and arsenic and
metals sorption, but they may be released upon interaction
with acid water.
Highest As concentrations were found in RT impacted soils
during the dry season, representing the most important envi-
ronmental hazard. Arsenic is mostly present in the less mobile
residual and organic matter and sulfide fractions, in soils close
to gray tailings, and in the more mobile Fe-Mn oxide fraction
in soils close to red tailings.
The observed decrease in the soluble fraction in the three
transects and the increase in the organic and sulfide fraction in
the farthest sample of RT transect indicate lowering of the
environmental mobility of As upon moving away from
tailings.
Arsenic mobility through soils constitutes also an impor-
tant pollution source to shallow groundwater.
Concentration decreasing trends of the analyzed elements
with distance from tailings were not observed at the sampled
sites. Concentrations of As and metals in the residential areas
showed an important transportation in the whole studied zone,
which represents a threat to the health of the population of
Zimapán, which means that it is fundamentally important that
policy makers implement remedial actions to protect the
health of inhabitants and the surrounding environment.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge A. Aguayo, N.
Ceniceros, and O. Cruz for their participation in arsenic determinations,
and to Adolfo Hernández for drawing the maps. We also thank the anon-
ymous reviewers for valuable suggestions that greatly improved the
manuscript.
References
Archer MJG, Caldwell RA (2004) Response of six Australian plant spe-
cies to heavy metal contamination at an abandoned mine site. Water
Air Soil Pollut 157:257–267
Arenas-Lago D, Andrade ML, Lago-Vila M, Rodríguez-Seijo A, Vega
FA (2014) Sequential extraction of heavy metals in soils from a
copper mine: distribution in geochemical fractions. Geoderma
230–231:108–118
Armienta MA, Rodriguez R, Aguayo A, Ceniceros N, Villaseñor G
(1997) Arsenic contamination of groundwater at Zimapán,
México. Hydrogeol J 5:39–46
Armienta MA, Villaseñor G, Rodriguez R, Ongley LK, Mango H (2001)
The role of arsenic-bearing rocks in groundwater pollution at
Zimapán Valley, México. Environ Geol 40:571–581
Armienta MA, Villaseñor G, Cruz O, Ceniceros N, Aguayo A, Morton O
(2012) Geochemical processes and mobilization of toxic metals and
metalloids in an As-rich metal waste pile in Zimapán, Central
Mexico. Appl Geochem 27:2225–2237
Bačeva K, Stafilov T, Šajn R, Tănăselia C, Makreski P (2014)
Distribution of chemical elements in soils and stream sediments in
the area of abandoned Sb-As-Tl Allchar mine, Republic of
Macedonia. J Geochem Explor 133:77–89
Barrutia O, Artetxe U, Hernández A, Olano JM, García-Plazaola JI,
Garbisu C, Becerril JM (2011) Native plant communities in an aban-
doned Pb-Zn mining area of Northern Spain: implications for
phytoremediation and germplasm preservation. Int J
Phytoremediation 13:256–270
Bech J, Poschenrieder C, Llugany M, Barceló J, Tumea P, Tobias FJ,
Barranzuela JL, Vásquez ER (1997) Arsenic and heavy metal con-
tamination of soil and vegetation around a copper mine in Northern
Peru. Sci Total Environ 203:83–91
Bech J, Roca N, Barceló J, Duran P, Tume P, Poschenrieder C (2012) Soil
and plant contamination by lead mining in Bellmunt (Western
Mediterranean Area). J Geochem Explor 113:94–99
Blowes DW, Jambor JL, Hanton-Fog CJ, Lortie L, Gould WD (1998)
Geochemical, mineralogical and microbiological characterization of
a sulphide-bearing carbonate-rich gold-mine tailings impoundment,
Joutel, Québec. Appl Geochem 13:687–705
Bowell RJ (1994) Sorption of arsenic by iron oxides and oxyhydroxides
in soils. Appl Geochem 9:279–286
Cai Y, Cabrera JC, Georgiadis M, Jayachandran K (2002) Assessment of
arsenic mobility in the soils of some golf courses in South Florida.
Sci Total Environ 291:123–134
1276 J Soils Sediments (2016) 16:1267–1278
11. CSQG. Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines (2007) Revised and edited
version of 1999. Canadian Council of Ministers of the
Environment. Winnipeg
Carlon C (ed) (2007) Derivation methods of soil screening values in
Europe. A review and evaluation of national procedures towards
harmonization. European Commission, Joint Research Centre,
Ispra, EUR 22805-EN. 306 pp
Cortés-Jiménez EV, Mugica-Álvarez V, González-Chávez MC A,
Carrillo- González R, Martínez Gordillo M, Vaca Mier M (2013)
Natural revegetation of alkaline mailing heaps at Taxco, Guerrero,
Mexico. Int J Phytoremediation 15:127–141
Dold B (2003) Speciation of the most soluble phases in a sequential
extraction procedure adapted for geochemical studies of copper sul-
fide mine waste. J Geochem Explor 74:3–55
Dold B, Fontboté L (2001) Element cycling and secondary mineralogy in
porphyri copper tailings as a function of climate, primary mineralo-
gy and ore processing. J Geochem Explor 80:55–68
Dzombak DA, Morel FM (1990) Surface complexation modeling (hy-
drous ferric oxide). Wiley Interscience Publications, NY
Espinosa E, Armienta MA (2007) Mobility and fractionation of Fe, Pb
and Zn in river sediments of a silver and base metals (Cu, Pb and Zn)
mining area: Taxco, México. J Environ Sci Health, Part A 42:1391–
1401
Espinosa E, Armienta MA, Cruz O, Aguayo A, Ceniceros N (2009)
Geochemical distribution of arsenic, cadmium, lead and zinc in river
sediments affected by tailings in Zimapán, an historical polymetallic
mining zone of México. Environ Geol 58:1467–1477
García G, Querol F (1991) Description of some deposits in the Zimapan
District, Hidalgo. In: Salas GP (ed) Economic geology, Mexico, the
geology of North America. Geological Society of America, Boulder,
pp 295–313
García A, Armienta MA, Cruz O (2001) Sources, distribution and fate of
arsenic along the Toliman river, Zimapán, México. In: Acreman MC
(ed) Hydro-ecology: linking hydrology and aquatic ecology. IAHS
publ. 266, Wallingford, pp 57-64
Garcia G, Peña JM, Manteca JI (2008) Zn mobility and geochemistry in
surface sulfide mining soils from SE Spain. Environ Res 106:333–
339
González-Corrochano B, Esbrí JM, Alonso-Azcárate J, Martínez-
Coronado A, Jurado V, Higuera P (2014) Environmental geochem-
istry of a highly polluted area: the La Union Pb–Zn mine (Castilla-
La Mancha region, Spain). J Geochem Explor 144(Part B):345–354
Hutchinson TC, Whitby LM (1974) Heavy-metal pollution in the
Sudbury mining and smelting region of Canada, I. Soil and vegeta-
tion contamination by nickel, copper, and other metals. Environ
Conserv 1:123–132
INEGI (1994) Zimapán de Reyes, estado de Hidalgo, Cuaderno
Estadístico Municipal. Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía
e Informática, Aguascalientes
INEGI (2010) Marco Geoestadístico 2010, Instituto Nacional de
Estadística Geografía e. Informática, Aguascalientes
Jambor JL (2003) Mine-waste mineralogy and mineralogical perspectives
of acid-base accounting. In: Jambor JL, Blowes DW, Ritchie AIM
(eds) Environmental aspects of mine wastes. Mineralogical
Association of Canada, Ottawa, pp 117–145
LaBerge CG, Ford PK, Engineers LLC, Freeman R, Wiman A (2008).
Risk management criteria determination using in vitro bioaccessibi-
lity results for arsenic at Saginaw Hill mining district, remediation of
abandoned mine lands, Tucson, Arizona, 2–3 October, 2008
(abstract)
Marabottini R, Stazi SR, Papp R, Grego S, Moscatelli MC (2013)
Mobility and distribution of arsenic in contaminated mine soils
and its effects on the microbial pool. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 96:
147–153
Méndez M, Armienta MA (2003) Arsenic phase distribution in Zimapán
mine tailings, Mexico. Geofis Int 42:131–140
Morales NA, Martínez D, García-Meza JV, Labastida I, Armienta MA,
Razo I, Lara RH (2015) Total and bioaccessible arsenic and lead in
soils impacted by mining exploitation of iron-oxide-rich ore deposit
at Cerro de Mercado, Durango Mexico. Environ Earth Sci. doi:10.
1007/s12665-014-3617-7
Ngure V, Davies T, Kinuthia G, Sitati N, Shisia S, Oyoo-Okoth E (2014)
Concentration levels of potentially harmful elements from gold min-
ing in Lake Victoria Region, Kenya: environmental and health im-
plications. J Geochem Explor 144:511–516
Ongley LK, Armienta MA, Heggeman K, Lathrop A, Mango H, Miller
W, Pickelner S (2001) Arsenic removal from contaminated water by
the Soyatal Formation, Zimapán Mining District, Mexico—a poten-
tial low-cost low-tech remediation system. Geochem Expl Environ
Anal 1:23–31
Ongley LK, Sherman L, Armienta A, Concilio A, Ferguson-Salinas C
(2007) Arsenic in the soils of Zimapán, Mexico. Environ Pollut 145:
793–799
Osher LJ, Leclerca L, Wiersmab GB, Hessc CT, Guiseppec VE (2006)
Heavy metal contamination from historic mining in upland soil and
estuarine sediments of Egypt Bay, Maine, USA. Estuarine, Coastal
Shelf Sci 70:169–179
Patinha C, Ferreira da Silva E, Cardoso FE (2004) Mobilization of arsenic
at the Talhadas old mining area—central Portugal. J Geochem
Explor 84:167–180
Ramos AYR, Siebe C (2007) Weathering of sulphide minerals and trace
element speciation in tailings of various ages in the Guanajuato
mining district, Mexico. Catena 71:497–506
Razo I, Carrizales L, Castro J, Díaz-Barriga F, Monroy M (2004) Arsenic
and heavy metal pollution of soil, water and sediments in a semi-arid
climate mining area in Mexico. Water Air Soil Pollut 152:129–152
Reza MA, Roshani RP, Cohen DR, Emami A, Akbar A, Bafghi D,
Khodaian GZ (2014) Metal speciation in agricultural soils adjacent
to the Irankuh Pb-Zn mining area in Iran. J African Earth Sci 101:
186–193
Rodriguez R, Ramos JA, Armienta MA (2004) Groundwater arsenic
variations: the role of local geology and rainfall. Appl Geochem
19:245–250
Rodríguez L, Ruiz E, Alonso-Azcárate J, Rincón J (2009) Heavy metal
distribution and chemical speciation in tailings and soils around a
Pb–Zn mine in Spain. J Environ Manag 90:1106–1116
Romero FM, Armienta MA, Carrillo-Chavez A (2004) Arsenic sorption
by carbonate-rich aquifer material, a control on arsenic mobility at
Zimapán, Mexico. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 47:1–13
Romero FM, Armienta MA, Villaseñor G, González JL (2006)
Mineralogical constraints on the mobility of arsenic in tailings from
Zimapán, Hidalgo, Mexico. Int J Environ Pollut 26:23–40
Salomons W (1995) Environmental impact of metals derived from min-
ing activities: processes, predictions, preventions. J Geochem
Explor 52:5–23
Seal RR, Hammarstrom JM (2003) Geoenvironmental models of mineral
deposits: examples from massive sulfide and gold deposits. In:
Jambor JL, Blowes DW, Ritchie AIM (eds) Environmental aspects
of mine wastes. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Ottawa, pp
11–50
Simons FS, Mapes-Vazquez E (1956) Geology and ore deposits of the
Zimapán mining district, State of Hidalgo, Mexico. USGS Prof Pap
284, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC
Sracek O, Armienta MA, Rodríguez R, Villaseñor G (2010)
Discrimination between diffuse and point sources of arsenic at
Zimapán, Hidalgo state, Mexico. J Environ Monit 12:329–337
Stefanowicz AM, Woch MW, Kapusta P (2014) Inconspicuous waste
heaps left by historical Zn–Pb mining are hot spots of soil contam-
ination. Geoderma 235–236:1–8
Talavera MO, Yta M, Moreno TO, Dótor AA, Flores MN, Duarte GC
(2005) Mineralogy and geochemistry of sulfide-bearing tailings
J Soils Sediments (2016) 16:1267–1278 1277
12. from silver mines in the Taxco Mexico area to evaluate their poten-
tial environmental impact. Geofis Int 44:49–64
Teng Y, Wu J, Lu S, Wang Y, Jiao X, Song L (2014) Soil and soil
environmental quality monitoring in China: a review. Environ Int
69:177–199
Teršič T, Gosar M, Šajn R (2009) Impact of mining activities on soils and
sediments at the historical mining area in Podljubelj, NW Slovenia. J
Geochem Explor 100:1–10
Tessier A, Campbell PG, Bisson M (1979) Sequential extraction proce-
dure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Anal Chem 51:
844–851
Ure A, Quevauviller P, Muntau H, Griepink B (1993) Speciation of heavy
metals in soils and sediments. An account of the improvement and
harmonization of extraction techniques undertaken under the aus-
pices of the BCR of the Commission of the European Communities.
Int J Environ Anal Chem 51:135–151
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (1995) Method 9045 C.
Soil and waste pH. U.S. Gov. print Office, Washington DC
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (2007) Method 3051A.
Microwave assisted acid dissolution of sediments, sludge, soils, and
oils. U.S. Gov. print Office, Washington DC
Villaseñor CMG, Petersen EU, Avendaño-Cano S, Gómez-Caballero JA,
Sousa J, Reyes-Salas AM (1996) Minerales del grupo de la
tetrahedrita en las minas de Lomo de Toro y Las animas, Zimapán,
Hidalgo. Actas INAGEQ 2:129–134
1278 J Soils Sediments (2016) 16:1267–1278